CHAPTER 24 - MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM

Title 22 > CHAPTER 24

Sections (90)

§§ 1750 to 1753a Repealed. Pub. L. 87–195, pt. III, § 642(a)(2), (5), Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 460

§ 1754 Foreign currencies

(a) Availability and use Notwithstanding section 1306 of title 31 , or any other provision of law, proceeds of sales made under section 1675p 1 of this title, shall remain available and shall be used for any of the purposes of this chapter, giving particular regard to the following purposes— for providing military assistance to nations or mutual defense organizations eligible to receive assistance under this chapter; for purchase of goods or services in friendly nations; for loans, under applicable provisions of this chapter, to increase production of goods or services, including strategic materials, needed in any nation with which an agreement was negotiated, or in other friendly nations, with the authority to use currencies received in repayment for the purposes stated in the section or for deposit to the general account of the Treasury of the United States; for developing new markets on a mutually beneficial basis; for grants-in-aid to increase production for domestic needs in friendly countries; and for purchasing materials for United States stockpiles.

(b) Availability to Members and employees of Congress; authorization requirements; reports Notwithstanding section 1306 of title 31 , or any other provision of law— local currencies owned by the United States which are in excess of the amounts reserved under section 2362(a) of this title and of the requirements of the United States Government in payment of its obligations outside of the United States, as such requirements may be determined from time to time by the President; and any other local currencies owned by the United States in amounts not to exceed the equivalent of $75 per day per person or the maximum per diem allowance established under the authority of subchapter I of chapter 57 of title 5 for employees of the United States Government while traveling in a foreign country, whichever is greater, exclusive of the actual cost of transportation; shall be made available to Members and employees of the Congress for their local currency expenses when authorized as provided in subparagraph (B). The authorization required for purposes of subparagraph (A) may be provided— by the Speaker of the House of Representatives in the case of a Member or employee of the House; by the chairman of a standing or select committee of the House of Representatives in the case of a member or employee of that committee; by the President of the Senate, the President pro tempore of the Senate, the Majority Leader of the Senate, or the Minority Leader of the Senate, in the case of a Member or employee of the Senate; by the chairman of a standing, select, or special committee of the Senate in the case of a member or employee of that committee or of an employee of a member of that committee; and by the chairman of a joint committee of the Congress in the case of a member or employee of that committee. Whenever local currencies owned by the United States are not otherwise available for purposes of this subsection, the Secretary of the Treasury shall purchase such local currencies as may be necessary for such purposes, using any funds in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated. On a quarterly basis, the chairman of each committee of the House of Representatives or the Senate and of each joint committee of the Congress (A) shall prepare a consolidated report (i) which itemizes the amounts and dollar equivalent values of each foreign currency expended and the amounts of dollar expenditures from appropriated funds in connection with travel outside the United States, stating the purposes of the expenditures including per diem (lodging and meals), transportation, and other purposes, and (ii) which shows the total itemized expenditures, by such committee and by each member or employee of such committee (including in the case of a committee of the Senate, each employee of a member of the committee who received an authorization under paragraph (1) from the chairman of the committee); and (B) shall forward such consolidated report to the Clerk of the House of Representatives (if the committee is a committee of the House of Representatives or a joint committee whose funds are disbursed by the Chief Administrative Officer of the House) or to the Secretary of the Senate (if the committee is a committee of the Senate or a joint committee whose funds are disbursed by the Secretary of the Senate). Each such consolidated report shall be open to public inspection and shall be published in the Congressional Record within ten legislative days after the report is forwarded pursuant to this paragraph. In the case of the Select Committee on Intelligence of the Senate and the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence of the House of Representatives, such consolidated report may, in the discretion of the chairman of the committee, omit such information as would identify the foreign countries in which members and employees of that committee traveled. Each Member or employee who receives an authorization under paragraph (1) from the Speaker of the House of Representatives, the President of the Senate, the President pro tempore of the Senate, the Majority Leader of the Senate, or the Minority Leader of the Senate, shall within thirty days after the completion of the travel involved, submit a report setting forth the information specified in paragraph (2), to the extent applicable, to the Clerk of the House of Representatives (in the case of a Member of the House or an employee whose salary is disbursed by the Chief Administrative Officer of the House) or the Secretary of the Senate (in the case of a Member of the Senate or an employee whose salary is disbursed by the Secretary of the Senate). In the case of an authorization for a group of Members or employees, such reports shall be submitted for all Members of the group by its chairman, or if there is no designated chairman, by the ranking Member or if the group does not include a Member, by the senior employee in the group. Each report submitted pursuant to this subparagraph shall be open to public inspection. On a quarterly basis, the Clerk of the House of Representatives and the Secretary of the Senate shall each prepare a consolidation of the reports received by them under this paragraph with respect to expenditures during the preceding quarter by each Member and employee or by each group in the case of expenditures made on behalf of a group which are not allocable to individual members of the group. Each such consolidation shall be open to public inspection and shall be published in the Congressional Record within ten legislative days after its completion.

§§ 1755 to 1759 Repealed. Pub. L. 87–195, pt. III, § 642(a)(2), Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 460

§ 1759a Repealed. Pub. L. 86–108, ch. IV, § 401(l), July 24, 1959, 73 Stat. 255

§ 1760 Repealed. Pub. L. 87–195, pt. III, § 642(a)(2), Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 460

§ 1760a Omitted

§§ 1761 to 1765 Repealed. Pub. L. 87–195, pt. III, § 642(a)(2), Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 460

§ 1766 Omitted

§§ 1766a to 1766c Repealed. Pub. L. 87–195, pt. III, § 642(a)(2), Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 460

§ 1767 Repealed. Pub. L. 85–141, § 11(d), Aug. 14, 1957, 71 Stat. 365

§§ 1767a, 1768 Repealed. Pub. L. 87–195, pt. III, § 642(a)(2), Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 460

§§ 1781, 1782 Repealed. Pub. L. 87–195, pt. III, § 642(a)(2), Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 460

§ 1783 Coordination with foreign policy

(a) to (c) Repealed. Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. III, § 642(a)(2), Sept. 4, 1961 , 75 Stat. 460 .

(d) Whenever the President determines that the prevention of improper currency transactions in a given country requires it, he may direct the chief of the United States diplomatic mission there to issue regulations applicable to members of the Armed Forces and officers and employees of the United States Government, and to contractors with the United States Government and their employees, governing the extent to which their pay and allowances received and to be used in that country shall be paid in local currency. Notwithstanding any other law, United States Government agencies are authorized and directed to comply with such regulations.

§§ 1784 to 1795 Repealed. Pub. L. 87–195, pt. III, § 642(a)(2), Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 460

§ 1796 Participation in Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction in China

The President is authorized to continue to participate in the Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction in China and to appoint citizens of the United States to the Commission. ( Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937 , ch. IV, § 536, 68 Stat. 861 .)

§ 1797 Repealed. Pub. L. 87–195, pt. III, § 642(a)(2), Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 460

§§ 1811 to 1817 Repealed. Pub. L. 87–195, pt. III, § 642(a)(2), Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 460

§ 1818 Repealed. Pub. L. 85–141, § 2(e), Aug. 14, 1957, 71 Stat. 356

§ 1819 Repealed. Pub. L. 95–148, title I, Oct. 31, 1977, 91 Stat. 1232

§§ 1831 to 1834 Repealed. Pub. L. 85–141, § 3, Aug. 14, 1957, 71 Stat. 356

§ 1841 Repealed. Pub. L. 87–195, pt. III, § 642(a)(2), Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 460

§ 1842 Repealed. Pub. L. 85–141, § 4(b), Aug. 14, 1957, 71 Stat. 356

§§ 1851, 1852 Repealed. Pub. L. 87–195, pt. III, § 642(a)(2), Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 460

§ 1853 Assistance to Yugoslavia

In furnishing assistance to Yugoslavia, the President shall continuously assure himself (1) that Yugoslavia continues to maintain its independence, (2) that Yugoslavia is not participating in any policy or program for the Communist conquest of the world, and (3) that the furnishing of such assistance is in the interest of the national security of the United States. The President shall keep the Foreign Relations Committee and the Appropriations Committee of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives fully and constantly informed of any assistance furnished to Yugoslavia under this chapter. ( Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937 , ch. II, § 143, as added July 18, 1956, ch. 627, § 5 , 70 Stat. 556 ; amended Pub. L. 85–141, § 5(b) , Aug. 14, 1957 , 71 Stat. 356 .)

§ 1854 Repealed. Pub. L. 87–195, pt. III, § 642(a)(2), Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 460

§§ 1870 to 1876 Repealed. Pub. L. 87–195, pt. III, § 642(a)(2), (4), Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 460

§§ 1891 to 1896 Repealed. Pub. L. 87–195, pt. III, § 642(a)(2), Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 460

§ 1896a Restriction on commitments for technical assistance

No commitment for the calendar year 1955 or thereafter, with respect to contributions to the United Nations expanded program of technical assistance, shall be pledged on behalf of the United States until the Congress appropriates for said purpose. ( Sept. 3, 1954, ch. 1262, § 101 , 68 Stat. 1221 .)

§ 1896b Colombo Plan Council for Technical Cooperation; authorization

To enable the United States to maintain membership in the Colombo Plan Council for Technical Cooperation, there is authorized to be appropriated from time to time to the Department of State such sums as may be necessary for the payment by the United States of its share of the expenses of the Colombo Plan Council for Technical Cooperation. ( Pub. L. 86–108 , ch. V, § 502, July 24, 1959 , 73 Stat. 256 .)

