CHAPTER 32 - FOREIGN ASSISTANCE

Title 22 > CHAPTER 32

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§ 2151 Congressional findings and declaration of policy

(a) United States development cooperation policy The Congress finds that fundamental political, economic, and technological changes have resulted in the interdependence of nations. The Congress declares that the individual liberties, economic prosperity, and security of the people of the United States are best sustained and enhanced in a community of nations which respect individual civil and economic rights and freedoms and which work together to use wisely the world’s limited resources in an open and equitable international economic system. Furthermore, the Congress reaffirms the traditional humanitarian ideals of the American people and renews its commitment to assist people in developing countries to eliminate hunger, poverty, illness, and ignorance. Therefore, the Congress declares that a principal objective of the foreign policy of the United States is the encouragement and sustained support of the people of developing countries in their efforts to acquire the knowledge and resources essential to development and to build the economic, political, and social institutions which will improve the quality of their lives. United States development cooperation policy should emphasize five principal goals: (1) the alleviation of the worst physical manifestations of poverty among the world’s poor majority; (2) the promotion of conditions enabling developing countries to achieve self-sustaining economic growth with equitable distribution of benefits; (3) the encouragement of development processes in which individual civil and economic rights are respected and enhanced; (4) the integration of the developing countries into an open and equitable international economic system; and (5) the promotion of good governance through combating corruption and improving transparency and accountability. The Congress declares that pursuit of these goals requires that development concerns be fully reflected in United States foreign policy and that United States development resources be effectively and efficiently utilized. (b) Coordination of development-related activities Under the policy guidance of the Secretary of State, the agency primarily responsible for administering subchapter I of this chapter should have the responsibility for coordinating all United States development-related activities. ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. I, § 101, formerly § 102, Sept. 4, 1961 , 75 Stat. 424 ; Pub. L. 87–565 , pt. I, § 101, Aug. 1, 1962 , 76 Stat. 255 ; Pub. L. 88–205 , pt. I, § 101(c), Dec. 16, 1963 , 77 Stat. 379 ; Pub. L. 89–171 , pt. I, § 101, Sept. 6, 1965 , 79 Stat. 653 ; Pub. L. 89–583 , pt. I, § 101, Sept. 19, 1966 , 80 Stat. 796 ; Pub. L. 90–137 , pt. I, § 101, Nov. 14, 1967 , 81 Stat. 445 ; Pub. L. 93–189, § 2(2) , Dec. 17, 1973 , 87 Stat. 714 ; Pub. L. 94–161, title III, § 301 , Dec. 20, 1975 , 89 Stat. 855 ; Pub. L. 95–88, title I , §§ 101, 113(b), Aug. 3, 1977 , 91 Stat. 533 , 538; renumbered and amended Pub. L. 95–424, title I, § 101 , Oct. 6, 1978 , 92 Stat. 937 ; Pub. L. 106–309, title II, § 203(a) , Oct. 17, 2000 , 114 Stat. 1091 .)

“SEC. 5111 SHORT TITLE.

“This subtitle may be cited as the ‘Western Hemisphere Partnership Act’.

“SEC. 5112 UNITED STATES POLICY IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE.

“It is the policy of the United States to promote economic competitiveness, democratic governance, and security in the Western Hemisphere by— encouraging stronger economic relations, respect for property rights, the rule of law, and enforceable investment rules and labor and environmental standards; advancing the principles and practices expressed in the Charter of the Organization of American States, the American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man, and the Inter-American Democratic Charter; and enhancing the capacity and technical capabilities of democratic partner nation government institutions, including civilian law enforcement, the judiciary, attorneys general, and security forces.

“SEC. 5113 PROMOTING SECURITY AND THE RULE OF LAW IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE.

(“(a) In General.— The Secretary of State, in coordination with the heads of other relevant Federal agencies, should support the improvement of security conditions and the rule of law in the Western Hemisphere through collaborative efforts with democratic partners that— enhance the institutional capacity and technical capabilities of defense and security institutions in democratic partner nations to conduct national or regional security missions, including through regular bilateral and multilateral engagements, foreign military sales and financing, international military education and training programs, expanding the National Guard State Partnership Programs, training on civil and political rights, and other means; provide technical assistance and material support (including, as appropriate, radars, vessels, and communications equipment) to relevant security forces to disrupt, degrade, and dismantle organizations involved in the illicit trafficking of narcotics and precursor chemicals, transnational criminal activities, illicit mining, and illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing, and other illicit activities, including in Haiti and countries included in the Caribbean Basin Security Initiative; enhance the institutional capacity, legitimacy, and technical capabilities of relevant civilian law enforcement, attorneys general, and judicial institutions to— strengthen the rule of law and transparent governance; combat corruption and kleptocracy in the region; and improve regional cooperation to disrupt, degrade, and dismantle transnational organized criminal networks and terrorist organizations, including through training, anticorruption initiatives, anti-money laundering programs, and strengthening cyber capabilities and resources; enhance port management and maritime security partnerships and airport management and aviation security partnerships to disrupt, degrade, and dismantle transnational criminal networks and facilitate the legitimate flow of people, goods, and services; strengthen cooperation to improve border security across the Western Hemisphere, dismantle human smuggling and trafficking networks, and increase cooperation to demonstrably strengthen migration management systems; counter the malign influence of state and non-state actors and disinformation campaigns; disrupt illicit domestic and transnational financial networks; foster mechanisms for cooperation on emergency preparedness and rapid recovery from natural disasters, including by— supporting regional preparedness, recovery, and emergency management centers to facilitate rapid response to survey and help maintain planning on regional disaster anticipated needs and possible resources; training disaster recovery officials on latest techniques and lessons learned from United States experiences; making available, preparing, and transferring on-hand nonlethal supplies, and providing training on the use of such supplies, for humanitarian or health purposes to respond to unforeseen emergencies; and conducting medical support operations and medical humanitarian missions, such as hospital ship deployments and base-operating services, to the extent required by the operation; foster regional mechanisms for early warning and response to pandemics in the Western Hemisphere, including through— improved cooperation with and research by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention through regional pandemic response centers; personnel exchanges for technology transfer and skills development; and surveying and mapping of health networks to build local health capacity; promote women’s economic security and the meaningful participation of women across all political processes, including conflict prevention and conflict resolution and post-conflict relief and recovery efforts; promote the economic, social and political advancement of indigenous communities, afro-descendants, and other marginalized communities; and hold accountable actors that violate political and civil rights.

(“(b) Limitations on Use of Technologies.— Operational technologies transferred pursuant to subsection (a) to partner governments for intelligence, defense, or law enforcement purposes shall be used solely for the purposes for which the technology was intended. The United States shall take steps to ensure that the use of such operational technologies is consistent with United States law, including protections of freedom of expression, freedom of movement, and freedom of association.

(“(c) Strategy.— Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [ Dec. 23, 2024 ], the Secretary of State, in coordination with the heads of other relevant Federal agencies, shall submit to the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives a 5-year strategy to promote security and the rule of law in the Western Hemisphere in accordance to this section. The strategy required under paragraph (1) shall include the following elements: A detailed assessment of the resources required to carry out such collaborative efforts. Annual benchmarks to track progress and obstacles in undertaking such collaborative efforts. A public diplomacy component to engage the people of the Western Hemisphere with the purpose of demonstrating that the security of their countries is enhanced to a greater extent through alignment with the United States and democratic values rather than with authoritarian countries such as the People’s Republic of China, the Russian Federation, and the Islamic Republic of Iran. Not later than 1 year after submission of the strategy required under paragraph (1), and annually thereafter, the Secretary of State shall provide to the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives a briefing on the implementation of the strategy.

“SEC. 5114 PROMOTING DIGITALIZATION AND CYBERSECURITY IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE.

“The Secretary of State, in coordination with the heads of other relevant Federal agencies, should promote digitalization and cybersecurity in the Western Hemisphere through collaborative efforts with democratic partners that— promote digital connectivity and facilitate e-commerce by expanding access to information and communications technology (ICT) supply chains that adhere to high-quality security and reliability standards, including— to open market access on a national treatment, nondiscriminatory basis; and to strengthen the cybersecurity and cyber resilience of partner countries; advance the provision of digital government services (e-government) that, to the greatest extent possible, promote transparency, lower business costs, and expand citizens’ access to public services and public information; and develop robust cybersecurity partnerships to— promote the inclusion of components and architectures in information and communications technology (ICT) supply chains from participants in initiatives that adhere to high-quality security and reliability standards; share best practices to mitigate cyber threats to critical infrastructure from ICT architectures from foreign countries of concern as defined in section 10612(a)(1) of the Research and Development, Competition, and Innovation Act ( 42 U.S.C. 19221(a)(1) ), foreign entities of concern as defined in section 10612(a)(2) of the Research and Development, Competition, and Innovation Act ( 42 U.S.C. 19221(a)(2) ), and by technology providers that supply equipment and services covered under section 2 of the Secure and Trusted Communications Networks Act of 2019 ( 47 U.S.C. 1601 ); effectively respond to cybersecurity threats, including state-sponsored threats; and to [sic] strengthen resilience against cyberattacks and cybercrime.

“SEC. 5115 PROMOTING ECONOMIC AND COMMERCIAL PARTNERSHIPS IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE.

“The Secretary of State, in consultation with the heads of other relevant Federal agencies, should support the improvement of economic conditions in the Western Hemisphere through collaborative efforts with democratic partners that— facilitate a more open, transparent, and competitive environment for United States businesses and promote robust and comprehensive trade capacity-building and trade facilitation by— reducing trade and nontariff barriers between the countries in the region, establishing a mechanism for pursuing Mutual Recognition Agreements and Formalized Regulatory Cooperation Agreements in priority sectors of the economy; building relationships and exchanges between relevant regulatory bodies in the United States and democratic partners in the Western Hemisphere to promote best practices and transparency in rulemaking, implementation, and enforcement, and provide training and assistance to help improve supply chain management in the Western Hemisphere; establishing regional fora for identifying, raising, and addressing supply chain management issues, including infrastructure needs and strengthening of investment rules and regulatory frameworks; establishing a dedicated program of trade missions and reverse trade missions to increase commercial contacts and ties between the United States and Western Hemisphere partner countries; and strengthening labor and environmental standards in the region; establish frameworks or mechanisms to review and address the long-term financial sustainability and national security implications of foreign investments in strategic sectors or services; establish competitive and transparent infrastructure project selection and procurement processes that promote transparency, open competition, financial sustainability, and robust adherence to global standards and norms; advance robust and comprehensive energy production and integration, including through a more open, transparent, and competitive environment for United States companies competing in the Western Hemisphere; and explore opportunities to partner with the private sector and multilateral institutions, such as the World Bank and the Inter-American Development Bank, to promote universal access to reliable and affordable electricity in the Western Hemisphere.

“SEC. 5116 PROMOTING TRANSPARENCY AND DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE.

“The Secretary of State, in coordination with the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development and heads of other relevant Federal agencies, should support transparent, accountable, and democratic governance in the Western Hemisphere through collaborative efforts with democratic partners that— strengthen the capacity of national electoral institutions to ensure free, fair, and transparent electoral processes, including through pre-election assessment missions, technical assistance, and independent local and international election monitoring and observation missions; enhance the capabilities of democratically elected national legislatures, parliamentary bodies, and autonomous regulatory institutions to conduct oversight; strengthen the capacity of subnational government institutions to govern in a transparent, accountable, and democratic manner, including through training and technical assistance; combat corruption at local and national levels, including through trainings, cooperation agreements, initiatives aimed at dismantling corrupt networks, and political support for bilateral or multilateral anticorruption mechanisms that strengthen attorneys general and prosecutors’ offices; strengthen the capacity of civil society to conduct oversight of government institutions, build the capacity of independent professional journalism, facilitate substantive dialogue with government and the private sector to generate issue-based policies, and mobilize local resources to carry out such activities; promote the meaningful and significant participation of women in democratic processes, including in national and subnational government and civil society; and support the creation of procedures for the Organization of American States (OAS) to create an annual forum for democratically elected national legislatures from OAS member States to discuss issues of hemispheric importance, as expressed in section 4 of the Organization of American States Legislative Engagement Act of 2020 ( Public Law 116–343 ) [ 22 U.S.C. 290q note].

“SEC. 5117 SENSE OF CONGRESS ON PRIORITIZING NOMINATION AND CONFIRMATION OF QUALIFIED AMBASSADORS.

“It is the sense of Congress that it is critically important that both the President and the Senate play their respective roles to nominate and confirm qualified ambassadors as quickly as possible.

“SEC. 5118 WESTERN HEMISPHERE DEFINED.

“In this subtitle, the term ‘Western Hemisphere’ does not include Cuba, Nicaragua, or Venezuela.”

“SEC. 5541 SHORT TITLE.

“This subtitle may be cited as the ‘United States-Ecuador Partnership Act of 2022’.

“SEC. 5542 SENSE OF CONGRESS.

“It is the sense of Congress that— the United States should take additional steps to strengthen its bilateral partnership with Ecuador, including by providing for robust trade and investment, increasing law enforcement cooperation, renewing the activities of the United States Agency for International Development in Ecuador, and supporting Ecuador’s response to and recovery from the COVID–19 pandemic, as necessary and appropriate; and strengthening the United States-Ecuador partnership presents an opportunity to advance core United States national security interests and work with other democratic partners to maintain a prosperous, politically stable, and democratic Western Hemisphere that is resilient to malign foreign influence.

“SEC. 5543 FACILITATING ECONOMIC AND COMMERCIAL TIES.

“The Secretary of State, in coordination with the Secretary of Commerce, the United States Trade Representative, the Secretary of the Treasury, and the heads of other relevant Federal departments and agencies, as appropriate, shall develop and implement a strategy to strengthen commercial and economic ties between the United States and Ecuador by— promoting cooperation and information sharing to encourage awareness of and increase trade and investment opportunities between the United States and Ecuador; supporting efforts by the Government of Ecuador to promote a more open, transparent, and competitive business environment, including by lowering trade barriers, implementing policies to reduce trading times, and improving efficiencies to expedite customs operations for importers and exporters of all sizes, in all sectors, and at all ports of entry in Ecuador; establishing frameworks or mechanisms to review the long term financial sustainability and security implications of foreign investments in Ecuador in strategic sectors or services; establishing competitive and transparent infrastructure project selection and procurement processes in Ecuador that promote transparency, open competition, financial sustainability, and robust adherence to global standards and norms; developing programs to help the Government of Ecuador improve efficiency and transparency in customs administration, including through support for the Government of Ecuador’s ongoing efforts to digitize its customs process and accept electronic documents required for the import, export, and transit of goods under specific international standards, as well as related training to expedite customs, security, efficiency, and competitiveness; spurring digital transformation that would advance— the provision of digitized government services with the greatest potential to improve transparency, lower business costs, and expand citizens’ access to public services and public information; and best practices to mitigate the risks to digital infrastructure by doing business with communication networks and communications supply chains with equipment and services from companies with close ties to or susceptible to pressure from governments or security services without reliable legal checks on governmental powers; and identifying, as appropriate, a role for the United States International Development Finance Corporation, the Millennium Challenge Corporation, the United States Agency for International Development, and the United States private sector in supporting efforts to increase private sector investment and strengthen economic prosperity.

“SEC. 5544 PROMOTING INCLUSIVE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT.

“The Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, in coordination with the Secretary of State and the heads of other relevant Federal departments and agencies, as appropriate, shall develop and implement a strategy and related programs to support inclusive economic development across Ecuador’s national territory by— facilitating increased access to public and private financing, equity investments, grants, and market analysis for small and medium-sized businesses; providing technical assistance to local governments to formulate and enact local development plans that invest in Indigenous and Afro-Ecuadorian communities; connecting rural agricultural networks, including Indigenous and Afro-Ecuadorian agricultural networks, to consumers in urban centers and export markets, including through infrastructure construction and maintenance programs that are subject to audits and carefully designed to minimize potential environmental harm; partnering with local governments, the private sector, and local civil society organizations, including organizations representing marginalized communities and faith-based organizations, to provide skills training and investment in support of initiatives that provide economically viable, legal alternatives to participating in illegal economies; and connecting small scale fishing enterprises to consumers and export markets, in order to reduce vulnerability to organized criminal networks.

“SEC. 5545 COMBATING ILLICIT ECONOMIES, CORRUPTION, AND NEGATIVE FOREIGN INFLUENCE.

“The Secretary of State, in coordination with the Secretary of the Treasury, shall develop and implement a strategy and related programs to increase the capacity of Ecuador’s justice system and law enforcement authorities to combat illicit economies, corruption, transnational criminal organizations, and the harmful influence of malign foreign and domestic actors by— providing technical assistance and material support (including, as appropriate, radars, vessels, and communications equipment) to vetted specialized units of Ecuador’s national police and the armed services to disrupt, degrade, and dismantle organizations involved in illicit narcotics trafficking, transnational criminal activities, illicit mining, and illegal, unregulated, and unreported fishing, among other illicit activities; providing technical assistance to address challenges related to Ecuador’s penitentiary and corrections system; strengthening the regulatory framework of mining through collaboration with key Ecuadorian institutions, such as the Interior Ministry’s Special Commission for the Control of Illegal Mining and the National Police’s Investigative Unit on Mining Crimes, and providing technical assistance in support of their law enforcement activities; providing technical assistance to judges, prosecutors, and ombudsmen to increase capacity to enforce laws against human smuggling and trafficking, illicit mining, illegal logging, illegal, unregulated, and unreported (IUU) fishing, and other illicit economic activities; providing support to the Government of Ecuador to prevent illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing, including through expanding detection and response capabilities, and the use of dark vessel tracing technology; supporting multilateral efforts to stem illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing with neighboring countries in South America and within the South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organisation; assisting the Government of Ecuador’s efforts to protect defenders of internationally recognized human rights, including through the work of the Office of the Ombudsman of Ecuador, and by encouraging the inclusion of Indigenous and Afro-Ecuadorian communities and civil society organizations in this process; supporting efforts to improve transparency, uphold accountability, and build capacity within the Office of the Comptroller General; enhancing the institutional capacity and technical capabilities of defense and security institutions of Ecuador to conduct national or regional security missions, including through regular bilateral and multilateral cooperation, foreign military financing, international military education, and training programs, consistent with applicable Ecuadorian laws and regulations; enhancing port management and maritime security partnerships to disrupt, degrade, and dismantle transnational criminal networks and facilitate the legitimate flow of people, goods, and services; and strengthening cybersecurity cooperation— to effectively respond to cybersecurity threats, including state-sponsored threats; to share best practices to combat such threats; to help develop and implement information architectures that respect individual privacy rights and reduce the risk that data collected through such systems will be exploited by malign state and non-state actors; to strengthen resilience against cyberattacks; and to strengthen the resilience of critical infrastructure.

“SEC. 5546 STRENGTHENING DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE.

(“(a) Strengthening Democratic Governance.— The Secretary of State, in coordination with the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, should develop and implement initiatives to strengthen democratic governance in Ecuador by supporting— measures to improve the capacity of national and subnational government institutions to govern through transparent, inclusive, and democratic processes; efforts that measurably enhance the capacity of political actors and parties to strengthen democratic institutions and the rule of law; initiatives to strengthen democratic governance, including combating political, administrative, and judicial corruption and improving transparency of the administration of public budgets; and the efforts of civil society organizations and independent media— to conduct oversight of the Government of Ecuador and the National Assembly of Ecuador; to promote initiatives that strengthen democratic governance, anti-corruption standards, and public and private sector transparency; and to foster political engagement between the Government of Ecuador, including the National Assembly of Ecuador, and all parts of Ecuadorian society, including women, indigenous communities, and Afro-Ecuadorian communities.

(“(b) Legislative Strengthening.— The Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, working through the Consortium for Elections and Political Process Strengthening or any equivalent or successor mechanism, shall develop and implement programs to strengthen the National Assembly of Ecuador by providing training and technical assistance to— members and committee offices of the National Assembly of Ecuador, including the Ethics Committee and Audit Committee; assist in the creation of entities that can offer comprehensive and independent research and analysis on legislative and oversight matters pending before the National Assembly, including budgetary and economic issues; and improve democratic governance and government transparency, including through effective legislation.

(“(c) Bilateral Legislative Cooperation.— To the degree practicable, in implementing the programs required under subsection (b), the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development should facilitate meetings and collaboration between members of the United States Congress and the National Assembly of Ecuador.

“SEC. 5547 FOSTERING CONSERVATION AND STEWARDSHIP.

“The Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, in coordination with the Secretary of State and the heads of other relevant Federal departments and agencies, shall develop and implement programs and enhance existing programs, as necessary and appropriate, to improve ecosystem conservation and enhance the effective stewardship of Ecuador’s natural resources by— providing technical assistance to Ecuador’s Ministry of the Environment to safeguard national parks and protected forests and protected species, while promoting the participation of Indigenous communities in this process; strengthening the capacity of communities to access the right to prior consultation, encoded in Article 57 of the Constitution of Ecuador and related laws, executive decrees, administrative acts, and ministerial regulations; supporting Indigenous and Afro-Ecuadorian communities as they raise awareness of threats to biodiverse ancestral lands, including through support for local media in such communities and technical assistance to monitor illicit activities; partnering with the Government of Ecuador in support of reforestation and improving river, lake, and coastal water quality; providing assistance to communities affected by illegal mining and deforestation; and fostering mechanisms for cooperation on emergency preparedness and rapid recovery from natural disasters, including by— establishing regional preparedness, recovery, and emergency management centers to facilitate rapid response to survey and help maintain planning on regional disaster anticipated needs and possible resources; and training disaster recovery officials on latest techniques and lessons learned from United States experiences.

“SEC. 5548 AUTHORIZATION TO TRANSFER EXCESS COAST GUARD VESSELS.

(“(a) Sense of Congress.— It is the sense of Congress that the United States should undertake efforts to expand cooperation with the Government of Ecuador to— ensure protections for the Galápagos Marine Reserve; deter illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing; and increase interdiction of narcotics trafficking and other forms of illicit trafficking.

(“(b) Authority to Transfer Excess Coast Guard Vessels to the Government of Ecuador.— The President shall conduct a joint assessment with the Government of Ecuador to ensure sufficient capacity exists to maintain Island class cutters. Upon completion of a favorable assessment, the President is authorized to transfer up to two ISLAND class cutters to the Government of Ecuador as excess defense articles pursuant to the authority of section 516 of the Foreign Assistance Act [of 1961] ( 22 U.S.C. 2321j ).

(“(c) Grants Not Counted in Annual Total of Transferred Excess Defense Articles.— The value of a vessel transferred to another country on a grant basis pursuant to authority provided by subsection (b) shall not be counted against the aggregate value of excess defense articles transferred in any fiscal year under section 516 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 ( 22 U.S.C. 2321j ).

(“(d) Costs of Transfers.— Any expense incurred by the United States in connection with a transfer authorized by this section shall be charged to the recipient notwithstanding section 516(e) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 ( 22 U.S.C. 2321j(e) ).

(“(e) Repair and Refurbishment in United States Shipyards.— To the maximum extent practicable, the President shall require, as a condition of the transfer of a vessel under this section, that the recipient to which the vessel is transferred have such repair or refurbishment of the vessel as is needed, before the vessel joins the naval forces of that recipient, performed at a shipyard located in the United States.

(“(f) Expiration of Authority.— The authority to transfer a vessel under this section shall expire at the end of the 3-year period beginning on the date of the enactment of this Act [ Dec. 23, 2022 ].

“SEC. 5549 REPORTING REQUIREMENTS.

(“(a) Secretary of State.— The Secretary of State, in coordination with the heads of other relevant Federal departments and agencies as described in sections 5543, 5545, and 5546(a), shall— not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, submit to the appropriate congressional committees a comprehensive strategy to address the requirements described in sections 5543, 5545, and 5546(a); and not later than 2 years and 4 years after submitting the comprehensive strategy under paragraph (1), submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report describing the implementation of the strategy.

(“(b) Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development.— The Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, in coordination with the heads of other relevant Federal departments and agencies as described in sections 5544, 5546(b), and 5547, shall— not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, submit to appropriate congressional committees a comprehensive strategy to address the requirements described in sections 5544, 5546(b) and 5547; and not later than 2 years and 4 years after submitting the comprehensive strategy under paragraph (1), submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report describing the implementation of the strategy.

(“(c) Submission.— The strategies and reports required under subsections (a) and (b) may be submitted to the appropriate congressional committees as joint strategies and reports.

(“(d) Appropriate Congressional Committees.— In this subtitle, the term ‘appropriate congressional committees’ means the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Committee on Energy and Commerce of the House of Representatives.

“SEC. 5550 SUNSET.

“This subtitle shall terminate on the date that is 5 years after the date of the enactment of this Act.”

“SEC. 102 STATEMENT OF POLICY.

“It is the policy of the United States to support the sustainable rebuilding and development of Haiti in a manner that— recognizes Haitian independence, self-reliance, and sovereignty; promotes efforts that are led by and support the people and Government of Haiti at all levels so that Haitians lead the course of reconstruction and development of Haiti; contributes to international efforts to facilitate conditions for broad, inclusive, and sustained political dialogue among the different actors in Haiti to restore democratic legitimacy and institutions in Haiti; builds the long-term capacity of the Government of Haiti, civil society, and the private sector to foster economic opportunities in Haiti; fosters collaboration between the Haitian diaspora in the United States, including dual citizens of Haiti and the United States, and the Government of Haiti and the business community in Haiti; supports anticorruption efforts, promotes press freedom, and addresses human rights concerns, including through the enforcement of sanctions imposed in accordance with the Global Magnitsky Human Rights Accountability Act (subtitle F of title XII of Public Law 114–328 ; 22 U.S.C. 2656 note [now 22 U.S.C. 10101 et seq.]) on individuals implicated in human rights violations and corruption; respects and helps restore the natural resources of Haiti and strengthens community-level resilience to environmental and weather-related impacts; promotes political stability through the holding of free, fair, transparent, and timely elections in accordance with democratic principles and the Constitution of Haiti; provides timely and comprehensive reporting on the goals and progress of the Government of Haiti and the United States Government, and transparent post-program evaluations and contracting data; and promotes the participation of Haitian women and youth in governmental and nongovernmental institutions and in economic development and governance assistance programs funded by the United States.

“SEC. 103 DEFINITION OF APPROPRIATE CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEES.

“In this division [div. V of Pub. L. 117–103 , see Short Title of 2022 Amendment note above], the term ‘appropriate congressional committees’ means— the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate; and the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives.

“SEC. 104 STRENGTHENING HUMAN RIGHTS AND ANTICORRUPTION EFFORTS IN HAITI AND HOLDING PERPETRATORS OF THE LA SALINE MASSACRE ACCOUNTABLE.

(“(a) Prioritization by Secretary of State.— The Secretary of State shall prioritize the protection of human rights and anticorruption efforts in Haiti through the following methods: Fostering strong relationships with independent civil society groups focused on monitoring corruption and human rights abuses and promoting democracy in Haiti. Supporting the efforts of the Government of Haiti to identify persons involved in human rights violations and significant acts of corruption in Haiti, including public and private sector actors, and hold them accountable for their actions. Addressing concerns of impunity for the alleged perpetrators of and the individuals who organized and planned the massacre in La Saline that took place on November 13, 2018 . Urging authorities to continue to investigate attacks in the neighborhoods of La Saline and Bel Air in 2018 and 2019 that left dozens dead in order to bring the perpetrators to justice.

(“(b) Briefing.— Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [ Mar. 15, 2022 ], the Secretary shall brief the appropriate congressional committees on the events that took place on November 13, 2018 , in the neighborhood of La Saline, in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, and the aftermath of those events. The briefing required by paragraph (1) shall include the following: An examination of any links between the massacre in La Saline and mass protests that occurred concurrently in Haiti. An analysis of the reports on the massacre in La Saline authored by the United Nations, the European Union, and the Government of Haiti. A detailed description of all known perpetrators of and the individuals who organized and planned the massacre. An overview of efforts of the Government of Haiti to bring the perpetrators of and the individuals who organized and planned the massacre in La Saline to justice and to prevent other similar attacks. An assessment of the ensuing treatment and displacement of the survivors of the massacre in La Saline. In carrying out paragraph (1), the Secretary shall consult with nongovernmental organizations in Haiti and the United States.

“SEC. 105 PROMOTING FREEDOM OF THE PRESS AND ASSEMBLY IN HAITI.

“The Secretary of State shall prioritize the promotion of freedom of the press and freedom of assembly and the protection of journalists in Haiti through the following methods: Advocating to Haitian authorities for increased protection for journalists and the press and for the freedom to peacefully assemble or protest in Haiti. Collaborating with officials of the Government of Haiti and representatives of civil society to increase legal protections for journalists in Haiti. Supporting efforts to strengthen transparency in the public and private sectors in Haiti and access to information in Haiti. Using United States foreign assistance for programs to strengthen capacity for independent journalists and increase support for investigative journalism in Haiti.

“SEC. 106 SUPPORTING POST-EARTHQUAKE, POST-HURRICANE, AND POST-COVID–19 RECOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT IN HAITI.

“The Secretary of State, in coordination with the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, shall prioritize post-earthquake, post-hurricane, and post-COVID–19 recovery and development efforts in Haiti through the following methods: Collaborating with the Government of Haiti on a detailed and transparent development plan that includes clear objectives and benchmarks. Building the capacity of Haitian-led public, private, and nongovernmental sector institutions in Haiti through post-earthquake and post-hurricane recovery and development planning. Assessing the impact of the recovery efforts of the United States and the international community in Haiti since January 2010. Supporting disaster resilience and reconstruction efforts. Addressing the underlying causes of poverty and inequality. Improving access to— health resources; public health technical assistance; and clean water, food, and shelter. Assessing the impact of the COVID–19 pandemic on post-disaster recovery efforts and evaluating United States support needed to help with the pandemic response in Haiti. Supporting— the export of additional United States-produced COVID–19 vaccine doses to Haiti; and the safe storage, transport, and end-to-end distribution of United States-produced COVID–19 vaccines throughout Haiti, in light of ongoing humanitarian access challenges presented by Haiti’s security environment.

“SEC. 110 TERMINATION.

“This division shall terminate on December 31, 2025 .”

“SEC. 101 SHORT TITLE.

“This division may be cited as the [‘]Trans-Sahara Counterterrorism Partnership Program Act of 2022[’].

“SEC. 102 SENSE OF CONGRESS.

“It is the sense of Congress that— terrorist and violent extremist organizations, such as Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, Boko Haram, the Islamic State of West Africa, and other affiliated groups, have killed tens of thousands of innocent civilians, displaced populations, destabilized local and national governments, and caused mass human suffering in the affected communities; poor governance, political and economic marginalization, and lack of accountability for human rights abuses by security forces are drivers of extremism; it is in the national security interest of the United States— to combat the spread of terrorism and violent extremism; and to build the capacity of partner countries to combat such threats in Africa; terrorist and violent extremist organizations exploit vulnerable and marginalized communities suffering from poverty, lack of economic opportunity (particularly among youth populations), corruption, and weak governance; and a comprehensive, coordinated, interagency approach is needed to develop an effective strategy— to address the security challenges in the Sahel-Maghreb; to appropriately allocate resources and de-conflict programs; and to maximize the effectiveness of United States defense, diplomatic, and development capabilities.

“SEC. 103 STATEMENT OF POLICY.

“It is the policy of the United States to assist countries in North Africa and West Africa, and other allies and partners that are active in those regions, in combating terrorism and violent extremism through a coordinated, interagency approach with a consistent strategy that appropriately balances security activities with diplomatic and development efforts to address the political, socioeconomic, governance, and development challenges in North Africa and West Africa that contribute to terrorism and violent extremism.

“SEC. 104 TRANS-SAHARA COUNTERTERRORISM PARTNERSHIP PROGRAM.

(“(a) Appropriate Congressional Committees Defined.— In this section, the term ‘appropriate congressional committees’ means— the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate; the Committee on Armed Services of the Senate; the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate; the Select Committee on Intelligence of the Senate; the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives; the Committee on Armed Services of the House of Representatives; the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives; and the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence of the House of Representatives.

(“(b) In General.— The President shall establish a partnership program, which shall be known as the ‘Trans-Sahara Counterterrorism Partnership Program’ (referred to in this section as the ‘Program’), to coordinate the programs, projects, and activities of the Program in countries in North Africa and West Africa that are conducted— to improve governance and the capacities of countries in North Africa and West Africa to deliver basic services, particularly to at-risk communities, as a means of countering terrorism and violent extremism by enhancing state legitimacy and authority and countering corruption; to address the factors that make people and communities vulnerable to recruitment by terrorist and violent extremist organizations, including economic vulnerability and mistrust of government and government security forces, through activities such as— supporting strategies that increase youth employment opportunities; promoting girls’ education and women’s political participation; strengthening local governance and civil society capacity; improving government transparency and accountability; fighting corruption; improving access to economic opportunities; and other development activities necessary to support community resilience; to strengthen the rule of law in such countries, including by enhancing the capability of the judicial institutions to independently, transparently, and credibly deter, investigate, and prosecute acts of terrorism and violent extremism; to improve the ability of military and law enforcement entities in partner countries— to detect, disrupt, respond to, and prosecute violent extremist and terrorist activity, while respecting human rights; and to cooperate with the United States and other partner countries on counterterrorism and counter-extremism efforts; to enhance the border security capacity of partner countries, including the ability to monitor, detain, and interdict terrorists; to identify, monitor, disrupt, and counter the human capital and financing pipelines of terrorism; or to support the free expression and operations of independent, local-language media, particularly in rural areas, while countering the media operations and recruitment propaganda of terrorist and violent extremist organizations. Program activities shall— be carried out in countries in which the President— determines that there is an adequate level of partner country commitment; and has considered partner country needs, absorptive capacity, sustainment capacity, and efforts of other donors in the sector; have clearly defined outcomes; be closely coordinated among relevant participating departments and agencies; have specific plans with robust indicators to regularly monitor and evaluate outcomes and impact; complement and enhance efforts to promote democratic governance, the rule of law, human rights, and economic growth; in the case of train and equip programs, complement longer-term security sector institution-building; and have mechanisms in place to track resources and routinely monitor and evaluate the efficacy of relevant programs. Not later than 15 days before obligating amounts for an activity conducted pursuant to the Program under paragraph (1), the Secretary of State shall notify the appropriate congressional committees, in accordance with section 634A of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 ( 22 U.S.C. 2394–1 ), of— the foreign country and entity, as applicable, whose capabilities are to be enhanced in accordance with the purposes described in paragraph (1); the amount, type, and purpose of support to be provided; the absorptive capacity of the foreign country to effectively implement the assistance to be provided; the extent to which state security forces of the foreign country have been implicated in gross violations of human rights and the risk that obligated funds may be used to perpetrate further abuses; the anticipated implementation timeline for the activity; and the plans to sustain any military or security equipment provided beyond the completion date of such activity, if applicable, and the estimated cost and source of funds to support such sustainment. The requirement under paragraph (1) does not apply to activities conducted by the Department of Defense pursuant to title 10, United States Code.