§ 1897 Repealed. Pub. L. 87–195, pt. III, § 642(a)(2), Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 460

§ 1898 Repealed. Pub. L. 86–472, ch. II, § 203(d), May 14, 1960, 74 Stat. 136

§§ 1920, 1921 Repealed. Pub. L. 87–195, pt. III, § 642(a)(2), Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 460

§ 1922 Repealed. Pub. L. 104–127, title II, § 228, Apr. 4, 1996, 110 Stat. 963

§§ 1923, 1924 Repealed. Pub. L. 87–195, pt. III, § 642(a)(2), Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 460

§ 1925 Repealed

§§ 1926, 1927 Repealed. Pub. L. 87–195, pt. III, § 642(a)(2), Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 460

§ 1928 North Atlantic Treaty Organization

(a) Authorization for expenses In order to provide for United States participation in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, there is authorized to be appropriated such amounts as may be necessary from time to time for the payment by the United States of its share of the expenses of the Organization and all necessary salaries and expenses of the United States permanent representative to the Organization, of such persons as may be appointed to represent the United States in the subsidiary bodies of the Organization or in any multilateral organization which participates in achieving the aims of the North Atlantic Treaty, and of their appropriate staffs, and the expenses of participation in meetings of such organizations, including salaries, expenses, and allowances of personnel and dependents as authorized by the Foreign Service Act of 1980 [ 22 U.S.C. 3901 et seq.], and allowances and expenses as provided in section 287r of this title .

(b) Appointment of personal representative The United States permanent representative to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization shall be appointed by the President by and with the advice and consent of the Senate and shall hold office at the pleasure of the President. Such representative shall have the rank and status of ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary and shall be a chief of mission under the Foreign Service Act of 1980 [ 22 U.S.C. 3901 et seq.].

(c) Duration of staff service Persons detailed to the international staff of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in accordance with section 2388 of this title who are members of the Foreign Service serving under limited appointments may serve for periods of more than five years notwithstanding the limitation in section 309 of the Foreign Service Act of 1980 [ 22 U.S.C. 3949 ].

“SECTION 1 SHORT TITLE.

“This Act may be cited as the ‘NATO Freedom Consolidation Act of 2007’.

“SEC. 2 FINDINGS.

“Congress makes the following findings: The sustained commitment of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) to mutual defense has made possible the democratic transformation of Central and Eastern Europe. Members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization can and should play a critical role in addressing the security challenges of the post-Cold War era in creating the stable environment needed for those emerging democracies in Europe. Lasting stability and security in Europe requires the military, economic, and political integration of emerging democracies into existing European structures. In an era of threats from terrorism and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization is increasingly contributing to security in the face of global security challenges for the protection and interests of its member states. In the NATO Participation Act of 1994 (title II of Public Law 103–447 ; 22 U.S.C. 1928 note), Congress declared that ‘full and active participants in the Partnership for Peace in a position to further the principles of the North Atlantic Treaty and to contribute to the security of the North Atlantic area should be invited to become full NATO members in accordance with Article 10 of such Treaty at an early date …’. In the NATO Enlargement Facilitation Act of 1996 (title VI of section 101(c) of title I of division A of Public Law 104–208 ; 22 U.S.C. 1928 note), Congress called for the prompt admission of Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Slovenia to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, and declared that ‘in order to promote economic stability and security in Slovakia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Moldova, and Ukraine … the process of enlarging NATO to include emerging democracies in Central and Eastern Europe should not be limited to consideration of admitting Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Slovenia as full members of the NATO Alliance’. In the European Security Act of 1998 (title XXVII of division G of Public Law 105–277 ; 22 U.S.C. 1928 note), Congress declared that ‘Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic should not be the last emerging democracies in Central and Eastern Europe invited to join NATO’ and that ‘Romania, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Bulgaria … would make an outstanding contribution to furthering the goals of NATO and enhancing stability, freedom, and peace in Europe should they become NATO members [and] upon complete satisfaction of all relevant criteria should be invited to become full NATO members at the earliest possible date’. In the Gerald B. H. Solomon Freedom Consolidation Act of 2002 ( Public Law 107–187 ; 22 U.S.C. 1928 note), Congress endorsed ‘… the vision of further enlargement of the NATO Alliance articulated by President George W. Bush on June 15, 2001 , and by former President William J. Clinton on October 22, 1996 ’. At the Madrid Summit of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in July 1997, Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic were invited to join the Alliance, and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization heads of state and government issued a declaration stating ‘[t]he alliance expects to extend further invitations in coming years to nations willing and able to assume the responsibilities and obligations of membership … [n]o European democratic country whose admission would fulfill the objectives of the [North Atlantic] Treaty will be excluded from consideration’. At the Washington Summit of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in April 1999, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization heads of state and government issued a communiqué declaring ‘[w]e pledge that NATO will continue to welcome new members in a position to further the principles of the [North Atlantic] Treaty and contribute to peace and security in the Euro-Atlantic area … [t]he three new members will not be the last … [n]o European democratic country whose admission would fulfill the objectives of the Treaty will be excluded from consideration, regardless of its geographic location …’. In May 2000 in Vilnius, Lithuania, the foreign ministers of Albania, Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, the Republic of Macedonia (FYROM), Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia issued a statement (later joined by Croatia) declaring that— their countries will cooperate in jointly seeking membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in the next round of enlargement of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization; the realization of membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization by one or more of these countries would be a success for all; and eventual membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization for all of these countries would be a success for Europe and for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. On June 15, 2001 , in a speech in Warsaw, Poland, President George W. Bush stated ‘[a]ll of Europe’s new democracies, from the Baltic to the Black Sea and all that lie between, should have the same chance for security and freedom—and the same chance to join the institutions of Europe—as Europe’s old democracies have … I believe in NATO membership for all of Europe’s democracies that seek it and are ready to share the responsibilities that NATO brings … [a]s we plan to enlarge NATO, no nation should be used as a pawn in the agenda of others … [w]e will not trade away the fate of free European peoples … [n]o more Munichs … [n]o more Yaltas … [a]s we plan the Prague Summit, we should not calculate how little we can get away with, but how much we can do to advance the cause of freedom’. On October 22, 1996 , in a speech in Detroit, Michigan, former President William J. Clinton stated ‘NATO’s doors will not close behind its first new members … NATO should remain open to all of Europe’s emerging democracies who are ready to shoulder the responsibilities of membership … [n]o nation will be automatically excluded … [n]o country outside NATO will have a veto … [a] gray zone of insecurity must not reemerge in Europe’. At the Prague Summit of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in November 2002, Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia were invited to join the Alliance in the second round of enlargement of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization since the end of the Cold War, and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization heads of state and government issued a declaration stating ‘NATO’s door will remain open to European democracies willing and able to assume the responsibilities and obligations of membership, in accordance with Article 10 of the Washington Treaty’. On May 8, 2003 , the United States Senate unanimously approved the Resolution of Ratification to Accompany Treaty Document No. 108–4, Protocols to the North Atlantic Treaty of 1949 on Accession of Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia, inviting Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia to join the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. At the Istanbul Summit of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in June 2004, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization heads of state and government issued a communiqué reaffirming that NATO’s door remains open to new members, declaring ‘[w]e celebrate the success of NATO’s Open Door Policy, and reaffirm tody [sic] that our seven new members will not be the last. The door to membership remains open. We welcome the progress made by Albania, Croatia, and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (1) [sic] in implementing their Annual National Programmes under the Membership Action Plan, and encourage them to continue pursuing the reforms necessary to progress toward NATO membership. We also commend their contribution to regional stability and cooperation. We want all three countries to succeed and will continue to assist them in their reform efforts. NATO will continue to assess each country’s candidacy individually, based on the progress made towards reform goals pursued through the Membership Action Plan, which will remain the vehicle to keep the readiness of each aspirant for membership under review. We direct that NATO Foreign Ministers keep the enlargement process, including the implementation of the Membership Action Plan, under continual review and report to us. We will review at the next Summit progress by aspirants towards membership based on that report’. Georgia and Ukraine have stated their desire to join the Euro-Atlantic community, and in particular, are seeking to join the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Georgia and Ukraine are working closely with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and its members to meet criteria for eventual membership in NATO. At a press conference with President Mikhail Saakashvili of Georgia in Washington, D.C. on July 5, 2006 , President George W. Bush stated that ‘… I believe that NATO would benefit with Georgia being a member of NATO, and I think Georgia would benefit. And there’s a way forward through the Membership Action Plan … And I’m a believer in the expansion of NATO. I think it’s in the world’s interest that we expand NATO’. Following a meeting of NATO Foreign Ministers in New York on September 21, 2006 , NATO Secretary General Jaap de Hoop Scheffer announced the launching of an Intensified Dialogue on membership between the Alliance and Georgia. At the NATO-Ukraine Commission Summit in Brussels in February 2005, President of Ukraine Victor Yushchenko declared membership in NATO as the ultimate goal of Ukraine’s cooperation with the Alliance and expressed Ukraine’s desire to conclude a Membership Action Plan. At the NATO-Ukraine Commission Foreign Ministerial meeting in Vilnius in April 2005, NATO and Ukraine launched an Intensified Dialogue on the potential membership of Ukraine in NATO. At the Riga Summit of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in November 2006, the Heads of State and Government of the member countries of NATO issued a declaration reaffirming that NATO’s door remains open to new members, declaring that ‘all European democratic countries may be considered for MAP (Membership Action Plan) or admission, subject to decision by the NAC (North Atlantic Council) at each stage, based on the performance of these countries towards meeting the objectives of the North Atlantic Treaty. We direct that NATO Foreign Ministers keep that process under continual review and report to us. We welcome the efforts of Albania, Croatia, and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia to prepare themselves for the responsibilities and obligations of membership. We reaffirm that the Alliance will continue with Georgia and Ukraine its Intensified Dialogues which cover the full range of political, military, financial and security issues relating to those countries’ aspirations to membership, without prejudice to any eventual Alliance decision. We reaffirm the importance of the NATO-Ukraine Distinctive Partnership, which has its 10th anniversary next year and welcome the progress that has been made in the framework of our Intensified Dialogue. We appreciate Ukraine’s substantial contributions to our common security, including through participation in NATO-led operations and efforts to promote regional cooperation. We encourage Ukraine to continue to contribute to regional security. We are determined to continue to assist, through practical cooperation, in the implementation of far-reaching reform efforts, notably in the fields of national security, defence, reform of the defence-industrial sector and fighting corruption. We welcome the commencement of an Intensified Dialogue with Georgia as well as Georgia’s contribution to international peacekeeping and security operations. We will continue to engage actively with Georgia in support of its reform process. We encourage Georgia to continue progress on political, economic and military reforms, including strengthening judicial reform, as well as the peaceful resolution of outstanding conflicts on its territory. We reaffirm that it is of great importance that all parties in the region should engage constructively to promote regional peace and stability.’. Contingent upon their continued implementation of democratic, defense, and economic reform, and their willingness and ability to meet the responsibilities of membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and a clear expression of national intent to do so, Congress calls for the timely admission of Albania, Croatia, Georgia, Macedonia (FYROM), and Ukraine to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization to promote security and stability in Europe.