(“(c) International Coordination.— Efforts carried out under this section— shall take into account partner country counterterrorism, counter-extremism, and development strategies; shall be aligned with such strategies, to the extent practicable; and shall be coordinated with counterterrorism and counter-extremism activities and programs in the areas of defense, diplomacy, and development carried out by other like-minded donors and international organizations in the relevant country.

(“(d) Strategies.— Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [ Mar. 15, 2022 ], the President and other relevant Federal Government agencies, shall submit the strategies described in paragraphs (2) and (3) to the appropriate congressional committees. The President shall develop a comprehensive, 5-year strategy for the Sahel-Maghreb, including details related to interagency efforts conducted pursuant to the Program in the areas of security, diplomacy, and development to advance the national security, economic, and humanitarian interests of the United States, including— efforts to ensure coordination with multilateral and bilateral partners, such as the Joint Force of the Group of Five of the Sahel, and with other relevant assistance frameworks; a public diplomacy strategy and actions to ensure that populations in the Sahel-Maghreb are aware of the development activities of the United States Government, especially in countries with a significant United States Government presence or engagement through train and equip programs; activities aimed at supporting democratic institutions and countering violent extremism with measurable goals and transparent benchmarks; plans to help each partner country address humanitarian and development needs and to help prevent, respond to, and mitigate intercommunal violence; a comprehensive plan to support security sector reform in each partner country that includes a detailed section on programs and activities being undertaken by relevant stakeholders and other international actors operating in the sector; and a specific strategy for Mali that includes plans for sustained, high-level diplomatic engagement with stakeholders, including countries in Europe and the Middle East with interests in the Sahel-Maghreb, regional governments, relevant multilateral organizations, signatory groups of the Agreement for Peace and Reconciliation in Mali, done in Algiers July 24, 2014 , and civil society actors. The President shall develop a comprehensive 5-year strategy for the Program that includes— a clear statement of the objectives of United States counterterrorism efforts in North Africa and West Africa with respect to the use of assistance to combat terrorism and counter violent extremism, including efforts— to build military and civilian law enforcement capacity; to strengthen the rule of law; to promote responsive and accountable governance; and to address the root causes of terrorism and violent extremism; a plan for coordinating programs through the Program pursuant to subsection (b)(1), including identifying the agency or bureau of the Department of State, as applicable, that will be responsible for leading and coordinating each such program; a plan to monitor, evaluate, and share data and learning about the Program in accordance with monitoring and evaluation provisions under sections 3 and 4 of the Foreign Aid Transparency and Accountability Act of 2016 ( 22 U.S.C. 2394c note and 2394c); and a plan for ensuring coordination and compliance with related requirements in United States law, including the Global Fragility Act of 2019 ( 22 U.S.C. 9801 et seq.). Not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary of State shall consult with the appropriate congressional committees regarding the progress made towards developing the strategies required under paragraphs (2) and (3).

(“(e) Supporting Material in Annual Budget Request.— The Secretary of State shall include a description of the requirements, activities, and planned allocation of amounts requested by the Program in the budget materials submitted to Congress in support of the President’s annual budget request pursuant to section 1105 of title 31 , United States Code, for each fiscal year beginning after the date of the enactment of this Act [ Mar. 15, 2022 ] and annually thereafter for the following 5 years. The requirement under paragraph (1) shall not apply to activities of the Department of Defense conducted pursuant to authorities under title 10, United States Code.

(“(f) Monitoring and Evaluation of Programs and Activities.— Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act [ Mar. 15, 2022 ], and annually thereafter for the following 5 years, the President shall submit a report to the appropriate congressional committees that describes— the progress made in meeting the objectives of the strategies required under paragraphs (2) and (3) of subsection (d), including any lessons learned in carrying out Program activities and any recommendations for improving such programs and activities; the efforts taken to coordinate, de-conflict, and streamline Program activities to maximize resource effectiveness; the extent to which each partner country has demonstrated the ability to absorb the equipment or training provided in the previous year under the Program, and as applicable, the ability to maintain and appropriately utilize such equipment; the extent to which each partner country is investing its own resources to advance the goals described in subsection (b)(1) or is demonstrating a commitment and willingness to cooperate with the United States to advance such goals; the actions taken by the government of each partner country receiving assistance under the Program to combat corruption, improve transparency and accountability, and promote other forms of democratic governance; the extent to which state security forces in each partner country have been implicated in gross violations of human rights during the reporting period, including how such gross violations of human rights have been addressed and or will be addressed through Program activities; the assistance provided in each of the 3 preceding fiscal years under the Program, broken down by partner country, including the type, statutory authorization, and purpose of assistance provided to the country; and any changes or updates to the Comprehensive 5-Year Strategy for the Program required under subsection (d)(3) necessitated by the findings in this annual report.

(“(g) Reporting Requirement Related to Audit of Bureau of African Affairs Monitoring and Coordination of the Trans-sahara Counterterrorism Partnership Program.— Not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [ Mar. 15, 2022 ], and every 120 days thereafter until the earlier of the date on which all 13 recommendations in the September 2020 Department of State Office of Inspector General audit entitled ‘Audit of the Department of State Bureau of African Affairs Monitoring and Coordination of the Trans-Sahara Counterterrorism Partnership Program’ (AUD–MERO–20–42) are closed or the date that is 3 years after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary of State shall submit a report to the appropriate congressional committees that identifies— which of the 13 recommendations in AUD–MERO–20–42 have not been closed; a description of progress made since the last report toward closing each recommendation identified under paragraph (1); additional resources needed, including assessment of staffing capacity, if any, to complete action required to close each recommendation identified under paragraph (1); and the anticipated timeline for completion of action required to close each recommendation identified under paragraph (1), including application of all recommendations into all existing security assistance programs managed by the Department of State under the Program.

(“(h) Program Administration.— Not later than 120 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [ Mar. 15, 2022 ], the Secretary of State shall submit a report to Congress that describes plans for conducting a written review of a representative sample of each of the security assistance programs administered by the Bureau of African Affairs that— identifies potential waste, fraud, abuse, inefficiencies, or deficiencies; and includes an analysis of staff capacity, including human resource needs, available resources, procedural guidance, and monitoring and evaluation processes to ensure that the Bureau of African Affairs is managing programs efficiently and effectively. The strategies required under paragraphs (2) and (3) of subsection (d) and the report required under subsection (f) shall be submitted in unclassified form, but may include a classified annex.

“SEC. 105 RULE OF CONSTRUCTION.

“Nothing in this division may be construed as authorizing the use of military force.”

“SEC. 301 SHORT TITLE.

“This title may be cited as the ‘End Neglected Tropical Diseases Act’.

“SEC. 302 STATEMENT OF POLICY.

“It is the policy of the United States to support a broad range of implementation and research and development activities that work toward the achievement of cost-effective and sustainable treatment, control, and, where possible, elimination of neglected tropical diseases for the economic and social well-being of all people.

“SEC. 303 DEFINITION.

“In this title, the terms ‘neglected tropical diseases’ and ‘NTDs’— mean infections caused by pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and helminths that disproportionately impact individuals living in extreme poverty, especially in developing countries; and include— Buruli ulcer (Mycobacterium Ulcerans infection); Chagas disease; dengue or severe dengue fever; dracunculiasis (Guinea worm disease); echinococcosis; foodborne trematodiases; human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness); leishmaniasis; leprosy; lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis); onchocerciasis (river blindness); scabies; schistosomiasis; soil-transmitted helminthiases (STH) (roundworm, whipworm, and hookworm); taeniasis/cysticercosis; trachoma; and yaws (endemic treponematoses).

“SEC. 304 EXPANSION OF UNITED STATES AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES PROGRAM.

(“(a) Sense of Congress.— It is the sense of Congress that the Neglected Tropical Diseases Program, as in effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [ Dec. 20, 2019 ], should— provide integrated drug treatment packages to as many individuals suffering from NTDs or at risk of acquiring NTDs, including individuals displaced by manmade and natural disasters, as logistically feasible; better integrate NTD control and treatment tools and approaches into complementary development and global health programs by coordinating, to the extent practicable and appropriate, across multiple sectors, including those relating to HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis, education, nutrition, other infectious diseases, maternal and child health, and water, sanitation, and hygiene; establish low-cost, high-impact community- and school-based NTD programs to reach large at-risk populations, including school-age children, with integrated drug treatment packages, as feasible; as opportunities emerge and resources allow, engage in research and development of new tools and approaches to reach the goals relating to the elimination of NTDs as set forth by the 2012 World Health Organization publication ‘Accelerating Work to Overcome the Global Impact of Neglected Tropical Diseases: A Roadmap for Implementation’, including for Chagas disease, Guinea worm, human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness), leprosy, and visceral leishmaniasis; and monitor research on and developments in the prevention and treatment of other NTDs so breakthroughs can be incorporated into the Neglected Tropical Diseases Program, as practicable and appropriate.

(“(b) Program Priorities.— The Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development (referred to in this section as the ‘Administrator’) should incorporate the following priorities into the Neglected Tropical Diseases Program (as in effect on the date of the enactment of this Act): Planning for and conducting robust monitoring and evaluation of program investments in order to accurately measure impact, identify and share lessons learned, and inform future NTD control and elimination strategies. Coordinating program activities with complementary development and global health programs of the United States Agency for International Development, including programs relating to water, sanitation, and hygiene, food and nutrition security, and education (both primary and secondary), in order to advance the goals of the London Declaration on Neglected Tropical Diseases (2012). Including morbidity management in treatment plans for high-burden NTDs. Incorporating NTDs included in the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 into the program as opportunities emerge, to the extent practicable and appropriate. Continuing investments in the research and development of new tools and approaches that complement existing research investments and ensure that new discoveries make it through the pipeline and become available to individuals who need them most.

“SEC. 305 ACTIONS BY DEPARTMENT OF STATE.

(“(a) Office of the Global AIDS Coordinator.— It is the sense of Congress that the Coordinator of United States Government Activities to Combat HIV/AIDS Globally should fully consider evolving research on the impact of NTDs on efforts to control HIV/AIDS when making future programming decisions, as necessary and appropriate.

(“(b) Global Programming.— The Secretary of State should encourage the Global Fund to take into consideration evolving research on the impact of NTDs on efforts to control HIV/AIDS when making programming decisions, particularly with regard to female genital schistosomiasis, which studies suggest may be one of the most significant cofactors in the AIDS epidemic in Africa, as necessary and appropriate. In this subsection, the term ‘Global Fund’ means the public-private partnership known as the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria established pursuant to Article 80 of the Swiss Civil Code.

(“(c) G–20 Countries.— The Secretary of State, acting through the Office of Global Health Diplomacy, should encourage G–20 countries to significantly increase their role in the control and elimination of NTDs.

“SEC. 306 MULTILATERAL DEVELOPMENT AND HEALTH INSTITUTIONS.

(“(a) Finding.— Congress finds that the treatment of NTDs, including community- and school-based deworming programs, can be a highly cost-effective intervention, and schools can serve as an effective delivery mechanism for reaching large numbers of children with safe treatment for soil-transmitted helminthiases (roundworm, whipworm, and hookworm) in particular.

(“(b) United Nations.— The President should direct the United States Permanent Representative to the United Nations to use the voice, vote, and influence of the United States to urge the World Health Organization and the United Nations Development Programme to— ensure the dissemination of best practices and programming on NTDs to governments and make data accessible to practitioners in an open and timely fashion; highlight impacts of community- and school-based deworming programs on children’s health and education, emphasizing the cost-effectiveness of such programs; encourage governments to implement deworming campaigns at the national level; consider the designation of a portion of grant funds of the institutions to deworming initiatives and cross-sectoral collaboration with water, sanitation, and hygiene efforts and nutrition or education programming, as practicable and appropriate; encourage accurate monitoring and evaluation of NTD programs, including deworming programs; and engage governments in cross-border initiatives for the treatment, control, prevention, and elimination of NTDs, and assist in developing transnational agreements, when and where necessary.

“SEC. 307 RULE OF CONSTRUCTION.

“Nothing in this title may be construed to increase authorizations of appropriations for the United States Agency for International Development.”

“SECTION 1 SHORT TITLE.

“This Act may be cited as the ‘United States–Caribbean Strategic Engagement Act of 2016’.

“SEC. 2 STATEMENT OF POLICY.

“Congress declares that it is the policy of the United States to increase engagement with the governments of the Caribbean region and with civil society, including the private sector, in both the United States and the Caribbean, in a concerted effort to— enhance diplomatic relations between the United States and the Caribbean region; increase economic cooperation between the United States and the Caribbean region; support regional economic, political, and security integration efforts in the Caribbean region; encourage enduring economic development and increased regional economic diversification and global competitiveness; reduce levels of crime and violence, curb the trafficking of illicit drugs, strengthen the rule of law, and improve citizen security; improve energy security by increasing access to diverse, reliable, and affordable power; advance cooperation on democracy and human rights at multilateral fora; continue support for public health advances and cooperation on health concerns and threats to the Caribbean region; and expand Internet access throughout the region, especially to countries lacking the appropriate infrastructure.

“SEC. 3 STRATEGY.

“Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [ Dec. 16, 2016 ], the Secretary of State, in coordination with the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a multi-year strategy for United States engagement to support the efforts of interested nations in the Caribbean region that— identifies Department of State and USAID priorities, in coordination with other executive branch agencies, for United States policy towards the Caribbean region; outlines an approach to partner with governments of the Caribbean region to improve citizen security, reduce the trafficking of illicit drugs, strengthen the rule of law, and improve the effectiveness and longevity of the Caribbean Basin Security Initiative; establishes a comprehensive, integrated, multi-year strategy to encourage efforts of the Caribbean region to implement regional and national strategies that improve energy security, by increasing access to all available sources of energy, including by taking advantage of the indigenous energy sources of the Caribbean and the ongoing energy revolution in the United States; outlines an approach to improve diplomatic engagement with the governments of the Caribbean region, including with respect to human rights and democracy; Describes [sic] how the United States can develop an approach to supporting Caribbean countries in efforts they are willing to undertake with their own resources to diversify their economies; describes ways to ensure the active participation of citizens of the Caribbean in existing program[s] and initiatives administered by the Department of State’s Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs; and reflects the input of other executive branch agencies, as appropriate.

“SEC. 4 BRIEFINGS.

“The Secretary of State shall offer to the appropriate congressional committees annual briefings that review Department of State efforts to implement the strategy for United States engagement with the Caribbean region in accordance with section 3.

“SEC. 5 PROGRESS REPORT.

“Not later than 2 years after the submission of the strategy required under section 3, the President shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report on progress made toward implementing the strategy.

“SEC. 6 REPORTING COST OFFSET.

“SEC. 7 DEFINITIONS.

“In this Act: The term ‘appropriate congressional committees’ means the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate. The term ‘Caribbean region’ means the Caribbean Basin Security Initiative beneficiary countries. The term ‘security assistance’ has the meaning given such term in section 502B(d)(2) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 ( 22 U.S.C. 2304(d)(2) ).”

“SECTION 1 SHORT TITLE.

“This Act may be cited as the ‘Lord’s Resistance Army Disarmament and Northern Uganda Recovery Act of 2009’.

“SEC. 2 FINDINGS.

“Congress makes the following findings: For over 2 decades, the Government of Uganda engaged in an armed conflict with the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) in northern Uganda that led to the internal displacement of more than 2,000,000 Ugandans from their homes. The members of the Lord’s Resistance Army used brutal tactics in northern Uganda, including mutilating, abducting and forcing individuals into sexual servitude and forcing a large number of children and youth in Uganda, estimated by the Survey for War Affected Youth to be over 66,000, to fight as part of the rebel force. The Secretary of State has placed the Lord’s Resistance Army on the Terrorist Exclusion list pursuant to section 212(a)(3) of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(3) ), and LRA leader Joseph Kony has been designated a ‘specially designated global terrorist’ pursuant to Executive Order 13224 [listed in a table under section 1701 of Title 50 , War and National Defense]. In late 2005, according to the United Nations Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, the Lord’s Resistance Army shifted their primary base of operations from southern Sudan to northeastern Democratic Republic of Congo, and the rebels have since withdrawn from northern Uganda. Representatives of the Government of Uganda and the Lord’s Resistance Army began peace negotiations in 2006, mediated by the Government of Southern Sudan in Juba, Sudan, and signed the Cessation of Hostilities Agreement on August 20, 2006 , which provided for hundreds of thousands of internally displaced people to return home in safety. After nearly 2 years of negotiations, representatives from the parties reached the Final Peace Agreement in April 2008, but Joseph Kony, the leader of the Lord’s Resistance Army, refused to sign the Final Peace Agreement in May 2008 and his forces launched new attacks in northeastern Congo. According to the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Relief and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, the new activity of the Lord’s Resistance Army in northeastern Congo and southern Sudan since September 2008 has led to the abduction of at least 1,500 civilians, including hundreds of children, and the displacement of more than 540,000 people. In December 2008, the military forces of Uganda, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and southern Sudan launched a joint operation against the Lord’s Resistance Army’s bases in northeastern Congo, but the operation failed to apprehend Joseph Kony, and his forces retaliated with a series of new attacks and massacres in Congo and southern Sudan, killing an estimated 900 people in 2 months alone. Despite the refusal of Joseph Kony to sign the Final Peace Agreement, the Government of Uganda has committed to continue reconstruction plans for northern Uganda, and to implement those mechanisms of the Final Peace Agreement not conditional on the compliance of the Lord’s Resistance Army. Since 2008, recovery efforts in northern Uganda have moved forward with the financial support of the United States and other donors, but have been hampered by a lack of strategic coordination, logistical delays, and limited leadership from the Government of Uganda.

“SEC. 3 STATEMENT OF POLICY.

“It is the policy of the United States to work with regional governments toward a comprehensive and lasting resolution to the conflict in northern Uganda and other affected areas by— providing political, economic, military, and intelligence support for viable multilateral efforts to protect civilians from the Lord’s Resistance Army, to apprehend or remove Joseph Kony and his top commanders from the battlefield in the continued absence of a negotiated solution, and to disarm and demobilize the remaining Lord’s Resistance Army fighters; targeting assistance to respond to the humanitarian needs of populations in northeastern Congo, southern Sudan, and Central African Republic currently affected by the activity of the Lord’s Resistance Army; and further supporting and encouraging efforts of the Government of Uganda and civil society to promote comprehensive reconstruction, transitional justice, and reconciliation in northern Uganda as affirmed in the Northern Uganda Crisis Response Act of 2004 ( Public Law 108–283 ) and subsequent resolutions, including Senate Resolution 366, 109th Congress, agreed to February 2, 2006 , Senate Resolution 573, 109th Congress, agreed to September 19, 2006 , Senate Concurrent Resolution 16, 110th Congress, agreed to in the Senate March 1, 2007 , and House Concurrent Resolution 80, 110th Congress, agreed to in the House of Representatives June 18, 2007 .

“SEC. 4 REQUIREMENT OF A STRATEGY TO SUPPORT THE DISARMAMENT OF THE LORD’S RESISTANCE ARMY.

(“(a) Requirement for Strategy.— Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [ May 24, 2010 ], the President shall develop and submit to the appropriate committees of Congress a strategy to guide future United States support across the region for viable multilateral efforts to mitigate and eliminate the threat to civilians and regional stability posed by the Lord’s Resistance Army.

(“(b) Content of Strategy.— The strategy shall include the following: A plan to help strengthen efforts by the United Nations and regional governments to protect civilians from attacks by the Lord’s Resistance Army while supporting the development of institutions in affected areas that can help to maintain the rule of law and prevent conflict in the long term. An assessment of viable options through which the United States, working with regional governments, could help develop and support multilateral efforts to eliminate the threat posed by the Lord’s Resistance Army. An interagency framework to plan, coordinate, and review diplomatic, economic, intelligence, and military elements of United States policy across the region regarding the Lord’s Resistance Army. A description of the type and form of diplomatic engagement across the region undertaken to coordinate and implement United States policy regarding the Lord’s Resistance Army and to work multilaterally with regional mechanisms, including the Tripartite Plus Commission and the Great Lakes Pact. A description of how this engagement will fit within the context of broader efforts and policy objectives in the Great Lakes Region.

(“(c) Form.— The strategy under this section shall be submitted in unclassified form, but may include a classified annex.

“SEC. 5 HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE FOR AREAS OUTSIDE UGANDA AFFECTED BY THE LORD’S RESISTANCE ARMY.

“In accordance with section 491 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 ( 22 U.S.C. 2292 ) and section 2 of the Migration and Refugee Assistance Act of 1962 ( 22 U.S.C. 2601 ), the President is authorized to provide additional assistance to the Democratic Republic of Congo, southern Sudan, and Central African Republic to respond to the humanitarian needs of populations directly affected by the activity of the Lord’s Resistance Army.

“SEC. 6 ASSISTANCE FOR RECOVERY AND RECONSTRUCTION IN NORTHERN UGANDA.

(“(a) Authority.— It is the sense of Congress that the President should support efforts by the people of northern Uganda and the Government of Uganda— to assist internally displaced people in transition and returnees to secure durable solutions by spurring economic revitalization, supporting livelihoods, helping to alleviate poverty, and advancing access to basic services at return sites, specifically clean water, health care, and schools; to enhance the accountability and administrative competency of local governance institutions and public agencies in northern Uganda with regard to budget management, provision of public goods and services, and related oversight functions; to strengthen the operational capacity of the civilian police in northern Uganda to enhance public safety, prevent crime, and deal sensitively with gender-based violence, while strengthening accountability measures to prevent corruption and abuses; to rebuild and improve the capacity of the justice system in northern Uganda, including the courts and penal systems, with particular sensitivity to the needs and rights of women and children; to establish mechanisms for the disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration of former combatants and those abducted by the LRA, including vocational education and employment opportunities, with attention given to the roles and needs of men, women and children; and to promote programs to address psychosocial trauma, particularly post-traumatic stress disorder.

(“(b) Future Year Funding.— It is the sense of Congress that the Secretary of State and Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development should work with the appropriate committees of Congress to increase assistance in future fiscal years to support activities described in this section if the Government of Uganda demonstrates a commitment to transparent and accountable reconstruction in war-affected areas of northern Uganda, specifically by— finalizing the establishment of mechanisms within the Office of the Prime Minister to sufficiently manage and coordinate the programs under the framework of the Peace Recovery and Development Plan for Northern Uganda (PRDP); increasing oversight activities and reporting, at the local and national level in Uganda, to ensure funds under the Peace Recovery and Development Plan for Northern Uganda framework are used efficiently and with minimal waste; and committing substantial funds of its own, above and beyond standard budget allocations to local governments, to the task of implementing the Peace Recovery and Development Plan for Northern Uganda such that communities affected by the war can recover.

(“(c) Coordination With Other Donor Nations.— The United States should work with other donor nations to increase contributions for recovery efforts in northern Uganda and better leverage those contributions to enhance the capacity and encourage the leadership of the Government of Uganda in promoting transparent and accountable reconstruction in northern Uganda.

(“(d) Termination of Assistance.— It is the sense of Congress that the Secretary of State should withhold non-humanitarian bilateral assistance to the Republic of Uganda if the Secretary determines that the Government of Uganda is not committed to reconstruction and reconciliation in the war-affected areas of northern Uganda and is not taking proactive steps to ensure this process moves forward in a transparent and accountable manner.

“SEC. 7 ASSISTANCE FOR RECONCILIATION AND TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE IN NORTHERN UGANDA.

(“(a) Sense of Congress.— It is the sense of Congress that, despite reconstruction and development efforts, a continued failure to take meaningful steps toward national reconciliation and accountability risks perpetuating longstanding political grievances and fueling new conflicts.

(“(b) Authority.— In accordance with section 531 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 ( 22 U.S.C. 2346 ), the President is authorized to support efforts by the people of northern Uganda and the Government of Uganda to advance efforts to promote transitional justice and reconciliation on both local and national levels, including to encourage implementation of the mechanisms outlined in the Annexure to the Agreement on Accountability and Reconciliation between the Government of Uganda and the Lord’s Resistance Army/Movement, signed at Juba February 19, 2008 , namely— a body to investigate the history of the conflict, inquire into human rights violations committed during the conflict by all sides, promote truth-telling in communities, and encourage the preservation of the memory of events and victims of the conflict through memorials, archives, commemorations, and other forms of preservation; a special division of the High Court of Uganda to try individuals alleged to have committed serious crimes during the conflict, and a special unit to carry out investigations and prosecutions in support of trials; a system for making reparations to victims of the conflict; and a review and strategy for supporting transitional justice mechanisms in affected areas to promote reconciliation and encourage individuals to take personal responsibility for their conduct during the war.

“SEC. 8 REPORT.

(“(a) Report Required.— Not later than 1 year after the submission of the strategy required under section 4, the Secretary of State shall prepare and submit to the appropriate committees of Congress a report on the progress made toward the implementation of the strategy required under section 4 and a description and evaluation of the assistance provided under this Act toward the policy objectives described in section 3.

(“(b) Contents.— The report required under section (a) shall include— a description and evaluation of actions taken toward the implementation of the strategy required under section 4; a description of assistance provided under sections 5, 6, and 7; an evaluation of bilateral assistance provided to the Republic of Uganda and associated programs in light of stated policy objectives; a description of the status of the Peace Recovery and Development Plan for Northern Uganda and the progress of the Government of Uganda in fulfilling the steps outlined in section 6(b); and a description of amounts of assistance committed, and amounts provided, to northern Uganda during the reporting period by the Government of Uganda and each donor country.

(“(c) Form.— The report under this section shall be submitted in unclassified form, but may include a classified annex.

“SEC. 9 SENSE OF CONGRESS ON FUNDING.

“It is the sense of Congress that— of the total amounts to be appropriated for fiscal year 2011 for the Department of State and foreign operations, up to $10,000,000shouldbeusedtocarryoutactivitiesundersection5;andofthetotalamountstobeappropriatedforfiscalyear2011through2013fortheDepartmentofStateandforeignoperations,upto$10,000,000 in each such fiscal year should be used to carry out activities under section 7.

“SEC. 10 DEFINITIONS.

“In this Act: The term ‘appropriate committees of Congress’ means the Committee on Appropriations and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on Appropriations and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives. The term ‘Great Lakes Region’ means the region comprising Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, southern Sudan, and Uganda. The term ‘LRA-affected areas’ means those portions of northern Uganda, southern Sudan, northeastern Democratic Republic of Congo, and southeastern Central African Republic determined by the Secretary of State to be affected by the Lord’s Resistance Army as of the date of the enactment of this Act [ May 24, 2010 ].”

“SECTION 1 SHORT TITLE.

“This Act may be cited as the ‘Democratic Republic of the Congo Relief, Security, and Democracy Promotion Act of 2006’.

“SEC. 101 FINDINGS.

“Congress makes the following findings: The National Security Strategy of the United States, dated September 17, 2002 , concludes that ‘[i]n Africa, promise and opportunity sit side-by-side with disease, war, and desperate poverty. This threatens both a core value of the United States preserving human dignity and our strategic priority combating global terror. American interests and American principles, therefore, lead in the same direction: we will work with others for an African continent that lives in liberty, peace, and growing prosperity.’. On February 16, 2005 , the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency testified, ‘In Africa, chronic instability will continue to hamper counterterrorism efforts and pose heavy humanitarian and peacekeeping burdens.’. According to the United States Agency for International Development, ‘Given its size, population, and resources, the Congo is an important player in Africa and of long-term interest to the United States.’. The Democratic Republic of the Congo is 2,345,410 square miles (approximately ¼ the size of the United States), lies at the heart of Africa, and touches every major region of sub-Saharan Africa. Therefore, a secure, peaceful, and prosperous Democratic Republic of the Congo would have a profound impact on progress throughout Africa. The most recent war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, which erupted in 1998, spawned some of the world’s worst human rights atrocities and drew in six neighboring countries. Despite the conclusion of a peace agreement and subsequent withdrawal of foreign forces in 2003, both the real and perceived presence of armed groups hostile to the Governments of Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi continue to serve as a major source of regional instability and an apparent pretext for continued interference in the Democratic Republic of the Congo by its neighbors. A mortality study completed in December 2004 by the International Rescue Committee found that 31,000 people were dying monthly and 3,800,000 people had died in the previous six years because of the conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and resulting disintegration of the social service infrastructure, making this one of the deadliest conflicts since World War II. In 2004, Amnesty International estimated that at least 40,000 women and girls were systematically raped and tortured in the Democratic Republic of the Congo since 1998, and nearly two-thirds of ongoing abuses against women and girls are perpetrated by members of the security forces, particularly the Forces Armes de la Republique Democratique du Congo (FARDC) and the Police Nationale Congolaise (PNC). According to the Department of State, ‘returning one of Africa’s largest countries [the Democratic Republic of the Congo] to full peace and stability will require significant United States investments in support of national elections, the reintegration of former combatants, the return and reintegration of refugees and [internally displaced persons], establishment of central government control over vast territories, and promotion of national reconciliation and good governance’.

“SEC. 102 STATEMENT OF POLICY.

“It is the policy of the United States— to help promote, reinvigorate, and support the political process in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in order to press all parties in the Transitional National Government and the succeeding government to implement fully and to institutionalize mechanisms, including national and international election observers, fair and transparent voter registration procedures, and a significant civic awareness and public education campaign created for the July 30, 2006 , elections and future elections in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, to ensure that elections are carried out in a fair and democratic manner; to urge the Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo to recognize and act upon its responsibilities to immediately bring discipline to its security forces, hold those individuals responsible for atrocities and other human rights violations, particularly the rape of women and girls as an act of war, accountable and bring such individuals to justice; to help ensure that, once a stable national government is established in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, it is committed to multiparty democracy, open and transparent governance, respect for human rights and religious freedom, ending the violence throughout the country, promoting peace and stability with its neighbors, rehabilitating the national judicial system and enhancing the rule of law, combating corruption, instituting economic reforms to promote development, and creating an environment to promote private investment; to assist the Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo as it seeks to meet the basic needs of its citizens, including security, safety, and access to health care, education, food, shelter, and clean drinking water; to support security sector reform by assisting the Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo to establish a viable and professional national army and police force that respects human rights and the rule of law, is under effective civilian control, and possesses a viable presence throughout the entire country, provided the Democratic Republic of the Congo meets all requirements for United States military assistance under existing law; to help expedite planning and implementation of programs associated with the disarmament, demobilization, repatriation, reintegration, and rehabilitation process in the Democratic Republic of the Congo; to support efforts of the Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the United Nations Peacekeeping Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC), and other entities, as appropriate, to disarm, demobilize, and repatriate the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda and other illegally armed groups; to make all efforts to ensure that the Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo— is committed to responsible and transparent management of natural resources across the country; and takes active measures— to promote economic development; to hold accountable individuals who illegally exploit the country’s natural resources; and to implement the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative by enacting laws requiring disclosure and independent auditing of company payments and government receipts for natural resource extraction; to promote a viable civil society and to enhance nongovernmental organizations and institutions, including religious organizations, the media, political parties, trade unions, and trade and business associations, that can act as a stabilizing force and effective check on the government; to help rebuild and enhance infrastructure, communications, and other mechanisms that will increase the ability of the central government to manage internal affairs, encourage economic development, and facilitate relief efforts of humanitarian organizations; to help halt the high prevalence of sexual abuse and violence perpetrated against women and children in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and mitigate the detrimental effects from acts of this type of violence by undertaking a number of health, education, and psycho-social support programs; to work aggressively on a bilateral basis to urge governments of countries contributing troops to the United Nations Peacekeeping Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC) to enact and enforce laws on trafficking in persons and sexual abuse that meet international standards, promote codes of conduct for troops serving as part of United Nations peacekeeping missions, and immediately investigate and punish citizens who are responsible for abuses in the Democratic Republic of the Congo; to assist the Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo as undertakes steps to— protect internally displaced persons and refugees in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and border regions from all forms of violence, including gender-based violence and other human rights abuses; address other basic needs of vulnerable populations with the goal of allowing these conflict-affected individuals to ultimately return to their homes; and assess the magnitude of the problem of orphans from conflict and HIV/AIDS in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and work to establish a program of national support; to engage with governments working to promote peace and security throughout the Democratic Republic of the Congo and hold accountable individuals, entities, and countries working to destabilize the country; and to promote appropriate use of the forests of the Democratic Republic of the Congo in a manner that benefits the rural population in that country that depends on the forests for their livelihoods and protects national and environmental interests.

“SEC. 103 BILATERAL ASSISTANCE TO THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO.

(“(a) Funding for Fiscal Years 2006 and 2007.— Of the amounts made available to carry out the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 ( 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.), the Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954 [now Food for Peace Act] [ 7 U.S.C. 1691 et seq.] ( 68 Stat. 454 , chapter 469), and the Arms Export Control Act ( 22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.) for fiscal year 2006 and 2007, at least $52,000,000 for each such fiscal year should be allocated for bilateral assistance programs in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

(“(b) Future Year Funding.— It is the sense of Congress that the Department of State should submit budget requests in fiscal years 2008 and 2009 that contain increases in bilateral assistance for the Democratic Republic of the Congo that are appropriate if progress is being made, particularly cooperation by the Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, toward accomplishing the policy objectives described in section 102.

(“(c) Coordination With Other Donor Nations.— The United States should work with other donor nations, on a bilateral and multilateral basis, to increase international contributions to the Democratic Republic of the Congo and accomplish the policy objectives described in section 102.

“SEC. 104 ACCOUNTABILITY FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO.

(“(a) Sense of Congress.— It is the sense of Congress that— the Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo must be committed to achieving the policy objectives described in section 102 if the efforts of the United States and other members of the international community are to be effective in bringing relief, security, and democracy to the country; the Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo should immediately exercise control over and discipline its armed forces, stop the mass rapes at the hands of its armed forces, and hold those responsible for these acts accountable before an appropriate tribunal; the Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, in collaboration with international aid agencies, should establish expert teams to assess the needs of the victims of rape and provide health, counseling, and social support services that such victims need; and the international community, through the United Nations peacekeeping mission, humanitarian and development relief, and other forms of assistance, is providing a substantial amount of funding that is giving the Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo an opportunity to make progress towards accomplishing the policy objectives described in section 102, but this assistance cannot continue in perpetuity.

(“(b) Termination of Assistance.— It is the sense of Congress that the Secretary of State should withhold assistance otherwise available under this Act if the Secretary determines that the Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo is not making sufficient progress towards accomplishing the policy objectives described in section 102.

“SEC. 105 WITHHOLDING OF ASSISTANCE.