“SEC. 3 DECLARATIONS OF POLICY.

“Congress— reaffirms its previous expressions of support for continued enlargement of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization contained in the NATO Participation Act of 1994 [title II of Pub. L. 103–447 , set out as a note below], the NATO Enlargement Facilitation Act of 1996 [section 101(c) [title VI] of div. A of Pub. L. 104–208 , set out as a note below], the European Security Act of 1998 [title XXVII of div. G of Pub. L. 105–277 , set out as a note below], and the Gerald B. H. Solomon Freedom Consolidation Act of 2002 [ Pub. L. 107–187 , set out as a note below]; supports the commitment to further enlargement of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization to include European democracies that are able and willing to meet the responsibilities of Membership, as expressed by the Alliance in its Madrid Summit Declaration of 1997, its Washington Summit Communiqué of 1999, its Prague Summit Declaration of 2002, its Istanbul Summit Communiqué of 2004, and its Riga Summit Declaration of 2006; and endorses the vision of further enlargement of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization articulated by President George W. Bush on June 15, 2001 , and by former President William J. Clinton on October 22, 1996 , and urges our allies in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization to work with the United States to realize a role for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in promoting global security, including continued support for enlargement to include qualified candidate states, specifically by entering into a Membership Action Plan with Georgia and recognizing the progress toward meeting the responsibilities and obligations of NATO membership by Albania, Croatia, Georgia, Macedonia (FYROM), and Ukraine.

“SEC. 4 DESIGNATION OF ALBANIA, CROATIA, GEORGIA, MACEDONIA (FYROM), AND UKRAINE AS ELIGIBLE TO RECEIVE ASSISTANCE UNDER THE NATO PARTICIPATION ACT OF 1994.

(“(a) Designation.— The Republic of Albania is designated as eligible to receive assistance under the program established under section 203(a) of the NATO Participation Act of 1994 (title II of Public Law 103–447 ; 22 U.S.C. 1928 note), and shall be deemed to have been so designated pursuant to section 203(d)(1) of such Act. The Republic of Croatia is designated as eligible to receive assistance under the program established under section 203(a) of the NATO Participation Act of 1994, and shall be deemed to have been so designated pursuant to section 203(d)(1) of such Act. Georgia is designated as eligible to receive assistance under the program established under section 203(a) of the NATO Participation Act of 1994, and shall be deemed to have been so designated pursuant to section 203(d)(1) of such Act. The Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) is designated as eligible to receive assistance under the program established under section 203(a) of the NATO Participation Act of 1994, and shall be deemed to have been so designated pursuant to section 203(d)(1) of such Act. Ukraine is designated as eligible to receive assistance under the program established under section 203(a) of the NATO Participation Act of 1994, and shall be deemed to have been so designated pursuant to section 203(d)(1) of such Act.

(“(b) Rule of Construction.— The designation of the Republic of Albania, the Republic of Croatia, Georgia, the Republic of Macedonia (FYROM), and Ukraine pursuant to subsection (a) as eligible to receive assistance under the program established under section 203(a) of the NATO Participation Act of 1994— is in addition to the designation of Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Slovenia pursuant to section 606 of the NATO Enlargement Facilitation Act of 1996 (title VI of section 101(c) of title I of division A of Public Law 104–208 ; 22 U.S.C. 1928 note), the designation of Romania, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Bulgaria pursuant to section 2703(b) of the European Security Act of 1998 (title XXVII of division G of Public Law 105–277 ; 22 U.S.C. 1928 note), and the designation of Slovakia pursuant to section 4(a) of the Gerald B. H. Solomon Freedom Consolidation Act of 2002 ( Public Law 107–187 ; 22 U.S.C. 1928 note) as eligible to receive assistance under the program established under section 203(a) of the NATO Participation Act of 1994; and shall not preclude the designation by the President of other countries pursuant to section 203(d)(2) of the NATO Participation Act of 1994 as eligible to receive assistance under the program established under section 203(a) of such Act.

“SEC. 5 AUTHORIZATION OF SECURITY ASSISTANCE FOR COUNTRIES DESIGNATED UNDER THE NATO PARTICIPATION ACT OF 1994.

“Of the amounts made available for fiscal year 2008 under section 23 of the Arms Export Control Act ( 22 U.S.C. 2763 ) such sums as may be necessary are authorized to be appropriated for assistance to the Republic of Albania, the Republic of Croatia, Georgia, the Republic of Macedonia (FYROM), and Ukraine.”

“SECTION 1 SHORT TITLE.

“This Act may be cited as the ‘Gerald B. H. Solomon Freedom Consolidation Act of 2002’.

“SEC. 2 FINDINGS.

“The Congress makes the following findings: In the NATO Participation Act of 1994 (title II of Public Law 103–447 ; 22 U.S.C. 1928 note), Congress declared that ‘full and active participants in the Partnership for Peace in a position to further the principles of the North Atlantic Treaty and to contribute to the security of the North Atlantic area should be invited to become full NATO members in accordance with Article 10 of such Treaty at an early date …’. In the NATO Enlargement Facilitation Act of 1996 (title VI of section 101(c) of title I of division A of Public Law 104–208 ; 22 U.S.C. 1928 note), Congress called for the prompt admission of Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Slovenia to NATO, and declared that ‘in order to promote economic stability and security in Slovakia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Moldova, and Ukraine … the process of enlarging NATO to include emerging democracies in Central and Eastern Europe should not be limited to consideration of admitting Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Slovenia as full members of the NATO Alliance’. In the European Security Act of 1998 (title XXVII of division G of Public Law 105–277 ; 22 U.S.C. 1928 note), Congress declared that ‘Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic should not be the last emerging democracies in Central and Eastern Europe invited to join NATO’ and that ‘Romania, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Bulgaria … would make an outstanding contribution to furthering the goals of NATO and enhancing stability, freedom, and peace in Europe should they become NATO members [and] upon complete satisfaction of all relevant criteria should be invited to become full NATO members at the earliest possible date’. At the Madrid Summit of the NATO Alliance in July 1997, Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic were invited to join the Alliance in the first round of NATO enlargement, and the NATO heads of state and government issued a declaration stating ‘[t]he Alliance expects to extend further invitations in coming years to nations willing and able to assume the responsibilities and obligations of membership … [n]o European democratic country whose admission would fulfill the objectives of the [North Atlantic] Treaty will be excluded from consideration’. At the Washington Summit of the NATO Alliance in April 1999, the NATO heads of state and government issued a communique declaring ‘[w]e pledge that NATO will continue to welcome new members in a position to further the principles of the [North Atlantic] Treaty and contribute to peace and security in the Euro-Atlantic area … [t]he three new members will not be the last … [n]o European democratic country whose admission would fulfill the objectives of the Treaty will be excluded from consideration, regardless of its geographic location …’. In late 2002, NATO will hold a summit in Prague, the Czech Republic, at which it will decide which additional emerging democracies in Central and Eastern Europe to invite to join the Alliance in the next round of NATO enlargement. In May 2000 in Vilnius, Lithuania, the foreign ministers of Albania, Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia issued a statement (later joined by Croatia) declaring that their countries will cooperate in jointly seeking NATO membership in the next round of NATO enlargement, that the realization of NATO membership by one or more of these countries would be a success for all, and that eventual NATO membership for all of these countries would be a success for Europe and NATO. On June 15, 2001 , in a speech in Warsaw, Poland, President George W. Bush stated ‘[a]ll of Europe’s new democracies, from the Baltic to the Black Sea and all that lie between, should have the same chance for security and freedom—and the same chance to join the institutions of Europe—as Europe’s old democracies have … I believe in NATO membership for all of Europe’s democracies that seek it and are ready to share the responsibilities that NATO brings … [a]s we plan to enlarge NATO, no nation should be used as a pawn in the agenda of others … [w]e will not trade away the fate of free European peoples … [n]o more Munichs … [n]o more Yaltas … [a]s we plan the Prague Summit, we should not calculate how little we can get away with, but how much we can do to advance the cause of freedom’. On October 22, 1996 , in a speech in Detroit, Michigan, former President William J. Clinton stated ‘NATO’s doors will not close behind its first new members … NATO should remain open to all of Europe’s emerging democracies who are ready to shoulder the responsibilities of membership … [n]o nation will be automatically excluded … [n]o country outside NATO will have a veto … [a] gray zone of insecurity must not reemerge in Europe’.