“The Secretary of State is authorized to withhold assistance made available under the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 ( 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.), other than humanitarian, peacekeeping, and counterterrorism assistance, for a foreign country if the Secretary determines that the government of the foreign country is taking actions to destabilize the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

“SEC. 106 REPORT ON PROGRESS TOWARD ACCOMPLISHING POLICY OBJECTIVES.

(“(a) Report Required.— Not later than one year after the date of the enactment of this Act [ Dec. 22, 2006 ], the Comptroller General of the United States shall submit to Congress a report on the progress made toward accomplishing the policy objectives described in section 102.

(“(b) Contents.— The report required under subsection (a) shall include— a description of any major impediments that prevent the accomplishment of the policy objectives described in section 102, including any destabilizing activities undertaken in the Democratic Republic of Congo by governments of neighboring countries; an evaluation of United States policies and foreign assistance programs designed to accomplish such policy objectives; and recommendations for— improving the policies and programs referred to in paragraph (2); and any additional bilateral or multilateral actions necessary to promote peace and prosperity in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

“SEC. 107 SPECIAL ENVOY FOR THE GREAT LAKES REGION.

“Not later than 60 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [ Dec. 22, 2006 ], the President should appoint a Special Envoy for the Great Lakes Region to help coordinate efforts to resolve the instability and insecurity in Eastern Congo.

“SEC. 201 PROMOTION OF UNITED STATES POLICY TOWARD THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO IN THE UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL.

“The United States should use its voice and vote in the United Nations Security Council— to address exploitation at the United Nations Peacekeeping Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC) by continuing to urge, when credible allegations exist, appropriate investigation of alleged perpetrators and, as necessary, prosecution of United Nations personnel responsible for sexual abuses in the Democratic Republic of the Congo; to conclude at the earliest possible date a Memorandum of Understanding relating to binding codes of conduct and programs for the prevention of sexual abuse and trafficking in persons to be undertaken by the United Nations for all countries that contribute troops to MONUC, to include the assumption of personal liability for the provision of victims assistance and child support, as appropriate, by those who violate the codes of conduct; to strengthen the authority and capacity of MONUC by— providing specific authority and obligation to prevent and effectively counter imminent threats; clarifying and strengthening MONUC’s rules of engagement to enhance the protection of vulnerable civilian populations; enhancing the surveillance and intelligence-gathering capabilities available to MONUC; where consistent with United States policy, making available personnel, communications, and military assets that improve the effectiveness of robust peacekeeping, mobility, and command and control capabilities of MONUC; and providing MONUC with the authority and resources needed to effectively monitor arms trafficking and natural resource exploitation at key border posts and airfields in the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo; to encourage regular visits of the United Nations Security Council to monitor the situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo; to ensure that the practice of recruiting and arming children in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is immediately halted pursuant to Security Council Resolutions 1460 (2003) and 1539 (2004); to strengthen the arms embargo imposed pursuant to Security Council Resolution 1493 (2003) and ensure that violators are held accountable through appropriate measures, including the possible imposition of sanctions; to allow for the more effective protection and monitoring of natural resources in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, especially in the eastern part of the country, and for public disclosure and independent auditing of natural resource revenues to help ensure transparent and accountable management of these revenues; to press countries in the Congo region to help facilitate an end to the violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and promote relief, security, and democracy throughout the region; and to encourage the United Nations Secretary-General to become more involved in completing the policy objectives described in paragraphs (1) and (2) of section 102 and ensure that recent fighting in North Kivu, which displaced over 150,000 people, as well as fighting in Ituri and other areas, does not create widespread instability throughout the country.

“SEC. 202 INCREASING CONTRIBUTIONS AND OTHER HUMANITARIAN AND DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE THROUGH INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS.

(“(a) In General.— The President should instruct the United States permanent representative or executive director, as the case may be, to the United Nations voluntary agencies, including the World Food Program, the United Nations Development Program, and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, and other appropriate international organizations to use the voice and vote of the United States to support additional humanitarian and development assistance for the Democratic Republic of the Congo in order to accomplish the policy objectives described in section 102.

(“(b) Support Contingent on Progress.— If the Secretary of State determines that the Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo is not making sufficient progress towards accomplishing the policy objectives described in section 102, the President shall consider withdrawing United States support for the assistance described in subsection (a) when future funding decisions are considered.”

“SEC. 301 DECLARATION OF POLICY.

(“(a) In General.— Congress declares that it should be the policy of the United States— to support efforts by the people of Iran to exercise self-determination over the form of government of their country; and to support independent human rights and peaceful pro-democracy forces in Iran.

(“(b) Rule of Construction.— Nothing in this Act [amending section 5318A of Title 31 , Money and Finance, and enacting and amending provisions set out as notes under section 1701 of Title 50 , War and National Defense] shall be construed as authorizing the use of force against Iran.

“SEC. 302 ASSISTANCE TO SUPPORT DEMOCRACY FOR IRAN.

(“(a) Authorization.— Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the President is authorized to provide financial and political assistance (including the award of grants) to foreign and domestic individuals, organizations, and entities working for the purpose of supporting and promoting democracy for Iran. Such assistance may include the award of grants to eligible independent pro-democracy radio and television broadcasting organizations that broadcast into Iran. In accordance with the rule of construction described in subsection (b) of section 301, none of the funds authorized under this section shall be used to support the use of force against Iran.

(“(b) Eligibility for Assistance.— Financial and political assistance under this section should be provided only to an individual, organization, or entity that— officially opposes the use of violence and terrorism and has not been designated as a foreign terrorist organization under section 219 of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1189 ) at any time during the preceding four years; advocates the adherence by Iran to nonproliferation regimes for nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons and materiel; is dedicated to democratic values and supports the adoption of a democratic form of government in Iran; is dedicated to respect for human rights, including the fundamental equality of women; works to establish equality of opportunity for people; and supports freedom of the press, freedom of speech, freedom of association, and freedom of religion.

(“(c) Funding.— The President may provide assistance under this section using— funds available to the Middle East Partnership Initiative (MEPI), the Broader Middle East and North Africa Initiative, and the Human Rights and Democracy Fund; and amounts made available pursuant to the authorization of appropriations under subsection (g).

(“(d) Notification.— Not later than 15 days before each obligation of assistance under this section, and in accordance with the procedures under section 634A of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 ( 22 U.S.C. 2394 –l), the President shall notify the Committee on International Relations [now Committee on Foreign Affairs] and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate.

(“(e) Sense of Congress Regarding Diplomatic Assistance.— It is the sense of Congress that— support for a transition to democracy in Iran should be expressed by United States representatives and officials in all appropriate international fora; officials and representatives of the United States should— strongly and unequivocally support indigenous efforts in Iran calling for free, transparent, and democratic elections; and draw international attention to violations by the Government of Iran of human rights, freedom of religion, freedom of assembly, and freedom of the press.

(“(f) Duration.— The authority to provide assistance under this section shall expire on December 31, 2011 .

(“(g) Authorization of Appropriations.— There is authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of State such sums as may be necessary to carry out this section.”

“SECTION 1 SHORT TITLE.

“This Act may be cited as the ‘Syria Accountability and Lebanese Sovereignty Restoration Act of 2003’.

“SEC. 2 FINDINGS.

“Congress makes the following findings: On June 24, 2002 , President Bush stated ‘Syria must choose the right side in the war on terror by closing terrorist camps and expelling terrorist organizations’. United Nations Security Council Resolution 1373 ( September 28, 2001 ) mandates that all states ‘refrain from providing any form of support, active or passive, to entities or persons involved in terrorist acts’, take ‘the necessary steps to prevent the commission of terrorist acts’, and ‘deny safe haven to those who finance, plan, support, or commit terrorist acts’. The Government of Syria is currently prohibited by United States law from receiving United States assistance because it has repeatedly provided support for acts of international terrorism, as determined by the Secretary of State for purposes of [former] section 6(j)(1) of the Export Administration Act of 1979 (50 U.S.C. App. 2405(j)(1)) [former 50 U.S.C. 4605(j)(1) ] and other relevant provisions of law. Although the Department of State lists Syria as a state sponsor of terrorism and reports that Syria provides ‘safe haven and support to several terrorist groups’, fewer United States sanctions apply with respect to Syria than with respect to any other country that is listed as a state sponsor of terrorism. Terrorist groups, including Hizballah, Hamas, Palestinian Islamic Jihad, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine—General Command, maintain offices, training camps, and other facilities on Syrian territory, and operate in areas of Lebanon occupied by the Syrian armed forces and receive supplies from Iran through Syria. United Nations Security Council Resolution 520 ( September 17, 1982 ) calls for ‘strict respect of the sovereignty, territorial integrity, unity and political independence of Lebanon under the sole and exclusive authority of the Government of Lebanon through the Lebanese Army throughout Lebanon’. Approximately 20,000 Syrian troops and security personnel occupy much of the sovereign territory of Lebanon exerting undue influence upon its government and undermining its political independence. Since 1990 the Senate and House of Representatives have passed seven bills and resolutions which call for the withdrawal of Syrian armed forces from Lebanon. On March 3, 2003 , Secretary of State Colin Powell declared that it is the objective of the United States to ‘let Lebanon be ruled by the Lebanese people without the presence of [the Syrian] occupation army’. Large and increasing numbers of the Lebanese people from across the political spectrum in Lebanon have mounted peaceful and democratic calls for the withdrawal of the Syrian Army from Lebanese soil. Israel has withdrawn all of its armed forces from Lebanon in accordance with United Nations Security Council Resolution 425 ( March 19, 1978 ), as certified by the United Nations Secretary General. Even in the face of this United Nations certification that acknowledged Israel’s full compliance with Security Council Resolution 425, Syrian- and Iranian-supported Hizballah continues to attack Israeli outposts at Shebaa Farms, under the pretense that Shebaa Farms is territory from which Israel was required to withdraw by Security Counsel Resolution 425, and Syrian- and Iranian-supported Hizballah and other militant organizations continue to attack civilian targets in Israel. Syria will not allow Lebanon—a sovereign country—to fulfill its obligation in accordance with Security Council Resolution 425 to deploy its troops to southern Lebanon. As a result, the Israeli-Lebanese border and much of southern Lebanon is under the control of Hizballah, which continues to attack Israeli positions, allows Iranian Revolutionary Guards and other militant groups to operate freely in the area, and maintains thousands of rockets along Israel’s northern border, destabilizing the entire region. On February 12, 2003 , Director of Central Intelligence George Tenet stated the following with respect to the Syrian- and Iranian-supported Hizballah: ‘[A]s an organization with capability and worldwide presence [it] is [al Qaeda’s] equal if not a far more capable organization * * * [T]hey’re a notch above in many respects, in terms of in their relationship with the Iranians and the training they receive, [which] puts them in a state-sponsored category with a potential for lethality that’s quite great.’. In the State of the Union address on January 29, 2002 , President Bush declared that the United States will ‘work closely with our coalition to deny terrorists and their state sponsors the materials, technology, and expertise to make and deliver weapons of mass destruction’. The Government of Syria continues to develop and deploy short- and medium-range ballistic missiles. According to the December 2001 unclassified Central Intelligence Agency report entitled ‘Foreign Missile Developments and the Ballistic Missile Threat through 2015’, ‘Syria maintains a ballistic missile and rocket force of hundreds of FROG rockets, Scuds, and SS–21 SRBMs [and] Syria has developed [chemical weapons] warheads for its Scuds’. The Government of Syria is pursuing the development and production of biological and chemical weapons and has a nuclear research and development program that is cause for concern. According to the Central Intelligence Agency’s ‘Unclassified Report to Congress on the Acquisition of Technology Relating to Weapons of Mass Destruction and Advanced Conventional Munitions’, released January 7, 2003 : ‘[Syria] already holds a stockpile of the nerve agent sarin but apparently is trying to develop more toxic and persistent nerve agents. Syria remains dependent on foreign sources for key elements of its [chemical weapons] program, including precursor chemicals and key production equipment. It is highly probable that Syria also is developing an offensive [biological weapons] capability.’. On May 6, 2002 , the Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security, John Bolton, stated: ‘The United States also knows that Syria has long had a chemical warfare program. It has a stockpile of the nerve agent sarin and is engaged in research and development of the more toxic and persistent nerve agent VX. Syria, which has signed but not ratified the [Biological Weapons Convention], is pursuing the development of biological weapons and is able to produce at least small amounts of biological warfare agents.’. According to the Central Intelligence Agency’s ‘Unclassified Report to Congress on the Acquisition of Technology Relating to Weapons of Mass Destruction and Advanced Conventional Munitions’, released January 7, 2003 : ‘Russia and Syria have approved a draft cooperative program on cooperation on civil nuclear power. In principal, broader access to Russian expertise provides opportunities for Syria to expand its indigenous capabilities, should it decide to pursue nuclear weapons.’. Under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (21 UST 483), which entered force on March 5, 1970 , and to which Syria is a party, Syria has undertaken not to acquire or produce nuclear weapons and has accepted full scope safeguards of the International Atomic Energy Agency to detect diversions of nuclear materials from peaceful activities to the production of nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices. Syria is not a party to the Chemical Weapons Convention or the Biological Weapons Convention, which entered into force on April 29, 1997 , and on March 26, 1975 , respectively. Syrian President Bashar Assad promised Secretary of State Powell in February 2001 to end violations of Security Council Resolution 661, which restricted the sale of oil and other commodities by Saddam Hussein’s regime, except to the extent authorized by other relevant resolutions, but this pledge was never fulfilled. Syria’s illegal imports and transshipments of Iraqi oil during Saddam Hussein’s regime earned Syria $50,000,000ormorepermonthasSyriacontinuedtosellitsownSyrianoilatmarketprices.Syria’sillegalimportsandtransshipmentsofIraqioilearnedSaddamHussein’sregime$2,000,000 per day. On March 28, 2003 , Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld warned: ‘[W]e have information that shipments of military supplies have been crossing the border from Syria into Iraq, including night-vision goggles * * * These deliveries pose a direct threat to the lives of coalition forces. We consider such trafficking as hostile acts, and will hold the Syrian government accountable for such shipments.’. According to Article 23(1) of the United Nations Charter, members of the United Nations are elected as nonpermanent members of the United Nations Security Council with ‘due regard being specially paid, in the first instance to the contribution of members of the United Nations to the maintenance of international peace and security and to other purposes of the Organization’. Despite Article 23(1) of the United Nations Charter, Syria was elected on October 8, 2001 , to a 2-year term as a nonpermanent member of the United Nations Security Council beginning January 1, 2002 , and served as President of the Security Council during June 2002 and August 2003. On March 31, 2003 , the Syrian Foreign Minister, Farouq al-Sharra, made the Syrian regime’s intentions clear when he explicitly stated that ‘Syria’s interest is to see the invaders defeated in Iraq’. On April 13, 2003 , Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld charged that ‘busloads’ of Syrian fighters entered Iraq with ‘hundreds of thousands of dollars’ and leaflets offering rewards for dead American soldiers. On September 16, 2003 , the Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security, John Bolton, appeared before the Subcommittee on the Middle East and Central Asia of the Committee on International Relations [now Committee on Foreign Affairs] of the House of Representatives, and underscored Syria’s ‘hostile actions’ toward coalition forces during Operation Iraqi Freedom. Under Secretary Bolton added that: ‘Syria allowed military equipment to flow into Iraq on the eve of and during the war. Syria permitted volunteers to pass into Iraq to attack and kill our service members during the war, and is still doing so * * * [Syria’s] behavior during Operation Iraqi Freedom underscores the importance of taking seriously reports and information on Syria’s WMD capabilities.’. During his appearance before the Committee on International Relations of the House of Representatives on September 25, 2003 , Ambassador L. Paul Bremer, III, Administrator of the Coalition Provisional Authority in Iraq, stated that out of the 278 third-country nationals who were captured by coalition forces in Iraq, the ‘single largest group are Syrians’.

“SEC. 3 SENSE OF CONGRESS.

“It is the sense of Congress that— the Government of Syria should immediately and unconditionally halt support for terrorism, permanently and openly declare its total renunciation of all forms of terrorism, and close all terrorist offices and facilities in Syria, including the offices of Hamas, Hizballah, Palestinian Islamic Jihad, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine—General Command; the Government of Syria should— immediately and unconditionally stop facilitating transit from Syria to Iraq of individuals, military equipment, and all lethal items, except as authorized by the Coalition Provisional Authority or a representative, internationally recognized Iraqi government; cease its support for ‘volunteers’ and terrorists who are traveling from and through Syria into Iraq to launch attacks; and undertake concrete, verifiable steps to deter such behavior and control the use of territory under Syrian control; the Government of Syria should immediately declare its commitment to completely withdraw its armed forces, including military, paramilitary, and security forces, from Lebanon, and set a firm timetable for such withdrawal; the Government of Lebanon should deploy the Lebanese armed forces to all areas of Lebanon, including South Lebanon, in accordance with United Nations Security Council Resolution 520 ( September 17, 1982 ), in order to assert the sovereignty of the Lebanese state over all of its territory, and should evict all terrorist and foreign forces from southern Lebanon, including Hizballah and the Iranian Revolutionary Guards; the Government of Syria should halt the development and deployment of medium- and long-range surface-to-surface missiles and cease the development and production of biological and chemical weapons; the Governments of Lebanon and Syria should enter into serious unconditional bilateral negotiations with the Government of Israel in order to realize a full and permanent peace; the United States should continue to provide humanitarian and educational assistance to the people of Lebanon only through appropriate private, nongovernmental organizations and appropriate international organizations, until such time as the Government of Lebanon asserts sovereignty and control over all of its territory and borders and achieves full political independence, as called for in United Nations Security Council Resolution 520; and as a violator of several key United Nations Security Council resolutions and as a nation that pursues policies which undermine international peace and security, Syria should not have been permitted to join the United Nations Security Council or serve as the Security Council’s President, and should be removed from the Security Council.