“SEC. 3 DECLARATIONS OF POLICY.

“Congress— reaffirms its previous expressions of support for continued enlargement of the NATO Alliance contained in the NATO Participation Act of 1994 [title II of Pub. L. 103–447 , set out as a note below], the NATO Enlargement Facilitation Act of 1996 [section 101(c) [title VI] of div. A of Pub. L. 104–208 , set out as a note below], and the European Security Act of 1998 [title XXVII of div. G of Pub. L. 105–277 , set out as a note below]; supports the commitment to further enlargement of the NATO Alliance expressed by the Alliance in its Madrid Declaration of 1997 and its Washington Summit Communique of 1999; and endorses the vision of further enlargement of the NATO Alliance articulated by President George W. Bush on June 15, 2001 , and by former President William J. Clinton on October 22, 1996 , and urges our NATO allies to work with the United States to realize this vision at the Prague Summit in 2002.

“SEC. 4 DESIGNATION OF SLOVAKIA TO RECEIVE ASSISTANCE UNDER THE NATO PARTICIPATION ACT OF 1994.

(“(a) In General.— Slovakia is designated as eligible to receive assistance under the program established under section 203(a) of the NATO Participation Act of 1994 (title II of Public Law 103–447 ; 22 U.S.C. 1928 note) and shall be deemed to have been so designated pursuant to section 203(d)(1) of such Act.

(“(b) Rule of Construction.— The designation of Slovakia pursuant to subsection (a) as eligible to receive assistance under the program established under section 203(a) of the NATO Participation Act of 1994— is in addition to the designation of Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Slovenia pursuant to section 606 of the NATO Enlargement Facilitation Act of 1996 (title VI of section 101(c) of title I of division A of Public Law 104–208 ; 22 U.S.C. 1928 note) and the designation of Romania, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Bulgaria pursuant to section 2703(b) of the European Security Act of 1998 (title XXVII of division G of Public Law 105–277 ; 22 U.S.C. 1928 note) as eligible to receive assistance under the program established under section 203(a) of the NATO Participation Act of 1994; and shall not preclude the designation by the President of other emerging democracies in Central and Eastern Europe pursuant to section 203(d)(2) of the NATO Participation Act of 1994 as eligible to receive assistance under the program established under section 203(a) of such Act.

“SEC. 5 AUTHORIZATION OF SECURITY ASSISTANCE FOR COUNTRIES DESIGNATED UNDER THE NATO PARTICIPATION ACT OF 1994.

(“(a) Authorization of Foreign Military Financing.— Of the amounts made available for fiscal year 2002 under section 23 of the Arms Export Control Act ( 22 U.S.C. 2763 )— $6,500,000isauthorizedtobeavailableonagrantbasisforEstonia;$7,000,000 is authorized to be available on a grant basis for Latvia; $7,500,000isauthorizedtobeavailableonagrantbasisforLithuania;$8,500,000 is authorized to be available on a grant basis for Slovakia; $4,500,000isauthorizedtobeavailableonagrantbasisforSlovenia;$10,000,000 is authorized to be available on a grant basis for Bulgaria; and $11,500,000 is authorized to be available on a grant basis for Romania.

(“(b) Conforming Amendment.— Subsection (a) of section 515 of the Security Assistance Act of 2000 ( Public Law 106–280 ) [ 114 Stat. 858 ] is amended by striking paragraphs (1), (5), (6), (7), and (8) and redesignating paragraphs (2), (3), (4), and (9) as paragraphs (1) through (4), respectively.”

“SEC. 2701 SHORT TITLE.

“This title may be cited as the ‘European Security Act of 1998’.

“SEC. 2702 STATEMENT OF POLICY.

(“(a) Policy With Respect to NATO Enlargement.— Congress urges the President to outline a clear and complete strategic rationale for the enlargement of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and declares that— Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic should not be the last emerging democracies in Central and Eastern Europe invited to join NATO; the United States should ensure that NATO continues a process whereby all other emerging democracies in Central and Eastern Europe that wish to join NATO will be considered for membership in NATO as soon as they meet the criteria for such membership; the United States should ensure that no limitations are placed on the numbers of NATO troops or types of equipment, including tactical nuclear weapons, to be deployed on the territory of new member states; the United States should reject all efforts to condition NATO decisions on review or approval by the United Nations Security Council; the United States should clearly delineate those NATO deliberations, including but not limited to discussions on arms control, further Alliance enlargement, procurement matters, and strategic doctrine, that are not subject to review or discussion in the NATO-Russia Permanent Joint Council; the United States should work to ensure that countries invited to join the Alliance are provided an immediate seat in NATO discussions; and the United States already pays more than a proportionate share of the costs of the common defense of Europe and should obtain, in advance, agreement on an equitable distribution of the cost of NATO enlargement to ensure that the United States does not continue to bear a disproportionate burden.

(“(b) Policy With Respect to Negotiations With Russia.— NATO enlargement should be carried out in such a manner as to underscore the Alliance’s defensive nature and demonstrate to Russia that NATO enlargement will enhance the security of all countries in Europe, including Russia. Accordingly, the United States and its NATO allies should make this intention clear in negotiations with Russia, including negotiations regarding adaptation of the Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) Treaty of November 19, 1990 . In seeking to demonstrate to Russia NATO’s defensive and security-enhancing intentions, it is essential that neither fundamental United States security interests in Europe nor the effectiveness and flexibility of NATO as a defensive alliance be jeopardized. In particular, no commitments should be made to Russia that would have the effect of— extending rights or imposing responsibilities on new NATO members different from those applicable to current NATO members, including rights or responsibilities with respect to the deployment of nuclear weapons and the stationing of troops and equipment from other NATO members; limiting the ability of NATO to defend the territory of new NATO members by, for example, restricting the construction of defense infrastructure or limiting the ability of NATO to deploy necessary reinforcements; providing any international organization, or any country that is not a member of NATO, with authority to delay, veto, or otherwise impede deliberations and decisions of the North Atlantic Council or the implementation of such decisions, including deliberations and decisions with respect to the deployment of NATO forces or the admission of additional members to NATO; impeding the development of enhanced relations between NATO and other European countries that do not belong to the Alliance; establishing a nuclear weapons-free zone in Central or Eastern Europe; requiring NATO to subsidize Russian arms sales, service, or support to the militaries of those former Warsaw Pact countries invited to join the Alliance; or legitimizing Russian efforts to link concessions in arms control negotiations to NATO enlargement. In order to enhance security and stability in Europe, the United States should seek commitments from Russia— to demarcate and respect all its borders with neighboring states; to achieve the immediate and complete withdrawal of any armed forces and military equipment under the control of Russia that are deployed on the territories of the independent states of the former Soviet Union without the full and complete agreement of those states; to station its armed forces on the territory of other states only with the full and complete agreement of that state and in strict accordance with international law; and to take steps to reduce further its nuclear and conventional forces in Kaliningrad. As negotiations on adaptation of the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe proceed, the United States should engage in close and continuous consultations not only with its NATO allies, but also with the emerging democracies of Central and Eastern Europe, Ukraine, and the South Caucasus.

(“(c) Policy With Respect to Ballistic Missile Defense Cooperation.— As the United States proceeds with efforts to develop defenses against ballistic missile attack, it should seek to foster a climate of cooperation with Russia on matters related to missile defense. In particular, the United States and its NATO allies should seek to cooperate with Russia in such areas as early warning. The United States should initiate discussions with its NATO allies for the purpose of examining the feasibility of deploying a ballistic missile defense capable of protecting NATO’s southern and eastern flanks from a limited ballistic missile attack. Even as the Congress seeks to promote ballistic missile defense cooperation with Russia, it must insist on its constitutional prerogatives regarding consideration of arms control agreements with Russia that bear on ballistic missile defense.

“SEC. 2703 AUTHORITIES RELATING TO NATO ENLARGEMENT.

(“(a) Policy of Section.— This section is enacted in order to implement the policy set forth in section 2702(a).

(“(b) Designation of Additional Countries Eligible for NATO Enlargement Assistance.— Romania, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Bulgaria are each designated as eligible to receive assistance under the program established under section 203(a) of the NATO Participation Act of 1994 [ Pub. L. 103–447, title II ] ( 22 U.S.C. 1928 note) and shall be deemed to have been so designated pursuant to section 203(d)(1) of such Act. The designation of countries pursuant to paragraph (1) as eligible to receive assistance under the program established under section 203(a) of the NATO Participation Act of 1994— is in addition to the designation of other countries by law or pursuant to section 203(d)(2) of such Act as eligible to receive assistance under the program established under section 203(a) of such Act; and shall not preclude the designation by the President of other emerging democracies in Central and Eastern Europe pursuant to section 203(d)(2) of such Act as eligible to receive assistance under the program established under section 203(a) of such Act. It is the sense of Congress that Romania, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Bulgaria— are to be commended for their progress toward political and economic reform and meeting the guidelines for prospective NATO members; would make an outstanding contribution to furthering the goals of NATO and enhancing stability, freedom, and peace in Europe should they become NATO members; and upon complete satisfaction of all relevant criteria should be invited to become full NATO members at the earliest possible date.

(“(c) Regional Airspace Initiative and Partnership for Peace Information Management System.— Funds described in paragraph (2) are authorized to be made available to support the implementation of the Regional Airspace Initiative and the Partnership for Peace Information Management System, including— the procurement of items in support of these programs; and the transfer of such items to countries participating in these programs. Funds described in this paragraph are funds that are available— during any fiscal year under the NATO Participation Act of 1994 [ Pub. L. 103–447, title II , set out as a note below] with respect to countries eligible for assistance under that Act; or during fiscal year 1998 under any Act to carry out the Warsaw Initiative.

(“(d) Extension of Authority Regarding Excess Defense Articles.—

(“(e) Conforming Amendments to the NATO Participation Act of 1994.—

“SEC. 2704 SENSE OF CONGRESS WITH RESPECT TO THE TREATY ON CONVENTIONAL ARMED FORCES IN EUROPE.

“It is the sense of Congress that no revisions to the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe will be approved for entry into force with respect to the United States that jeopardize fundamental United States security interests in Europe or the effectiveness and flexibility of NATO as a defensive alliance by— extending rights or imposing responsibilities on new NATO members different from those applicable to current NATO members, including rights or responsibilities with respect to the deployment of nuclear weapons and the stationing of troops and equipment from other NATO members; limiting the ability of NATO to defend the territory of new NATO members by, for example, restricting the construction of defense infrastructure or limiting the ability of NATO to deploy necessary reinforcements; providing any international organization, or any country that is not a member of NATO, with the authority to delay, veto, or otherwise impede deliberations and decisions of the North Atlantic Council or the implementation of such decisions, including deliberations and decisions with respect to the deployment of NATO forces or the admission of additional members to NATO; or impeding the development of enhanced relations between NATO and other European countries that do not belong to the Alliance.

“SEC. 2705 RESTRICTIONS AND REQUIREMENTS RELATING TO BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE.

(“(a) Policy of Section.— This section is enacted in order to implement the policy set forth in section 2702(c).

(“(b) Restriction on Entry Into Force of ABM/TMD Demarcation Agreements.— An ABM/TMD demarcation agreement shall not be binding on the United States, and shall not enter into force with respect to the United States, unless, after the date of enactment of this Act [ Oct. 21, 1998 ], that agreement is specifically approved with the advice and consent of the United States Senate pursuant to Article II, section 2, clause 2 of the Constitution.

(“(c) Sense of Congress With Respect to Demarcation Agreements.— It is the sense of Congress that no ABM/TMD demarcation agreement will be considered for advice and consent to ratification unless, consistent with the certification of the President pursuant to condition (9) of the resolution of ratification of the CFE Flank Document, the President submits for Senate advice and consent to ratification any agreement, arrangement, or understanding that would— add one or more countries as State Parties to the ABM Treaty, or otherwise convert the ABM Treaty from a bilateral treaty to a multilateral treaty; or change the geographic scope or coverage of the ABM Treaty, or otherwise modify the meaning of the term ‘national territory’ as used in Article VI and Article IX of the ABM Treaty. It is the sense of Congress that no ABM/TMD demarcation agreement that would reduce the capabilities of United States theater missile defense systems, or the numbers or deployment patterns of such systems, will be approved for entry into force with respect to the United States.

(“(d) Report on Cooperative Projects With Russia.— Not later than January 1, 1999 , January 1, 2000 , and January 1, 2001 , the President shall submit to the Committees on International Relations, National Security [now Armed Services], and Appropriations of the House of Representatives and the Committees on Foreign Relations, Armed Services, and Appropriations of the Senate a report on cooperative projects with Russia in the area of ballistic missile defense, including in the area of early warning. Each such report shall include the following: A description of all cooperative projects conducted in the area of early warning and ballistic missile defense during the preceding fiscal year and the fiscal year during which the report is submitted. A description of the funding for such projects during the preceding fiscal year and the year during which the report is submitted and the proposed funding for such projects for the next fiscal year. A description of the status of any dialogue or discussions conducted during the preceding fiscal year between the United States and Russia aimed at exploring the potential for mutual accommodation of outstanding issues between the two nations on matters relating to ballistic missile defense and the ABM Treaty, including the possibility of developing a strategic relationship not based on mutual nuclear threats.

(“(e) Definitions.— In this section: The term ‘ABM/TMD demarcation agreement’ means any agreement that establishes a demarcation between theater ballistic missile defense systems and strategic antiballistic missile defense systems for purposes of the ABM Treaty. The term ‘ABM Treaty’ means the Treaty Between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Limitation of Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems, signed at Moscow on May 26, 1972 (23 UST 3435), and includes the Protocols to that Treaty, signed at Moscow on July 3, 1974 (27 UST 1645).”

“SEC. 601 SHORT TITLE.

“This title may be cited as the ‘NATO Enlargement Facilitation Act of 1996’.

“SEC. 602 FINDINGS.

“The Congress makes the following findings: Since 1949, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) has played an essential role in guaranteeing the security, freedom, and prosperity of the United States and its partners in the Alliance. The NATO Alliance is, and has been since its inception, purely defensive in character, and it poses no threat to any nation. The enlargement of the NATO Alliance to include as full and equal members emerging democracies in Central and Eastern Europe will serve to reinforce stability and security in Europe by fostering their integration into the structures which have created and sustained peace in Europe since 1945. Their admission into NATO will not threaten any nation. America’s security, freedom, and prosperity remain linked to the security of the countries of Europe. The sustained commitment of the member countries of NATO to a mutual defense has made possible the democratic transformation of Central and Eastern Europe. Members of the Alliance can and should play a critical role in addressing the security challenges of the post-Cold War era and in creating the stable environment needed for those emerging democracies in Central and Eastern Europe to successfully complete political and economic transformation. The United States continues to regard the political independence and territorial integrity of all emerging democracies in Central and Eastern Europe as vital to European peace and security. The active involvement by the countries of Central and Eastern Europe has made the Partnership for Peace program an important forum to foster cooperation between NATO and those countries seeking NATO membership. NATO has enlarged its membership on 3 different occasions since 1949. Congress supports the admission of qualified new members to NATO and the European Union at an early date and has sought to facilitate the admission of qualified new members into NATO. Lasting security and stability in Europe requires not only the military integration of emerging democracies in Central and Eastern Europe into existing European structures, but also the eventual economic and political integration of these countries into existing European structures. As new members of NATO assume the responsibilities of Alliance membership, the costs of maintaining stability in Europe should be shared more widely. Facilitation of the enlargement process will require current members of NATO, and the United States in particular, to demonstrate the political will needed to build on successful ongoing programs such as the Warsaw Initiative and the Partnership for Peace by making available the resources necessary to supplement efforts prospective new members are themselves undertaking. New members will be full members of the Alliance, enjoying all rights and assuming all the obligations under the North Atlantic Treaty, signed at Washington on April 4, 1949 (hereafter in this Act referred to as the ‘Washington Treaty’). In order to assist emerging democracies in Central and Eastern Europe that have expressed interest in joining NATO to be prepared to assume the responsibilities of NATO membership, the United States should encourage and support efforts by such countries to develop force structures and force modernization priorities that will enable such countries to contribute to the full range of NATO missions, including, most importantly, territorial defense of the Alliance. Cooperative regional peacekeeping initiatives involving emerging democracies in Central and Eastern Europe that have expressed interest in joining NATO, such as the Baltic Peacekeeping Battalion, the Polish-Lithuanian Joint Peacekeeping Force, and the Polish-Ukrainian Peacekeeping Force, can make an important contribution to European peace and security and international peacekeeping efforts, can assist those countries preparing to assume the responsibilities of possible NATO membership, and accordingly should receive appropriate support from the United States. NATO remains the only multilateral security organization capable of conducting effective military operations and preserving security and stability of the Euro-Atlantic region. NATO is an important diplomatic forum and has played a positive role in defusing tensions between members of the Alliance and, as a result, no military action has occurred between two Alliance member states since the inception of NATO in 1949. The admission to NATO of emerging democracies in Central and Eastern Europe which are found to be in a position to further the principles of the Washington Treaty would contribute to international peace and enhance the security of the region. Countries which have become democracies and established market economies, which practice good neighborly relations, and which have established effective democratic civilian control over their defense establishments and attained a degree of interoperability with NATO, should be evaluated for their potential to further the principles of the Washington Treaty. Democratic civilian control of defense forces is an essential element in the process of preparation for those states interested in possible NATO membership. Protection and promotion of fundamental freedoms and human rights is an integral aspect of genuine security, and in evaluating requests for membership in NATO, the human rights records of the emerging democracies in Central and Eastern Europe should be evaluated according to their commitments to fulfill in good faith the human rights obligations of the Charter of the United Nations, the principles of the Universal Declaration on Human Rights, and the Helsinki Final Act. A number of Central and Eastern European countries have expressed interest in NATO membership, and have taken concrete steps to demonstrate this commitment, including their participation in Partnership for Peace activities. The Caucasus region remains important geographically and politically to the future security of Central Europe. As NATO proceeds with the process of enlargement, the United States and NATO should continue to examine means to strengthen the sovereignty and enhance the security of United Nations recognized countries in that region. In recognition that not all countries which have requested membership in NATO will necessarily qualify at the same pace, the accession date for each new member will vary. The provision of additional NATO transition assistance should include those emerging democracies most ready for closer ties with NATO and should be designed to assist other countries meeting specified criteria of eligibility to move forward toward eventual NATO membership. The Congress of the United States finds in particular that Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic have made significant progress toward achieving the criteria set forth in section 203(d)(3) of the NATO Participation Act of 1994 [ Pub. L. 103–447 , set out in a note below] and should be eligible for the additional assistance described in this Act. The evaluation of future membership in NATO for emerging democracies in Central and Eastern Europe should be based on the progress of those nations in meeting criteria for NATO membership, which require enhancement of NATO’s security and the approval of all NATO members. The process of NATO enlargement entails the consensus agreement of the governments of all 16 NATO members and ratification in accordance with their constitutional procedures. Some NATO members, such as Spain and Norway, do not allow the deployment of nuclear weapons on their territory although they are accorded the full collective security guarantees provided by Article 5 of the Washington Treaty. There is no a priori requirement for the stationing of nuclear weapons on the territory of new NATO members, particularly in the current security climate. However, NATO retains the right to alter its security posture at any time as circumstances warrant.