“SEC. 4 STATEMENT OF POLICY.

“It is the policy of the United States that— Syria should bear responsibility for attacks committed by Hizballah and other terrorist groups with offices, training camps, or other facilities in Syria, or bases in areas of Lebanon occupied by Syria; the United States will work to deny Syria the ability to support acts of international terrorism and efforts to develop or acquire weapons of mass destruction; the Secretary of State will continue to list Syria as a state sponsor of terrorism until Syria ends its support for terrorism, including its support of Hizballah and other terrorist groups in Lebanon and its hosting of terrorist groups in Damascus, and comes into full compliance with United States law relating to terrorism and United Nations Security Council Resolution 1373 ( September 28, 2001 ); the full restoration of Lebanon’s sovereignty, political independence, and territorial integrity is in the national security interest of the United States; Syria is in violation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 520 ( September 17, 1982 ) through its continued occupation of Lebanese territory and its encroachment upon Lebanon’s political independence; Syria’s obligation to withdraw from Lebanon is not conditioned upon progress in the Israeli-Syrian or Israeli-Lebanese peace process but derives from Syria’s obligation under Security Council Resolution 520; Syria’s acquisition of weapons of mass destruction and ballistic missile programs threaten the security of the Middle East and the national security interests of the United States; Syria will be held accountable for any harm to Coalition armed forces or to any United States citizen in Iraq if the government of Syria is found to be responsible due to its facilitation of terrorist activities and its shipments of military supplies to Iraq; and the United States will not provide any assistance to Syria and will oppose multilateral assistance for Syria until Syria ends all support for terrorism, withdraws its armed forces from Lebanon, and halts the development and deployment of weapons of mass destruction and medium- and long-range surface-to-surface ballistic missiles.

“SEC. 5 PENALTIES AND AUTHORIZATION.

(“(a) Penalties.— Until the President makes the determination that Syria meets all the requirements described in paragraphs (1) through (4) of subsection (d) and certifies such determination to Congress in accordance with such subsection— the President shall prohibit the export to Syria of any item, including the issuance of a license for the export of any item, on the United States Munitions List or Commerce Control List of dual-use items in the Export Administration Regulations (15 CFR part 730 et seq.); and the President shall impose two or more of the following sanctions: Prohibit the export of products of the United States (other than food and medicine) to Syria. Prohibit United States businesses from investing or operating in Syria. Restrict Syrian diplomats in Washington, D.C., and at the United Nations in New York City, to travel only within a 25-mile radius of Washington, D.C., or the United Nations headquarters building, respectively. Prohibit aircraft of any air carrier owned or controlled by Syria to take off from, land in, or overfly the United States. Reduce United States diplomatic contacts with Syria (other than those contacts required to protect United States interests or carry out the purposes of this Act). Block transactions in any property in which the Government of Syria has any interest, by any person, or with respect to any property, subject to the jurisdiction of the United States.

(“(b) Waiver.— The President may waive the application of subsection (a)(1), (a)(2), or both if the President determines that it is in the national security interest of the United States to do so and submits to the appropriate congressional committees a report containing the reasons for the determination.

(“(c) Authority To Provide Assistance To Syria.— If the President— makes the determination that Syria meets the requirements described in paragraphs (1) through (4) of subsection (d) and certifies such determination to Congress in accordance with such subsection; determines that substantial progress has been made both in negotiations aimed at achieving a peace agreement between Israel and Syria and in negotiations aimed at achieving a peace agreement between Israel and Lebanon; and determines that the Government of Syria is strictly respecting the sovereignty, territorial integrity, unity, and political independence of Lebanon under the sole and exclusive authority of the Government of Lebanon through the Lebanese army throughout Lebanon, as required under paragraph (4) of United Nations Security Council Resolution 520 (1982), then the President is authorized to provide assistance to Syria under chapter 1 of part I of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [ 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.] (relating to development assistance).

(“(d) Certification.— A certification under this subsection is a certification transmitted to the appropriate congressional committees of a determination made by the President that— the Government of Syria has ceased providing support for international terrorist groups and does not allow terrorist groups, such as Hamas, Hizballah, Palestinian Islamic Jihad, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine—General Command to maintain facilities in territory under Syrian control; the Government of Syria ended its occupation of Lebanon described in section 2(7) of this Act; the Government of Syria has ceased the development and deployment of medium- and long-range surface-to-surface ballistic missiles, is not pursuing or engaged in the research, development, acquisition, production, transfer, or deployment of biological, chemical, or nuclear weapons, has provided credible assurances that such behavior will not be undertaken in the future, and has agreed to allow United Nations and other international observers to verify such actions and assurances; and the Government of Syria has ceased all support for, and facilitation of, all terrorist activities inside of Iraq, including preventing the use of territory under its control by any means whatsoever to support those engaged in terrorist activities inside of Iraq.

“SEC. 6 REPORT.

(“(a) Report.— Not later than 6 months after the date of the enactment of this Act [ Dec. 12, 2003 ], and every 12 months thereafter until the conditions described in paragraphs (1) through (4) of section 5(d) are satisfied, the Secretary of State shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report on— Syria’s progress toward meeting the conditions described in paragraphs (1) through (4) of section 5(d); connections, if any, between individual terrorists and terrorist groups which maintain offices, training camps, or other facilities on Syrian territory, or operate in areas of Lebanon occupied by the Syrian armed forces, and terrorist attacks on the United States or its citizens, installations, or allies; and how the United States is increasing its efforts against Hizballah and other terrorist organizations supported by Syria.

(“(b) Form.— The report submitted under subsection (a) shall be in unclassified form but may include a classified annex.

“SEC. 7 DEFINITION OF APPROPRIATE CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEES.

“In this Act, the term ‘appropriate congressional committees’ means the Committee on International Relations [now Committee on Foreign Affairs] of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate.”

“Sec. 2207

(a) The Secretary of State shall submit to the Committees on Appropriations not later than January 5, 2004 and prior to the initial obligation of funds appropriated by this Act under the heading ‘Iraq Relief and Reconstruction Fund’ [ 117 Stat. 1225 ] a report on the proposed uses of all funds under this heading on a project-by-project basis, for which the obligation of funds is anticipated during the 3 month period from such date, including estimates by the CPA of the costs required to complete each such project: Provided , That up to 20 percent of funds appropriated under such heading may be obligated before the submission of the report: Provided further , That in addition such report shall include the following: The use of all funds on a project-by-project basis for which funds appropriated under such heading were obligated prior to the submission of the report, including estimates by the CPA of the costs required to complete each project. The distribution of duties and responsibilities regarding such projects among the agencies of the United States Government. Revenues to the CPA attributable to or consisting of funds provided by foreign governments and international organizations, disaggregated by donor, any obligations or expenditures of such revenues, and the purpose of such obligations and expenditures. Revenues to the CPA attributable to or consisting of foreign assets seized or frozen, any obligations or expenditures of such revenues, and the purpose of such obligations and expenditures.

(“(b) Any proposed new projects and increases in funding of ongoing projects shall be reported to the Committees on Appropriations in accordance with regular notification procedures.

(“(c) The report required by subsection (a) shall be updated and submitted to the Committees on Appropriations every 3 months and shall include information on how the estimates and assumptions contained in previous reports have changed.

(“(d) The requirements of this section shall expire on October 1, 2007 .

“Sec. 2208

Any reference in this chapter [chapter 2 of title II of Pub. L. 108–106 , enacting section 7554 of this title , amending sections 7518 and 7532 of this title, and enacting this note and section 2215(a) of Pub. L. 108–106 , set out as a note below] to the ‘Coalition Provisional Authority in Iraq’ or the ‘Coalition Provisional Authority’ shall be deemed to include any successor United States Government entity with the same or substantially the same authorities and responsibilities as the Coalition Provisional Authority in Iraq.”

“SECTION 1 SHORT TITLE.

“This Act may be cited as the ‘Zimbabwe Democracy and Economic Recovery Act of 2001’.

“SEC. 2 STATEMENT OF POLICY.

“It is the policy of the United States to support the people of Zimbabwe in their struggle to effect peaceful, democratic change, achieve broad-based and equitable economic growth, restore the rule of law, reconstruct and rebuild Zimbabwe, and come to terms with the past through a process of genuine reconciliation that acknowledges past human rights abuses and orders inquiries into disappearances, including the disappearance of human rights activists, such as Patrick Nabanyama, Itai Dzamara, and Paul Chizuze.

“SEC. 3 DEFINITIONS.

“In this Act: The term ‘international financial institutions’ means the multilateral development banks and the International Monetary Fund. The term ‘multilateral development banks’ means the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the International Development Association, the International Finance Corporation, the Inter-American Development Bank, the Asian Development Bank, the Inter-American Investment Corporation, the African Development Bank, the African Development Fund, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, and the Multilateral Investment Guaranty Agency.

“SEC. 4 SUPPORT FOR DEMOCRATIC TRANSITION AND ECONOMIC RECOVERY.

(“(a) Findings.— Congress makes the following findings: Through economic mismanagement, undemocratic practices, and the private appropriation of public assets, the Government of Zimbabwe has rendered itself ineligible to participate in International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and International Monetary Fund programs, which would otherwise be providing substantial resources to assist in the recovery and modernization of Zimbabwe’s economy. The people of Zimbabwe have thus been denied the economic and democratic benefits envisioned by the donors to such programs, including the United States. In September 1999 the IMF suspended its support under a ‘Stand By Arrangement’, approved the previous month, for economic adjustment and reform in Zimbabwe. In October 1999, the International Development Association (in this section referred to as the ‘IDA’) suspended all structural adjustment loans, credits, and guarantees to the Government of Zimbabwe. In May 2000, the IDA suspended all other new lending to the Government of Zimbabwe. In September 2000, the IDA suspended disbursement of funds for ongoing projects under previously-approved loans, credits, and guarantees to the Government of Zimbabwe. In October 2016, the Government of Zimbabwe cleared a small hurdle in its longstanding public sector arrears with the IMF.

(“(b) Support for Democratic Transition and Economic Recovery.— Upon receipt by the appropriate congressional committees of a certification described in subsection (d), the Secretary of the Treasury shall undertake a review of the feasibility of restructuring, rescheduling, or eliminating the sovereign debt of Zimbabwe held by any agency of the United States Government. It is the sense of Congress that, upon receipt by the appropriate congressional committees of a certification described in subsection (d), the Secretary of the Treasury should— direct the United States executive director of each multilateral development bank to support efforts to reevaluate plans to restructure, rebuild, reschedule, or eliminate Zimbabwe’s sovereign debt held by that bank and provide an analysis based on reasonable financial options to achieve those goals; and direct the United States executive director of each international financial institution to which the United States is a member to propose to undertake financial and technical support for Zimbabwe, especially support that is intended to promote Zimbabwe’s economic recovery and development, the stabilization of the Zimbabwean currency, and the viability of Zimbabwe’s democratic institutions.

(“(c) Multilateral Financing Restriction.— Until the President makes the certification described in subsection (d), and except as may be required to meet basic human needs or for good governance, the Secretary of the Treasury shall instruct the United States executive director to each international financial institution to oppose and vote against— any extension by the respective institution of any loan, credit, or guarantee to the Government of Zimbabwe; or any cancellation or reduction of indebtedness owed by the Government of Zimbabwe to the United States or any international financial institution.

(“(d) Presidential Certification That Certain Conditions Are Satisfied.— A certification under this subsection is a certification transmitted to the appropriate congressional committees of a determination made by the President that the following conditions are satisfied: The rule of law has been restored in Zimbabwe, including respect for ownership and title to property, freedom of speech and association, and an end to the lawlessness, violence, and intimidation sponsored, condoned, or tolerated by the Government of Zimbabwe, the ruling party, and their supporters or entities. Either of the following two conditions is satisfied: Zimbabwe has held a presidential election that is widely accepted as free and fair by independent international monitors, and the president-elect is free to assume the duties of the office. In the event the certification is made before the presidential election takes place, the Government of Zimbabwe has sufficiently improved the pre-election environment to a degree consistent with accepted international standards for security and freedom of movement and association. The Government of Zimbabwe has demonstrated a commitment to an equitable, legal, and transparent land reform program. The Zimbabwean Armed Forces, the National Police of Zimbabwe, and other state security forces are responsible to and serve the elected civilian government.

(“(e) Waiver.— The President may waive the provisions of subsection (b)(1) or subsection (c), if the President determines that it is in the national interest of the United States to do so.

“SEC. 5 SUPPORT FOR DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS, THE FREE PRESS AND INDEPENDENT MEDIA, AND THE RULE OF LAW.

(“(a) In General.— The President is authorized to provide assistance under part I [ 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.] and chapter 4 of part II [ 22 U.S.C. 2346 et seq.] of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 to— support an independent and free press and electronic media in Zimbabwe; support equitable, legal, and transparent mechanisms of land reform in Zimbabwe; provide for democracy and governance programs in Zimbabwe; and identify and recover stolen public assets.

(“(b) Funding.— Of the funds authorized to be appropriated to carry out part I [ 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.] and chapter 4 of part II [ 22 U.S.C. 2346 et seq.] of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 for fiscal year 2002— $20,000,000isauthorizedtobeavailabletoprovidetheassistancedescribedinsubsection(a)(2);and$6,000,000 is authorized to be available to provide the assistance described in subsection (a)(3).

(“(c) Supersedes Other Laws.— The authority in this section supersedes any other provision of law.

“SEC. 6 SENSE OF CONGRESS ON THE ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN AGAINST INDIVIDUALS RESPONSIBLE FOR VIOLENCE AND THE BREAKDOWN OF THE RULE OF LAW IN ZIMBABWE.

“It is the sense of Congress that the President should begin immediate consultation with the governments of European Union member states, Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, the African Union, the Southern African Development Community, and other appropriate foreign countries on ways in which to— identify and share information regarding individuals responsible for the deliberate breakdown of the rule of law, politically motivated violence, and intimidation in Zimbabwe; identify assets of those individuals held outside Zimbabwe; implement travel and economic sanctions against those individuals and their associates and families; and provide for the eventual removal or amendment of those sanctions.”

“SECTION. 1 SHORT TITLE.

“This Act may be cited as the ‘African Conflict Resolution Act’.

“SEC. 2 FINDINGS AND STATEMENT OF POLICY.

(“(a) Findings.— The Congress makes the following findings: It is in the national interest of the United States to help build African capability in conflict resolution. A relatively small investment of assistance in promoting African conflict resolution— would reduce the enormous human suffering which is caused by wars in Africa; would help the United States avoid huge future expenditures necessitated by Somalia-like humanitarian disasters; and would reduce the need for United Nations intervention as African institutions develop the ability to resolve African conflicts. Africa, to a greater extent than any other continent, is afflicted by war. Africa has been marred by more than 20 major civil wars since 1960. Rwanda, Somalia, Angola, Sudan, Liberia, and Burundi are among those countries that have recently suffered serious armed conflict. In the last decade alone, between 2,000,000 and 4,000,000 Africans have died because of war. There were 5,200,000 refugees and 13,100,000 displaced people in Africa in 1993. Millions more Africans are currently at risk of war-related death. Looming or ongoing conflicts in Zaire, Angola, Sudan, Rwanda, and other countries threaten Africa’s future. War has caused untold economic and social damage to the countries of Africa. Food production is impossible in conflict areas, and famine often results. Widespread conflict has condemned many of Africa’s children to lives of misery and, in certain cases, has threatened the existence of traditional African cultures. Conflict and instability in Africa, particularly in large, potentially rich countries such as Angola, Sudan, and Zaire, deprive the global economy of resources and opportunities for trade and investment. Peace in these countries could make a significant contribution to global economic growth, while creating new opportunities for United States businesses. Excessive military expenditures threaten political and economic stability in Africa while diverting scarce resources from development needs. Demobilization and other measures to reduce the size of African armies, and civilian control of the military under the rule of law are in the interest of international security and economic development. Conflict prevention, mediation, and demobilization are prerequisites to the success of development assistance programs. Nutrition and education programs, for example, cannot succeed in a nation at war. Billions of dollars of development assistance have been virtually wasted in war-ravaged countries such as Liberia, Somalia, and Sudan. Africans have a long tradition of informal mediation. This tradition should be built upon to create effective institutions through which Africans can resolve African conflicts. The effectiveness of U.S. support for conflict resolution programs requires coordination and collaboration with multilateral institutions and other bilateral donors. African institutions are playing an active role in conflict resolution and mediation utilizing the experience of elder statesmen. Groups such as the All African Council of Churches have assisted in defusing conflicts. The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) has sought to address the conflict in Liberia by deploying an African peacekeeping force. The Southern African states have been working to prevent a crisis in Lesotho. The Intergovernmental Authority on Desertification and Drought (IGADD) has been engaged in attempting to resolve the conflict in Sudan. The Organization of African Unity, under the leadership of Secretary General Salim Salim, has established a conflict resolution mechanism and has been active in mediation and conflict resolution in several African countries.

(“(b) United States Policy.— The Congress declares, therefore, that a key goal for United States foreign policy should be to help institutionalize conflict resolution capability in Africa.

“SEC. 3 IMPROVING THE CONFLICT RESOLUTION CAPABILITIES OF THE ORGANIZATION OF AFRICAN UNITY.