“SEC. 603 UNITED STATES POLICY.

“It is the policy of the United States— to join with the NATO allies of the United States to adapt the role of the NATO Alliance in the post-Cold War world; to actively assist the emerging democracies in Central and Eastern Europe in their transition so that such countries may eventually qualify for NATO membership; to support the enlargement of NATO in recognition that enlargement will benefit the interests of the United States and the Alliance and to consider these benefits in any analysis of the costs of NATO enlargement; to ensure that all countries in Central and Eastern Europe are fully aware of and capable of assuming the costs and responsibilities of NATO membership, including the obligation set forth in Article 10 of the Washington Treaty that new members be able to contribute to the security of the North Atlantic area; and to work to define a constructive and cooperative political and security relationship between an enlarged NATO and the Russian Federation.

“SEC. 604 SENSE OF THE CONGRESS REGARDING FURTHER ENLARGEMENT OF NATO.

“It is the sense of the Congress that in order to promote economic stability and security in Slovakia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Moldova, and Ukraine— the United States should continue and expand its support for the full and active participation of these countries in activities appropriate for qualifying for NATO membership; the United States Government should use all diplomatic means available to press the European Union to admit as soon as possible any country which qualifies for membership; the United States Government and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization should continue and expand their support for military exercises and peacekeeping initiatives between and among these nations, nations of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, and Russia; and the process of enlarging NATO to include emerging democracies in Central and Eastern Europe should not be limited to consideration of admitting Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Slovenia as full members of the NATO Alliance.

“SEC. 605 SENSE OF THE CONGRESS REGARDING ESTONIA, LATVIA AND LITHUANIA.

“In view of the forcible incorporation of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania into the Soviet Union in 1940 under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and the refusal of the United States and other countries to recognize that incorporation for over 50 years, it is the sense of the Congress that— Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania have valid historical security concerns that must be taken into account by the United States; and Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania should not be disadvantaged in seeking to join NATO by virtue of their forcible incorporation into the Soviet Union.

“SEC. 606 DESIGNATION OF COUNTRIES ELIGIBLE FOR NATO ENLARGEMENT ASSISTANCE.

(“(a) In General.— The following countries are designated as eligible to receive assistance under the program established under section 203(a) of the NATO Participation Act of 1994 [ Pub. L. 103–447 , set out in a note below] and shall be deemed to have been so designated pursuant to section 203(d)(1) of such Act: Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic.

(“(b) Designation of Slovenia.— Effective 90 days after the date of enactment of this Act [ Sept. 30, 1996 ], Slovenia is designated as eligible to receive assistance under the program established under section 203(a) of the NATO Participation Act of 1994, and shall be deemed to have been so designated pursuant to section 203(d) of such Act, unless the President certifies to Congress prior to such effective date that Slovenia fails to meet the criteria under section 203(d)(3) of such Act.

(“(c) Designation of Other Countries.— The President shall designate other emerging democracies in Central and Eastern Europe as eligible to receive assistance under the program established under section 203(a) of such Act if such countries— have expressed a clear desire to join NATO; have begun an individualized dialogue with NATO in preparation for accession; are strategically significant to an effective NATO defense; and meet the other criteria outlined in section 203(d)(3) of the NATO Participation Act of 1994 (title II of Public Law 103–447 ; 22 U.S.C. 1928 note).

(“(d) Rule of Construction.— Nothing in this section precludes the designation by the President of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Albania, Moldova, Ukraine, or any other emerging democracy in Central and Eastern Europe pursuant to section 203(d) of the NATO Participation Act of 1994 as eligible to receive assistance under the program established under section 203(a) of such Act.

“SEC. 607 AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS FOR NATO ENLARGEMENT ASSISTANCE.

(“(a) In General.— There are authorized to be appropriated $60,000,000 for fiscal year 1997 for the program established under section 203(a) of the NATO Participation Act of 1994 [ Pub. L. 103–447 , set out in a note below].

(“(b) Availability.— Of the funds authorized to be appropriated by subsection (a)— not less than $20,000,000shallbeavailableforthecost,asdefinedinsection502(5)ofthe[Federal]CreditReformActof1990[2U.S.C.661a(5)],ofdirectloanspursuanttotheauthorityofsection203(c)(4)oftheNATOParticipationActof1994(relatingtothe‘ForeignMilitaryFinancingProgram’);notlessthan$30,000,000 shall be available for assistance on a grant basis pursuant to the authority of section 203(c)(4) of the NATO Participation Act of 1994 (relating to the ‘Foreign Military Financing Program’); and not more than $10,000,000 shall be available for assistance pursuant to the authority of section 203(c)(3) of the NATO Participation Act of 1994 (relating to international military education and training).

(“(c) Rule of Construction.— Amounts authorized to be appropriated under this section are authorized to be appropriated in addition to such amounts as otherwise may be available for such purposes.

“SEC. 608 REGIONAL AIRSPACE INITIATIVE AND PARTNERSHIP FOR PEACE INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM.

(“(a) In General.— To the extent provided in advance in appropriations acts for such purposes, funds described in subsection (b) are authorized to be made available to support the implementation of the Regional Airspace Initiative and the Partnership for Peace Information Management System, including— the procurement of items in support of these programs; and the transfer of such items to countries participating in these programs.

(“(b) Funds Described.— Funds described in this subsection are funds that are available— during any fiscal year under the NATO Participation Act of 1994 [ Pub. L. 103–447 , set out as a note below] with respect to countries eligible for assistance under that Act; or during fiscal year 1997 under any Act to carry out the Warsaw Initiative.

“SEC. 609 EXCESS DEFENSE ARTICLES.

(“(a) Priority Delivery.— Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the delivery of excess defense articles under the authority of section 203(c)(1) and (2) of the NATO Participation Act of 1994 [ Pub. L. 103–447 , set out in a note below] and section 516 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [ 22 U.S.C. 2321j ] shall be given priority to the maximum extent feasible over the delivery of such excess defense articles to all other countries except those countries referred to in section 541 of the Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 1995 ( Public Law 103–306 ; 108 Stat. 1640 ).

(“(b) Cooperative Regional Peacekeeping Initiatives.— The Congress encourages the President to provide excess defense articles and other appropriate assistance to cooperative regional peacekeeping initiatives involving emerging democracies in Central and Eastern Europe that have expressed an interest in joining NATO in order to enhance their ability to contribute to European peace and security and international peacekeeping efforts.

“SEC. 610 MODERNIZATION OF DEFENSE CAPABILITY.

“The Congress endorses efforts by the United States to modernize the defense capability of Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovenia, and any other countries designated by the President pursuant to section 203(d) of the NATO Participation Act of 1994 [ Pub. L. 103–447 , set out in a note below], by exploring with such countries options for the sale or lease to such countries of weapons systems compatible with those used by NATO members, including air defense systems, advanced fighter aircraft, and telecommunications infrastructure.

“SEC. 611 TERMINATION OF ELIGIBILITY.

(“(a) Termination of Eligibility.— The eligibility of a country designated pursuant to subsection (a) or (b) of section 606 or pursuant to section 203(d) of the NATO Participation Act of 1994 [ Pub. L. 103–447 , set out in a note below] may be terminated upon a determination by the President that such country does not meet the criteria set forth in section 203(d)(3) of the NATO Participation Act of 1994.

(“(b) Notification.— At least 15 days before terminating the eligibility of any country pursuant to subsection (a), the President shall notify the congressional committees specified in section 634A of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [ 22 U.S.C. 2394–1 ] in accordance with the procedures applicable to reprogramming notifications under that section.

“SEC. 612 CONFORMING AMENDMENTS TO THE NATO PARTICIPATION ACT.

“SEC. 201 SHORT TITLE.

“This title may be cited as the ‘NATO Participation Act of 1994’.

“SEC. 202 SENSE OF THE CONGRESS.

“It is the sense of the Congress that— the leaders of the NATO member nations are to be commended for reaffirming that NATO membership remains open to Partnership for Peace countries emerging from communist domination and for welcoming eventual expansion of NATO to include such countries; full and active participants in the Partnership for Peace in a position to further the principles of the North Atlantic Treaty and to contribute to the security of the North Atlantic area should be invited to become full NATO members in accordance with Article 10 of such Treaty at an early date, if such participants— maintain their progress toward establishing democratic institutions, free market economies, civilian control of their armed forces, and the rule of law; and remain committed to protecting the rights of all their citizens and respecting the territorial integrity of their neighbors; the United States, other NATO member nations, and NATO itself should furnish appropriate assistance to facilitate the transition to full NATO membership at an early date of full and active participants in the Partnership for Peace; and in particular, Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia have made significant progress toward establishing democratic institutions, free market economies, civilian control of their armed forces, and the rule of law since the fall of their previous communist governments.

“SEC. 203 AUTHORITY FOR PROGRAM TO FACILITATE TRANSITION TO NATO MEMBERSHIP.

(“(a) In General.— The President may establish a program to assist the transition to full NATO membership of Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and other Partnership for Peace emerging democracies in Central and Eastern Europe designated pursuant to subsection (d).

(“(b) Conduct of Program.— The program established under subsection (a) shall facilitate the transition to full NATO membership of the countries designated under subsection (d) by supporting and encouraging, inter alia— joint planning, training, and military exercises with NATO forces; greater interoperability of military equipment, air defense systems, and command, control, and communications systems; and conformity of military doctrine.

(“(c) Type of Assistance.— In carrying out the program established under subsection (a), the President may provide to the countries designated under subsection (d) the following types of security assistance: The transfer of excess defense articles under section 516 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [ 22 U.S.C. 2321j ]. Assistance under chapter 5 of part II of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [ 22 U.S.C. 2347 et seq.] (relating to international military education and training). Assistance under section 23 of the Arms Export Control Act [ 22 U.S.C. 2763 ] (relating to the ‘Foreign Military Financing Program’). Assistance under chapter 4 of part II of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [ 22 U.S.C. 2346 et seq.] (relating to the Economic Support Fund). Funds made available for the ‘Nonproliferation and Disarmament Fund’. Assistance under chapter 6 of part II of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [ 22 U.S.C. 2348 et seq.] (relating to peacekeeping operations and other programs). Notwithstanding any other provision of law, including section 516(e) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [ 22 U.S.C. 2321j(e) ], the President may direct the crating, packing, handling, and transportation of excess defense articles provided pursuant to paragraph (1) of this subsection without charge to the recipient of such articles.

(“(d) Designation of Eligible Countries.— Within 60 days of the enactment of the NATO Participation Act Amendments of 1995 [NATO Participation Act Amendments of 1995 was contained in S. 602 and title VII of H.R. 1868 which were predecessor versions of provisions enacted into law by section 585 of Pub. L. 104–107 , which was approved Feb. 12, 1996 ], the President should evaluate the degree to which any emerging democracies in Central and Eastern Europe which has expressed its interest in joining NATO meets the criteria set forth in paragraph (3), and may designate one or more of these countries as eligible to receive assistance under the program established under subsection (a). The President shall, at the time of designation of any country pursuant to this paragraph, determine and report to the Committees on International Relations and Appropriations of the House of Representatives and the Committees on Foreign Relations and Appropriations of the Senate with respect to each country so designated that such country meets the criteria set forth in paragraph (3). In addition to the countries designated pursuant to paragraph (1), the President may at any time designate other European emerging democracies in Central and Eastern Europe as eligible to receive assistance under the program established under subsection (a). The President shall, at the time of designation of any country pursuant to this paragraph, determine and report to the Committees on International Relations and Appropriations of the House of Representatives and the Committees on Foreign Relations and Appropriations of the Senate with respect to each country so designated that such country meets the criteria set forth in paragraph (3). The criteria referred to in paragraphs (1) and (2) are, with respect to each country, that the country— has made significant progress toward establishing— shared values and interests; democratic governments; free market economies; civilian control of the military, of the police, and of intelligence services, so that these organizations do not pose a threat to democratic institutions, neighboring countries, or the security of NATO or the United States; adherence to the rule of law and to the values, principles, and political commitments set forth in the Helsinki Final Act and other declarations by the members of the Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe; commitment to further the principles of NATO and to contribute to the security of the North Atlantic area; commitment to protecting the rights of all their citizens and respecting the territorial integrity of their neighbors; commitment and ability to accept the obligations, responsibilities, and costs of NATO membership; and commitment and ability to implement infrastructure development activities that will facilitate participation in and support for NATO military activities; is likely, within five years of such determination, to be in a position to further the principles of the North Atlantic Treaty and to contribute to the security of the North Atlantic area; and is not ineligible to receive assistance under section 552 of the Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 1996 [ 110 Stat. 741 ], with respect to transfers of equipment to a country the government of which the Secretary of State has determined is a terrorist government for purposes of section 40(d) of the Arms Export Control Act [ 22 U.S.C. 2780(d) ].

(“(e) Notification.— At least 15 days before designating any country pursuant to subsection (d), the President shall notify the appropriate congressional committees in accordance with the procedures applicable under section 634A of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 ( 22 U.S.C. 2394–1 ), and shall include with such notification a memorandum of justification with respect to the proposed designation.

(“(f) Determination.— It is hereby determined that Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia meet the criteria required in paragraphs (1), (2), and (3) of subsection (d).

(“(g) Effect on Other Authorities.— Nothing in this Act [title] shall affect the eligibility of countries to participate under other provisions of law in programs described in this Act [title].

“SEC. 204 ADDITIONAL AUTHORITIES.

(“(a) Arms Export Control Act.— The President is authorized to exercise the authority of sections 63 and 65 of the Arms Export Control Act [ 22 U.S.C. 2796b , 2796d] with respect to any country designated under section 203(d) of this title on the same basis authorized with respect to NATO countries.

(“(b) Other NATO Authorities.— The President should designate any country designated under section 203(d) of this title as eligible under sections 2350c and 2350f of title 10, United States Code.

(“(c) Sense of Congress.— It is the sense of Congress that, in the interest of maintaining stability and promoting democracy in Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and any other Partnership for Peace country designated under section 203(d) of this title , those countries should be included in all activities under section 2457 of title 10 , United States Code, related to the increased standardization and enhanced interoperability of equipment and weapons systems, through coordinated training and procurement activities, as well as other means, undertaken by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization members and other allied countries.

“SEC. 205 ANNUAL REPORTING REQUIREMENT.

“The President shall include in the annual report required by [former] section 514(a) of Public Law 103–236 ( 22 U.S.C. 1928 note) the following: A description of all assistance provided under the program established under section 203(a), or otherwise provided by the United States Government to facilitate the transition to full NATO membership of Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and any other country designated by the President pursuant to section 203(d). A description, on the basis of information received from the recipients and from NATO, of all assistance provided by other NATO member nations or NATO itself to facilitate the transition to full NATO membership of Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and any other country designated by the President pursuant to section 203(d).”

§ 1928a North Atlantic Treaty Parliamentary Conference; participation; appointment of United States Group

Not to exceed twenty-four Members of Congress shall be appointed to meet jointly and annually with representative parliamentary groups from other NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) members, for discussion of common problems in the interests of the maintenance of peace and security in the North Atlantic area. Of the Members of the Congress to be appointed for the purposes of this resolution (hereinafter designated as the “United States Group”), half shall be appointed by the Speaker of the House from Members of the House (not less than four of whom shall be from the Committee on Foreign Affairs), and half shall be appointed by the President of the Senate upon recommendations of the majority and minority leaders of the Senate from Members of the Senate. Not more than seven of the appointees from the Senate shall be of the same political party. The Chairman or Vice Chairman of the House delegation shall be a Member from the Foreign Affairs Committee, and, unless the President of the Senate, upon the recommendation of the Majority Leader, determines otherwise, the Chairman or Vice Chairman of the Senate delegation shall be a Member from the Foreign Relations Committee. Each delegation shall have a secretary. The secretaries of the Senate and House delegations shall be appointed, respectively, by the chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the chairman of the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives. ( July 11, 1956, ch. 562, § 1 , 70 Stat. 523 ; Pub. L. 88–205 , pt. IV, § 406, Dec. 16, 1963 , 77 Stat. 392 ; Pub. L. 95–45, § 4(c) , June 15, 1977 , 91 Stat. 222 ; Pub. L. 100–204, title VII, § 744(a) , Dec. 22, 1987 , 101 Stat. 1396 ; Pub. L. 103–437, § 9(a)(5) , Nov. 2, 1994 , 108 Stat. 4588 .)

§ 1928b Authorization of appropriations

There is authorized to be appropriated annually (1) for the annual contribution of the United States toward the maintenance of the NATO Parliamentary Assembly, such sum as may be agreed upon by the United States Group and approved by such Assembly, but in no event to exceed for any year an amount equal to 25 per centum of the total annual contributions made for that year by all members of the NATO Parliamentary Treaty Organization toward the maintenance of such Assembly, and (2) $200,000,$100,000 for the House delegation and $100,000 for the Senate delegation, or so much thereof as may be necessary, to assist in meeting the expenses of the United States Group of the NATO Parliamentary Assembly for each fiscal year for which an appropriation is made, such appropriation to be dispersed on voucher to be approved by the Chairman of the House delegation and the Chairman of the Senate delegation. ( July 11, 1956, ch. 562, § 2 , 70 Stat. 523 ; Pub. L. 85–477 , ch. V, § 502(d), June 30, 1958 , 72 Stat. 273 ; Pub. L. 90–137 , pt. IV, § 401(a), Nov. 14, 1967 , 81 Stat. 463 ; Pub. L. 92–226 , pt. IV, § 405, Feb. 7, 1972 , 86 Stat. 34 ; Pub. L. 100–202, § 101(a) [title III, § 303] , Dec. 22, 1987 , 101 Stat. 1329 , 1329–23; Pub. L. 100–204, title VII, § 744(b) , Dec. 22, 1987 , 101 Stat. 1396 ; Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, § 1000(a)(7) [div. A, title VII, § 701(b)(1)] , Nov. 29, 1999 , 113 Stat. 1536 , 1501A–459; Pub. L. 107–77, title IV, § 408(b)(1) , Nov. 28, 2001 , 115 Stat. 790 .)

§ 1928c Report to the Congress

The United States Group of the NATO Parliamentary Assembly shall submit to the Congress a report for each fiscal year for which an appropriation is made, including its expenditures under such appropriation. ( July 11, 1956, ch. 562, § 3 , 70 Stat. 524 ; Pub. L. 90–137 , pt. IV, § 401(a)(2), Nov. 14, 1967 , 81 Stat. 463 ; Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, § 1000(a)(7) [div. A, title VII, § 701(b)(1)] , Nov. 29, 1999 , 113 Stat. 1536 , 1501A–459.)

§ 1928d Auditing and accounting

The certificate of the Chairman of the House delegation and the Senate delegation of the NATO Parliamentary Assembly shall on and after July 11, 1956 , be final and conclusive upon the accounting officers in the auditing of the accounts of the United States Group of the NATO Parliamentary Assembly. ( July 11, 1956, ch. 562, § 4 , 70 Stat. 524 ; Pub. L. 90–137 , pt. IV, § 401(a)(2), Nov. 14, 1967 , 81 Stat. 463 ; Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, § 1000(a)(7) [div. A, title VII, § 701(b)(1)] , Nov. 29, 1999 , 113 Stat. 1536 , 1501A–459.)