(“(a) Authorization of Assistance.— The President is authorized to provide assistance to strengthen the conflict resolution capability of the Organization of African Unity, as follows: Funds may be provided to the Organization of African Unity for use in supporting its conflict resolution capability, including providing technical assistance. Funds may be used for expenses of sending individuals with expertise in conflict resolution to work with the Organization of African Unity.

(“(b) Funding.— Of the foreign assistance funds that are allocated for sub-Saharan Africa, not less than $1,500,000 for each of the fiscal years 1995 through 1998 should be used to carry out subsection (a).

“SEC. 4 IMPROVING CONFLICT RESOLUTION CAPABILITIES OF MULTILATERAL SUBREGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS IN AFRICA.

(“(a) Authorization of Assistance.— The President is authorized to provide assistance to strengthen the conflict resolution capabilities of subregional organizations established by countries in sub-Saharan Africa, as follows: Funds may be provided to such organizations for use in supporting their conflict resolution capability, including providing technical assistance. Funds may be used for the expenses of sending individuals with expertise in conflict resolution to work with such organizations.

(“(b) Funding.— Of the foreign assistance funds that are allocated for sub-Saharan Africa, such sums as may be necessary for each of the fiscal years 1995 through 1998 may be used to carry out subsection (a).

“SEC. 5 IMPROVING CONFLICT RESOLUTION CAPABILITIES OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS.

(“(a) Authorization of Assistance.— The President is authorized to provide assistance to nongovernmental organizations that are engaged in mediation and reconciliation efforts in sub-Saharan Africa.

(“(b) Funding.— Of the foreign assistance funds that are allocated for sub-Saharan Africa, such sums as may be necessary for each of the fiscal years 1995 and 1996 should be used to carry out subsection (a).

“SEC. 6 AFRICAN DEMOBILIZATION AND RETRAINING PROGRAM.

(“(a) Authorization of Assistance.— In order to facilitate reductions in the size of the armed forces of countries of sub-Saharan Africa, the President is authorized to— provide assistance for the encampment and related activities for the purpose of demobilization of such forces; and provide assistance for the reintegration of demobilized military personnel into civilian society through activities such as retraining for civilian occupations, creation of income-generating opportunities, their reintegration into agricultural activities, and the transportation to the home areas of such personnel.

(“(b) Funding.— Of the foreign assistance funds that are allocated for sub-Saharan Africa, $25,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 1995 and 1996 should be used for the assistance described in subsection (a), if conditions permit.

(“(c) Civilian Involvement.— The President is also authorized to promote civilian involvement in the planning and organization of demobilization and reintegration activities.

“SEC. 7 TRAINING FOR AFRICANS IN CONFLICT RESOLUTION AND PEACEKEEPING.

(“(a) Authorization.— The President is authorized to establish a program to provide education and training in conflict resolution and peacekeeping for civilian and military personnel of countries in sub-Saharan Africa.

(“(b) Funding.— Of the funds made available under chapter 5 of part II of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [ 22 U.S.C. 2347 et seq.], such sums as may be necessary for each of the fiscal years 1995 and 1996 should be used for the purposes of subsection (a).

“SEC. 8 PLAN FOR UNITED STATES SUPPORT FOR CONFLICT RESOLUTION AND DEMOBILIZATION IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA.

(“(a) In General.— Pursuant to the provisions of sections 3 through 7, the President should develop an integrated long-term plan, which incorporates local perspectives, to provide support for the enhancement of conflict resolution capabilities and demobilization activities in sub-Saharan Africa.

(“(b) Contents of Plan.— Such plan should include: The type, purpose, amount, and duration of assistance that is planned to be provided to conflict resolution units in sub-Saharan Africa. The type and amount of assistance that is planned to be provided for the demobilization of military personnel of countries of sub-Saharan Africa, including— a list of which countries will receive such assistance and an explanation of why such countries were chosen for such assistance; and a list of other countries and international organizations that are providing assistance for such demobilization. The type and amount of assistance that is planned to be provided to nongovernmental organizations that are engaged in mediation and reconciliation efforts in sub-Saharan Africa. A description of proposed training programs for Africans in conflict resolution and peacekeeping under section 7, including a list of prospective participants and plans to expand such programs. The mechanisms to be used to coordinate interagency efforts to administer the plan. Efforts to seek the participation of other countries and international organizations to achieve the objectives of the plan.

(“(c) Report.— Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [ Oct. 19, 1994 ], the President shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report containing a description of the plan developed under this section.

“SEC. 9 REPORTING REQUIREMENT.

(“(a) Requirement.— The President shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report describing the efforts and progress made in carrying out the provisions of this Act.

(“(b) Date of Submission.— The first report submitted under subsection (a) shall be submitted no later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [ Oct. 19, 1994 ], and shall be submitted annually thereafter.

“SEC. 10 CONSULTATION REQUIREMENT.

“The President shall consult with the appropriate congressional committees prior to providing assistance under sections 3 through 7.

“SEC. 11 APPROPRIATE CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEES DEFINED.

“For purposes of this Act, the term ‘appropriate congressional committees’ means the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate.”

§ 2151–1 Development assistance policy

(a) Principal purpose of bilateral development assistance The Congress finds that the efforts of developing countries to build and maintain the social and economic institutions necessary to achieve self-sustaining growth and to provide opportunities to improve the quality of life for their people depend primarily upon successfully marshalling their own economic and human resources. The Congress recognizes that the magnitude of these efforts exceeds the resources of developing countries and therefore accepts that there will be a long-term need for wealthy countries to contribute additional resources for development purposes. The United States should take the lead in concert with other nations to mobilize such resources from public and private sources. Provision of development resources must be adapted to the needs and capabilities of specific developing countries. United States assistance to countries with low per capita incomes which have limited access to private external resources should primarily be provided on concessional terms. Assistance to other developing countries should generally consist of programs which facilitate their access to private capital markets, investment, and technical skills, whether directly through guarantee or reimbursable programs by the United States Government or indirectly through callable capital provided to the international financial institutions. Bilateral assistance and United States participation in multilateral institutions shall emphasize programs in support of countries which pursue development strategies designed to meet basic human needs and achieve self-sustaining growth with equity. The Congress declares that the principal purpose of United States bilateral development assistance is to help the poor majority of people in developing countries to participate in a process of equitable growth through productive work and to influence decisions that shape their lives, with the goal of increasing their incomes and their access to public services which will enable them to satisfy their basic needs and lead lives of decency, dignity, and hope. Activities shall be emphasized that effectively involve the poor in development by expanding their access to the economy through services and institutions at the local level, increasing their participation in the making of decisions that affect their lives, increasing labor-intensive production and the use of appropriate technology, expanding productive investment and services out from major cities to small towns and rural areas, and otherwise providing opportunities for the poor to improve their lives through their own efforts. Participation of the United States in multilateral institutions shall also place appropriate emphasis on these principles.

(b) Form of assistance; principles governing assistance Assistance under this part should be used not only for the purpose of transferring financial resources to developing countries, but also to help countries solve development problems in accordance with a strategy that aims to insure wide participation of the poor in the benefits of development on a sustained basis. Moreover, assistance shall be provided in a prompt and effective manner, using appropriate United States institutions for carrying out this strategy. In order to achieve these objectives and the broad objectives set forth in section 2151 of this title and in subsection (a) of this section, bilateral development assistance authorized by this chapter shall be carried out in accordance with the following principles: Development is primarily the responsibility of the people of the developing countries themselves. Assistance from the United States shall be used in support of, rather than substitution for, the self-help efforts that are essential to successful development programs and shall be concentrated in those countries that take positive steps to help themselves. Maximum effort shall be made, in the administration of subchapter I of this chapter, to stimulate the involvement of the people in the development process through the encouragement of democratic participation in private and local governmental activities and institution building appropriate to the requirements of the recipient countries. Development planning must be the responsibility of each sovereign country. United States assistance should be administered in a collaborative style to support the development goals chosen by each country receiving assistance. United States bilateral development assistance should give high priority to undertakings submitted by host governments which directly improve the lives of the poorest of their people and their capacity to participate in the development of their countries, while also helping such governments enhance their planning, technical, and administrative capabilities needed to insure the success of such undertakings. Development assistance provided under this part shall be concentrated in countries which will make the most effective use of such assistance to help satisfy basic human needs of poor people through equitable growth, especially in those countries having the greatest need for outside assistance. In order to make possible consistent and informed judgments in this respect, the President shall assess the commitment and progress of countries in moving toward the objectives and purposes of this part by utilizing criteria, including but not limited to the following: increase in agricultural productivity per unit of land through small-farm, labor-intensive agriculture; reduction of infant mortality; control of population growth; promotion of greater equality of income distribution, including measures such as more progressive taxation and more equitable returns to small farmers; reduction of rates of unemployment and underemployment; increase in literacy; and progress in combating corruption and improving transparency and accountability in the public and private sector. United States development assistance should focus on critical problems in those functional sectors which affect the lives of the majority of the people in the developing countries; food production and nutrition; rural development and generation of gainful employment; population planning and health; environment and natural resources; education, development administration, and human resource development; and energy development and production. United States assistance shall encourage and promote the participation of women in the national economies of developing countries and the improvement of women’s status as an important means of promoting the total development effort. United States bilateral assistance shall recognize that the prosperity of developing countries and effective development efforts require the adoption of an overall strategy that promotes the development, production, and efficient utilization of energy and, therefore, consideration shall be given to the full implications of such assistance on the price, availability, and consumption of energy in recipient countries. United States cooperation in development should be carried out to the maximum extent possible through the private sector, including those institutions which already have ties in the developing areas, such as educational institutions, cooperatives, credit unions, free labor unions, and private and voluntary agencies. To the maximum extent practicable, United States private investment should be encouraged in economic and social development programs to which the United States lends support. Assistance shall be planned and utilized to encourage regional cooperation by developing countries in the solution of common problems and the development of shared resources. Assistance efforts of the United States shall be planned and furnished to the maximum extent practicable in coordination and cooperation with assistance efforts of other countries, including the planning and implementation of programs and projects on a multilateral and multidonor basis. United States bilateral development assistance should be concentrated on projects which do not involve large-scale capital transfers. However, to the extent that such assistance does involve large-scale capital transfers, it should be furnished in association with contributions from other countries working together in a multilateral framework. United States encouragement of policy reforms is necessary if developing countries are to achieve economic growth with equity. Development assistance should, as a fundamental objective, promote private sector activity in open and competitive markets in developing countries, recognizing such activity to be a productive and efficient means of achieving equitable and long term economic growth. United States cooperation in development should recognize as essential the need of developing countries to have access to appropriate technology in order to improve food and water, health and housing, education and employment, and agriculture and industry. United States assistance should focus on establishing and upgrading the institutional capacities of developing countries in order to promote long term development. An important component of institution building involves training to expand the human resource potential of people in developing countries. Economic reform and development of effective institutions of democratic governance are mutually reinforcing. The successful transition of a developing country is dependent upon the quality of its economic and governance institutions. Rule of law, mechanisms of accountability and transparency, security of person, property, and investments, are but a few of the critical governance and economic reforms that underpin the sustainability of broad-based economic growth. Programs in support of such reforms strengthen the capacity of people to hold their governments accountable and to create economic opportunity.

(c) Worldwide cooperative effort to overcome aspects of absolute poverty The Congress, recognizing the desirability of overcoming the worst aspects of absolute poverty by the end of this century by, among other measures, substantially lowering infant mortality and birth rates, and increasing life expectancy, food production, literacy, and employment, encourages the President to explore with other countries, through all appropriate channels, the feasibility of a worldwide cooperative effort to overcome the worst aspects of absolute poverty and to assure self-reliant growth in the developing countries by the year 2000.

§ 2151–2 Actions to improve the international gender policy of the United States Agency for International Development

(a) Gender analysis defined In this section, the term “gender analysis”— means a socioeconomic analysis of available or gathered quantitative and qualitative information to identify, understand, and explain gaps between men and women which typically involves examining— differences in the status of women and men and their differential access to and control over assets, resources, education, opportunities, and services; the influence of gender roles, structural barriers, and norms on the division of time between paid employment, unpaid work (including the subsistence production and care for family members), and volunteer activities; the influence of gender roles, structural barriers, and norms on leadership roles and decision making; constraints, opportunities, and entry points for narrowing gender gaps and empowering women; and potential differential impacts of development policies and programs on men and women, including unintended or negative consequences; and includes conclusions and recommendations to enable development policies and programs to narrow gender gaps and improve the lives of women and girls.

(b) International development cooperation policy It shall be the international development cooperation policy of the United States— to reduce gender disparities with respect to economic, social, political, educational, and cultural resources, wealth, opportunities, and services; to strive to eliminate gender-based violence and mitigate its harmful effects on individuals and communities including through efforts to develop standards and capacity to reduce gender-based violence in the workplace and other places where women work; to support activities that secure private property rights and land tenure for women in developing countries, including— legal frameworks that give women equal rights to own, register, use, profit from, and inherit land and property; improving legal literacy to enable women to exercise the rights described in subparagraph (A); and improving the capacity of law enforcement and community leaders to enforce such rights; to increase the capability of women and girls to fully exercise their rights, determine their life outcomes, assume leadership roles, and influence decision-making in households, communities, and societies; and to improve the access of women and girls to education, particularly higher education opportunities in business, finance, and management, in order to enhance financial literacy and business development, management, and strategy skills.

(c) Actions In order to advance the policy described in subsection (b), the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development shall ensure that— strategies, projects, and activities of the Agency are shaped by a gender analysis; standard indicators are used to assess such strategies, projects, and activities, if applicable; and gender equality and female empowerment are integrated throughout the Agency’s program cycle and related processes for purposes of strategic planning, project design and implementation, monitoring, and evaluation.

§ 2151a Agricultural development in rural areas

(a) Authorization to President to furnish assistance; appropriations In recognition of the fact that the great majority of the people of developing countries live in rural areas and are dependent on agriculture and agricultural-related pursuits for their livelihood, the President is authorized to furnish assistance, on such terms and conditions as he may determine, for agriculture, rural development, and nutrition— to alleviate starvation, hunger, and malnutrition; to expand significantly the provision of basic services to rural poor people to enhance their capacity for self-help; and to help create productive farm and off-farm employment in rural areas to provide a more viable economic base and enhance opportunities for improved incomes, living standards, and contributions by rural poor people to the economic and social development of their countries. There are authorized to be appropriated to the President for purposes of this section, in addition to funds otherwise available for such purposes, $760,000,000forfiscalyear1986and$760,000,000 for fiscal year 1987. Of these amounts, the President may use such amounts as he deems appropriate to carry out the provisions of section 316 of the International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1980. Amounts appropriated under this section are authorized to remain available until expended. Of the amounts authorized to be appropriated in paragraph (2) for the fiscal year 1987, not less than $2,000,000 shall be available only for the purpose of controlling and eradicating amblyomma variegatum (heartwater) in bovine animals in the Caribbean.

(b) Use of assistance primarily in aid of rural poor; multilateral infrastructure projects; forestry proj­ects Assistance provided under this section shall be used primarily for activities which are specifically designed to increase the productivity and income of the rural poor, through such means as creation and strengthening of local institutions linked to the regional and national levels; organization of a system of financial institutions which provide both savings and credit services to the poor; stimulation of small, labor-intensive enterprises in rural towns; improvement of marketing facilities and systems; expansion of rural infrastructure and utilities such as farm-to-market roads, water management systems, land improvement, energy, and storage facilities; establishment of more equitable and more secure land tenure arrangements; and creation and strengthening of systems to provide other services and supplies needed by farmers, such as extension, research, training, fertilizer, water, forestry, soil conservation, and improved seed, in ways which assure access to them by small farmers. In circumstances where development of major infrastructure is necessary to achieve the objectives set forth in this section, assistance for that purpose should be furnished under this part in association with significant contributions from other countries working together in a multilateral framework. Infrastructure proj­ects so assisted should be complemented by other measures to ensure that the benefits of the infrastructure reach the poor. The Congress recognizes that the accelerating loss of forests and tree cover in developing countries undermines and offsets efforts to improve agricultural production and nutrition and otherwise to meet the basic human needs of the poor. Deforestation results in increased flooding, reduction in water supply for agricultural capacity, loss of firewood and needed wood products, and loss of valuable plants and animals. In order to maintain and increase forest resources, the President is authorized to provide assistance under this section for forestry projects which are essential to fulfill the fundamental purposes of this section. Emphasis shall be given to community woodlots, agroforestry, reforestation, protection of watershed forests, and more effective forest management.

(c) Increased agricultural production in least developed countries The Congress finds that the greatest potential for significantly expanding availability of food for people in rural areas and augmenting world food production at relatively low cost lies in increasing the productivity of small farmers who constitute a majority of the agricultural producers in developing countries. Increasing the emphasis on rural development and expanded food production in the poorest nations of the developing world is a matter of social justice and a principal element contributing to broadly based economic growth, as well as an important factor in alleviating inflation in the industrialized countries. In the allocation of funds under this section, special attention shall be given to increasing agricultural production in countries which have been designated as “least developed” by the United Nations General Assembly.

(d) Coordination with population planning and health programs Assistance provided under this section shall also be used in coordination with programs carried out under section 2151b of this title to help improve nutrition of the people of developing countries through encouragement of increased production of crops with greater nutritional value; improvement of planning, research, and education with respect to nutrition, particularly with reference to improvement and expanded use of indigenously produced foodstuffs; and the undertaking of pilot or demonstration programs explicitly addressing the problem of malnutrition of poor and vulnerable people. In particular, the President is encouraged— to devise and carry out in partnership with developing countries a strategy for programs of nutrition and health improvement for mothers and children, including breast feeding; and to provide technical, financial, and material support to individuals or groups at the local level for such programs.