§ 1928e North Atlantic Assembly; appropriations for expenses of annual meeting

In addition to the amounts authorized by section 1928b of this title , there is authorized to be appropriated $50,000forfiscalyear1977tomeettheexpensesincurredbytheUnitedStatesgroupinhostingthetwenty-secondannualmeetingoftheNorthAtlanticAssembly.Inadditiontoamountsauthorizedbysection1928bofthistitle,thereisauthorizedtobeappropriated$550,000 for fiscal year 1994 to meet the expenses incurred by the United States group in hosting the fortieth annual meeting of the North Atlantic Assembly. In addition to the amounts authorized by section 1928b of this title , there is authorized to be appropriated $450,000 for fiscal year 1984 to meet the expenses incurred by the United States group in hosting the thirty-first annual meeting of the North Atlantic Assembly. Amounts appropriated under this section are authorized to remain available until expended. ( July 11, 1956, ch. 562, § 5 , as added Pub. L. 94–350, title I, § 107 , July 12, 1976 , 90 Stat. 824 ; amended Pub. L. 98–164, title I, § 109(a) , Nov. 22, 1983 , 97 Stat. 1019 ; Pub. L. 102–138, title I, § 168(g) , Oct. 28, 1991 , 105 Stat. 677 .)

§ 1928f Limitation on withdrawal from the North Atlantic Treaty Organization

(a) Opposition of Congress to suspension, termination, denunciation, or withdrawal from North Atlantic Treaty The President shall not suspend, terminate, denounce, or withdraw the United States from the North Atlantic Treaty, done at Washington, DC, April 4, 1949 , except by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, provided that two-thirds of the Senators present concur, or pursuant to an Act of Congress.

(b) Limitation on the use of funds No funds authorized or appropriated by any Act may be used to support, directly or indirectly, any decision on the part of any United States Government official to suspend, terminate, denounce, or withdraw the United States from the North Atlantic Treaty, done at Washington, DC, April 4, 1949 , except by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, provided that two-thirds of the Senators present concur, or pursuant to an Act of Congress.

(c) Notification of Treaty action Prior to the notification described in paragraph (2), the President shall consult with the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives in relation to any initiative to suspend, terminate, denounce, or withdraw the United States from the North Atlantic Treaty. The President shall notify the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives in writing of any deliberation or decision to suspend, terminate, denounce, or withdraw the United States from the North Atlantic Treaty, as soon as possible but in no event later than 180 days prior to taking such action.

(d) Rule of construction Nothing in this section shall be construed to authorize, imply, or otherwise indicate that the President may suspend, terminate, denounce, or withdraw from any treaty to which the Senate has provided its advice and consent without the advice and consent of the Senate to such act or pursuant to an Act of Congress.

(e) Severability If any provision of this section or the application of such provision is held by a Federal court to be unconstitutional, the remainder of this subtitle and the application of such provisions to any other person or circumstance shall not be affected thereby.

(f) Definitions In this subtitle, the terms “withdrawal”, “denunciation”, “suspension”, and “termination” have the meaning given the terms in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, concluded at Vienna May 23, 1969 .

§ 1929 Repealed. Pub. L. 87–195, pt. III, § 642(a)(2), Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 460

§ 1930 Repealed. Pub. L. 86–108, ch. II, § 205(j), July 24, 1959, 73 Stat. 250

§ 1931 Repealed. Pub. L. 87–195, pt. III, § 642(a)(2), Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 460

§ 1932 Repealed. Pub. L. 86–472, ch. II, § 204(k), May 14, 1960, 74 Stat. 138

§ 1933 Repealed. Pub. L. 87–195, pt. III, § 642(a)(2), Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 460

§ 1934 Repealed. Pub. L. 94–329, title II, § 212(b)(1), June 30, 1976, 90 Stat. 745

§§ 1935, 1936 Repealed. Pub. L. 87–195, pt. III, § 642(a)(2), Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 460

§ 1937 Irish counterpart account; approval of disposition

Pursuant to section 1513(b)(6) 1 of this title, the disposition within Ireland of the unencumbered balance, in the amount of approximately 6,000,000 Irish pounds, of the special account of Irish funds established under article IV of the Economic Cooperation Agreement between the United States of America and Ireland, dated June 28, 1948 , for the purposes of— scholarship exchange between the United States and Ireland; other programs and projects (including the establishment of an Agricultural Institute) to improve and develop the agricultural production and marketing potential of Ireland and to increase the production and efficiency of Irish industry; and development programs and projects in aid of the foregoing objectives, is approved, as provided in the agreement between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of Ireland, dated June 17, 1954 . ( Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937 , ch. II, § 417, 68 Stat. 849 .)

§ 1938 Repealed. July 18, 1956, ch. 627, § 8(m), 70 Stat. 559

§§ 1939 to 1941 Repealed. Pub. L. 87–195, pt. III, § 642(a)(2), (7), Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 460

§ 1942 Development assistance in Latin America; Congressional declaration of policy

(a) It is the sense of the Congress that— the historic, economic, political, and geographic relationships among the American Republics are unique and of special significance and, as appropriate, should be so recognized in future legislation; although governmental forms differ among the American Republics, the peoples of all the Americas are dedicated to the creation and maintenance of governments which will promote individual freedom; the interests of the American Republics are so interrelated that sound social and economic progress in each is of importance to all and that lack of it in any American Republic may have serious repercussions in others; for the peoples of Latin America to continue to progress within the framework of our common heritage of democratic ideals, there is a compelling need for the achievement of social and economic advance adequate to meet the legitimate aspirations of the individual citizens of the countries of Latin America for a better way of life; there is a need for a plan of hemispheric development, open to all American Republics which cooperate in such plan, based upon a strong production effort, the expansion of foreign trade, the creation and maintenance of internal financial stability, the growth of free economic and social institutions, and the development of economic cooperation, including all possible steps to establish and maintain equitable rates of exchange and to bring about the progressive elimination of trade barriers; mindful of the advantages which the United States has enjoyed through the existence of a large domestic market with no internal trade barriers, and believing that similar advantages can accrue to all countries, it is the hope of the people of the United States that all American Republics will jointly exert sustained common efforts which will speedily achieve that economic cooperation in the Western Hemisphere which is essential for lasting peace and prosperity; and accordingly, it is declared to be the policy of the people of the United States to sustain and strengthen principles of individual liberty, free institutions, private enterprise, and genuine independence in the Western Hemisphere through cooperation with all American Republics which participate in a joint development program based upon self-help and mutual efforts.

(b) In order to carry forward the above policy, the Congress hereby— urges the President through our constitutional processes to develop cooperative programs on a bilateral or multilateral basis which will set forth specific plans of action designed to foster economic progress and improvements in the welfare and level of living of all the peoples of the American Republics on the basis of joint aid, mutual effort, and common sacrifice; proposes the development of workable procedures to expand hemispheric trade and to moderate extreme price fluctuations in commodities which are of exceptional importance in the economies of the American Republics, and encourages the development of regional economic cooperation among the American Republics; supports the development of a more accurate and sympathetic understanding among the peoples of the American Republics through a greater interchange of persons, ideas, techniques, and educational, scientific, and cultural achievements; supports the strengthening of free democratic trade unions to raise standards of living through improved management-labor relations; favors the progressive development of common standards with respect to the rights and the responsibilities of private investment which flows across national boundaries within the Western Hemisphere; supports the consolidation of the public institutions and agencies of inter-American cooperation, insofar as feasible, within the structure of the Organization of American States and the strengthening of the personnel resources and authority of the Organization in order that it may play a role of increasing importance in all aspects of hemispheric cooperation; and declares that it is prepared to give careful and sympathetic consideration to programs which the President may develop for the purpose of promoting these policies.

§ 1943 Authorization of appropriations; restrictions; reports to congressional committees

In order to carry out the purposes of section 1942 of this title , there is authorized to be appropriated to the President not to exceed $680,000,000, which shall remain available until expended, and which the President may use, subject to such further legislative provisions as may be enacted, in addition to other funds available for such purposes, on such terms and conditions as he may specify: Provided , That none of the funds made available pursuant to this section shall be used to furnish assistance to any country in Latin America being subjected to economic or diplomatic sanctions by the Organization of American States. The Secretary of State shall keep the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House currently informed about plans and programs for the utilization of such funds. ( Pub. L. 86–735, § 2 , Sept. 8, 1960 , 74 Stat. 870 ; Pub. L. 88–205 , pt. IV, § 401(b), Dec. 16, 1963 , 77 Stat. 390 .)

§ 1944 Reconstruction assistance in Chile; authorization of appropriations

There is authorized to be appropriated to the President not to exceed $100,000,000, which shall remain available until expended, for use, in addition to other funds available for such purposes, in the reconstruction and rehabilitation of Chile on such terms and conditions as the President may specify. ( Pub. L. 86–735, § 3 , Sept. 8, 1960 , 74 Stat. 870 .)

§ 1945 Utilization of funds for assistance in Latin America; availability for transportation of immigrants from Ryukyuan Archipelago

(a) Funds appropriated under sections 1943 and 1944 of this title may be used for assistance under sections 1942 to 1945 of this title pursuant to such provisions applicable to the furnishing of such assistance contained in any successor Act to the Mutual Security Act of 1954, as amended, as the President determines to be necessary to carry out the purposes for which such funds are appropriated.

(b) Of the funds appropriated under section 1943 of this title not more than $800,000 shall be available only for assisting in transporting to and settling in Latin America selected immigrants from that portion of the Ryukyuan Archipelago under United States administration.

§ 1951 Repealed