(e) Use of local currency proceeds from sales of commodities Local currency proceeds from sales of commodities provided under the Food for Peace Act [ 7 U.S.C. 1691 et seq.] which are owned by foreign governments shall be used whenever practicable to carry out the provisions of this section.

(f) National food security policies and programs; bilateral and multilateral assistance The Congress finds that the efforts of developing countries to enhance their national food security deserves encouragement as a matter of United States development assistance policy. Measures complementary to assistance for expanding food production in developing countries are needed to help assure that food becomes increasingly available on a regular basis to the poor in such countries. Therefore, United States bilateral assistance under this chapter and the Food for Peace Act [ 7 U.S.C. 1691 et seq.], and United States participation in multilateral institutions, shall emphasize policies and programs which assist developing countries to increase their national food security by improving their food policies and management and by strengthening national food reserves, with particular concern for the needs of the poor, through measures encouraging domestic production, building national food reserves, expanding available storage facilities, reducing postharvest food losses, and improving food distribution.

(g) International Fund for Agricultural Development; participation and contributions; availability of appropriations In order to carry out the purposes of this section, the President may continue United States participation in and may make contributions to the International Fund for Agricultural Development. Of the aggregate amount authorized to be appropriated to carry out subchapter I of this chapter, up to $50,000,000forfiscalyear1986andupto$50,000,000 for fiscal year 1987 may be made available, by appropriation or by transfer, for United States contributions to the second replenishment of the International Fund for Agricultural Development.

§ 2151a–1 Agricultural research

Agricultural research carried out under this chapter shall (1) take account of the special needs of small farmers in the determination of research priorities, (2) include research on the interrelationships among technology, institutions, and economic, social, environmental, and cultural factors affecting small-farm agriculture, and (3) make extensive use of field testing to adapt basic research to local conditions. Special emphasis shall be placed on disseminating research results to the farms on which they can be put to use, and especially on institutional and other arrangements needed to assure that small farmers have effective access to both new and existing improved technology. ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. I, § 103A, as added Pub. L. 94–161, title III, § 303 , Dec. 20, 1975 , 89 Stat. 857 ; amended Pub. L. 95–424, title I, § 103(d) , Oct. 6, 1978 , 92 Stat. 945 .)

§ 2151b Population planning and health programs

(a) Congressional declaration of policy The Congress recognizes that poor health conditions and uncontrolled population growth can vitiate otherwise successful development efforts. Large families in developing countries are the result of complex social and economic factors which change relatively slowly among the poor majority least affected by economic progress, as well as the result of a lack of effective birth control. Therefore, effective family planning depends upon economic and social change as well as the delivery of services and is often a matter of political and religious sensitivity. While every country has the right to determine its own policies with respect to population growth, voluntary population planning programs can make a substantial contribution to economic development, higher living standards, and improved health and nutrition. Good health conditions are a principal element in improved quality of life and contribute to the individual’s capacity to participate in the development process, while poor health and debilitating disease can limit productivity.

(b) Assistance for voluntary population planning In order to increase the opportunities and motivation for family planning and to reduce the rate of population growth, the President is authorized to furnish assistance, on such terms and conditions as he may determine, for voluntary population planning. In addition to the provision of family planning information and services, including also information and services which relate to and support natural family planning methods, and the conduct of directly relevant demographic research, population planning programs shall emphasize motivation for small families.

(c) Assistance for health programs; special health needs of children and mothers; Child Survival Fund; promotion of immunization and oral rehydration; control of AIDS and tuberculosis In order to contribute to improvements in the health of the greatest number of poor people in developing countries, the President is authorized to furnish assistance, on such terms and conditions as he may determine, for health programs. Assistance under this subsection shall be used primarily for basic integrated health services, safe water and sanitation, disease prevention and control, and related health planning and research. This assistance shall emphasize self-sustaining community-based health programs by means such as training of health auxiliary and other appropriate personnel, support for the establishment and evaluation of proj­ects that can be replicated on a broader scale, measures to improve management of health programs, and other services and supplies to support health and disease prevention programs. In carrying out the purposes of this subsection, the President shall promote, encourage, and undertake activities designed to deal directly with the special health needs of children and mothers. Such activities should utilize simple, available technologies which can significantly reduce childhood mortality, such as improved and expanded immunization programs, oral rehydration to combat diarrhoeal diseases, and education programs aimed at improving nutrition and sanitation and at promoting child spacing. In carrying out this paragraph, guidance shall be sought from knowledgeable health professionals from outside the agency primarily responsible for administering subchapter I of this chapter. In addition to government-to-government programs, activities pursuant to this paragraph should include support for appropriate activities of the types described in this paragraph which are carried out by international organizations (which may include international organizations receiving funds under part III of this subchapter) and by private and voluntary organizations, and should include encouragement to other donors to support such types of activities. In addition to amounts otherwise available for such purpose, there are authorized to be appropriated to the President $25,000,000forfiscalyear1986and$75,000,000 for fiscal year 1987 for use in carrying out this paragraph. Amounts appropriated under this subparagraph are authorized to remain available until expended. Appropriations pursuant to subparagraph (B) may be referred to as the “Child Survival Fund”. The Congress recognizes that the promotion of primary health care is a major objective of the foreign assistance program. The Congress further recognizes that simple, relatively low cost means already exist to reduce incidence of communicable diseases among children, mothers, and infants. The promotion of vaccines for immunization, and salts for oral rehydration, therefore, is an essential feature of the health assistance program. To this end, the Congress expects the agency primarily responsible for administering subchapter I of this chapter to set as a goal the protection of not less than 80 percent of all children, in those countries in which such agency has established development programs, from immunizable diseases by January 1, 1991 . Of the aggregate amounts made available for fiscal year 1987 to carry out paragraph (2) of this subsection (relating to the Child Survival Fund) and to carry out subsection (c) (relating to development assistance for health), $50,000,000 shall be used to carry out this paragraph. Assistance made available under this subsection and sections 2151b–2, 2151b–3, and 2151b–4 of this title, and assistance made available under part IV of subchapter II of this chapter to carry out the purposes of this subsection and the provisions cited in this paragraph, may be made available notwithstanding any other provision of law that restricts assistance to foreign countries, except for the provisions of this subsection, the provisions of law cited in this paragraph, subsection (f), section 2394–1 of this title , and provisions of law that limit assistance to organizations that support or participate in a program of coercive abortion or involuntary sterilization included under the Child Survival and Health Programs Fund heading in the Consolidated Appropriations Resolution, 2003 ( Public Law 108–7 ).

(d) Administration of assistance Assistance under this part shall be administered so as to give particular attention to the interrelationship between (A) population growth, and (B) development and overall improvement in living standards in developing countries, and to the impact of all programs, projects, and activities on population growth. All appropriate activities proposed for financing under this part shall be designed to build motivation for smaller families through modification of economic and social conditions supportive of the desire for large families, in programs such as education in and out of school, nutrition, disease control, maternal and child health services, improvements in the status and employment of women, agricultural production, rural development, and assistance to the urban poor, and through community-based development programs which give recognition to people motivated to limit the size of their families. Population planning programs shall be coordinated with other programs aimed at reducing the infant mortality rate, providing better nutrition for pregnant women and infants, and raising the standard of living of the poor. Since the problems of malnutrition, disease, and rapid population growth are closely related, planning for assistance to be provided under subsections (b) and (c) of this section and under section 2151a of this title shall be coordinated to the maximum extent practicable. Assistance provided under this section shall emphasize low-cost integrated delivery systems for health, nutrition, and family planning for the poorest people, with particular attention to the needs of mothers and young children, using paramedical and auxiliary medical personnel, clinics and health posts, commercial distribution systems, and other modes of community outreach.

(e) Research and analysis Health and population research and analysis carried out under this chapter shall— be undertaken to the maximum extent practicable in developing countries by developing country personnel, linked as appropriate with private and governmental biomedical research facilities within the United States; take account of the special needs of the poor people of developing countries in the determination of research priorities; and make extensive use of field testing to adapt basic research to local conditions. The President is authorized to study the complex factors affecting population growth in developing countries and to identify factors which might motivate people to plan family size or to space their children.

(f) Prohibition on use of funds for performance or research respecting abortions or involuntary sterilization None of the funds made available to carry out subchapter I of this chapter may be used to pay for the performance of abortions as a method of family planning or to motivate or coerce any person to practice abortions. None of the funds made available to carry out subchapter I of this chapter may be used to pay for the performance of involuntary sterilizations as a method of family planning or to coerce or provide any financial incentive to any person to undergo sterilizations. None of the funds made available to carry out subchapter I of this chapter may be used to pay for any biomedical research which relates, in whole or in part, to methods of, or the performance of, abortions or involuntary sterilization as a means of family planning.

(g) Authorization of appropriations There are authorized to be appropriated to the President, in addition to funds otherwise available for such purposes— $290,000,000forfiscalyear1986and$290,000,000 for fiscal year 1987 to carry out subsection (b) of this section; and $205,000,000forfiscalyear1986and$180,000,000 for fiscal year 1987 to carry out subsection (c) of this section. Funds appropriated under this subsection are authorized to remain available until expended.

“SEC. 5559 SHORT TITLE.

“This subtitle may be cited as the ‘Global Health Security and International Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness and Response Act of 2022’.

“SEC. 5560 DEFINITIONS.

“In this subtitle: The term ‘appropriate congressional committees’ means— the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate; the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate; the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives; and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives. The terms ‘Global Health Security Agenda’ and ‘GHSA’ mean the multi-sectoral initiative launched in 2014, and renewed in 2018, that brings together countries, regions, international organizations, nongovernmental organizations, and the private sector— to elevate global health security as a national-level priority; to share best practices; and to facilitate national capacity to comply with and adhere to— the International Health Regulations (2005); the international standards and guidelines established by the World Organisation for Animal Health; United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540 (2004); the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction, done at Washington, London, and Moscow, April 10, 1972 (commonly referred to as the ‘Biological Weapons Convention’); the Global Health Security Agenda 2024 Framework; and other relevant frameworks that contribute to global health security. The term ‘Global Health Security Index’ means the comprehensive assessment and benchmarking of health security and related capabilities across the countries that make up the States Parties to the International Health Regulations (2005). The term ‘Global Health Security Initiative’ means the informal network of countries and organizations that came together in 2001, to undertake concerted global action to strengthen public health preparedness and response to chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear threats, including pandemic influenza. The term ‘IHR (2005) Monitoring and Evaluation Framework’ means the framework through which the World Health Organization and the State Parties to the International Health Regulations, as amended in 2005, review, measure, and assess core country public health capacities and ensure mutual accountability for global health security under the International Health Regulations (2005), including through the Joint External Evaluations, simulation exercises, and after-action reviews. The term ‘Joint External Evaluation’ means the voluntary, collaborative, multi-sectoral process facilitated by the World Health Organization— to assess country capacity to prevent, detect, and rapidly respond to public health risks occurring naturally or due to deliberate or accidental events; to assess progress in achieving the targets under the International Health Regulations (2005); and to recommend priority actions. The term ‘key stakeholders’ means actors engaged in efforts to advance global health security programs and objectives, including— national and local governments in partner countries; other bilateral donors; international, regional, and local organizations, including private, voluntary, nongovernmental, and civil society organizations, including faith-based and indigenous organizations; international, regional, and local financial institutions; representatives of historically marginalized groups, including women, youth, and indigenous peoples; the private sector, including medical device, technology, pharmaceutical, manufacturing, logistics, and other relevant companies; and public and private research and academic institutions. The term ‘One Health approach’ means the collaborative, multi-sectoral, and transdisciplinary approach toward achieving optimal health outcomes in a manner that recognizes the interconnection between people, animals, plants, and their shared environment. The term ‘pandemic preparedness’ refers to the actions taken to establish and sustain the capacity and capabilities necessary to rapidly identify, prevent, protect against, and respond to the emergence, reemergence, and spread of pathogens of pandemic potential. The term ‘partner country’ means a foreign country in which the relevant Federal departments and agencies are implementing United States foreign assistance for global health security and pandemic prevention, preparedness, and response under this subtitle. The term ‘relevant Federal departments and agencies’ means any Federal department or agency implementing United States policies and programs relevant to the advancement of United States global health security and diplomacy overseas, which may include— the Department of State; the United States Agency for International Development; the Department of Health and Human Services; the Department of Defense; the Defense Threat Reduction Agency; the Millennium Challenge Corporation; the Development Finance Corporation; the Peace Corps; and any other department or agency that the President determines to be relevant for these purposes. The term ‘resilience’ means the ability of people, households, communities, systems, institutions, countries, and regions to reduce, mitigate, withstand, adapt to, and quickly recover from shocks and stresses in a manner that reduces chronic vulnerability to the emergence, reemergence, and spread of pathogens of pandemic potential and facilitates inclusive growth. The terms ‘respond’ and ‘response’ mean the actions taken to counter an infectious disease. The term ‘USAID’ means the United States Agency for International Development.

“SEC. 5561 ENHANCING THE UNITED STATES’ INTERNATIONAL RESPONSE TO PANDEMICS.

(“(a) Leveraging United States Bilateral Global Health Programs for International Pandemic Response.— Subject to the notification requirements under section 634A of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 ( 22 U.S.C. 2394–1 ), amounts authorized to be appropriated or otherwise made available to carry out section 104 of the Foreign Assistance Act ( 22 U.S.C. 2151b ) may be used in countries receiving such United States foreign assistance for the purpose of— strengthening vaccine readiness; reducing vaccine hesitancy; delivering and administering vaccines; strengthening health systems and global supply chains as necessary for global health security and pandemic preparedness, prevention, and response; supporting global health workforce planning, training, and management for pandemic preparedness, prevention, and response; enhancing transparency, quality, and reliability of public health data; increasing bidirectional testing, including screening for symptomatic and asymptomatic cases; and building laboratory capacity.

(“(b) Roles of the Department of State, USAID, and the Department of Health and Human Services in International Pandemic Response.— Congress finds that different outbreaks of infectious disease threats may require flexibility and changes to the designated roles and responsibilities of relevant Federal departments and agencies. The President shall identify the relevant Federal departments and agencies, including the Department of State, USAID, and the Department of Health and Human Services (including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), leading specific aspects of the United States international operational response to outbreaks of emerging high-consequence infectious disease threats in accordance with federal law. Not later than 120 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [ Dec. 23, 2022 ], and regularly thereafter as appropriate, the President shall notify the appropriate congressional committees, the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions of the Senate, and the Committee on Energy and Commerce of the House of Representatives of the roles and responsibilities of each relevant Federal department and agency with respect to the international operational response to the outbreak of an emerging high-consequence infectious disease threat.

(“(c) USAID Disaster Surge Capacity.— The Administrator of the USAID is authorized to expend funds made available to carry out part I and chapter 4 of part II of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 ( 22 U.S.C. 2151 [et seq.] and 2346 [et seq.]), including funds made available for ‘Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and Central Asia’, in addition to amounts otherwise made available for such purposes, for the cost (including support costs) of individuals detailed to or employed by USAID whose primary responsibility is to carry out programs to address global health emergencies and natural or manmade disasters. Not later than 15 days before making funds available to address manmade disasters pursuant to paragraph (1), the Secretary of State or the Administrator of the USAID shall notify the appropriate congressional committees of such intended action.

“SEC. 5562 INTERNATIONAL PANDEMIC PREVENTION AND PREPAREDNESS.

(“(a) United States International Activities To Advance Global Health Security and Diplomacy Strategy and Report.— The President shall develop, update, maintain, and advance a comprehensive strategy for improving United States global health security and diplomacy for pandemic prevention, preparedness, and response which, consistent with the purposes of this subtitle, shall— clearly articulate United States policy goals related to pandemic prevention, preparedness, and response, including through actions to strengthen diplomatic leadership and the effectiveness of United States foreign policy and international preparedness assistance for global health security through advancement of a One Health approach, the Global Health Security Agenda, the International Health Regulations (2005), and other relevant frameworks that contribute to pandemic prevention and preparedness; establish specific and measurable goals, benchmarks, timetables, performance metrics, and monitoring and evaluation plans for United States foreign policy and assistance for global health security that promote learning and adaptation and reflect international best practices relating to global health security, transparency, and accountability; establish transparent mechanisms to improve coordination and avoid duplication of effort between and among the relevant Federal departments and agencies, partner countries, donor countries, the private sector, multilateral organizations, and other key stakeholders; prioritize working with partner countries with— demonstrated need, as identified through the Joint External Evaluation process, the Global Health Security Index classification of health systems, national action plans for health security, Global Health Security Agenda, other risk-based assessments, and complementary or successor indicators of global health security and pandemic preparedness; and demonstrated commitment to transparency, including budget and global health data transparency, complying with the International Health Regulations (2005), investing in domestic health systems, and achieving measurable results; reduce long-term reliance upon United States foreign assistance for global health security by— ensuring that United States global health assistance authorized under this subtitle is strategically planned and coordinated in a manner that delivers immediate impact and contributes to enduring results, including through efforts to enhance community capacity and resilience to infectious disease threats and emergencies; and ensuring partner country ownership of global health security strategies, data, programs, and outcomes and improved domestic resource mobilization, co-financing, and appropriate national budget allocations for global health security and pandemic prevention, preparedness, and response; assist partner countries in building the technical capacity of relevant ministries, systems, and networks to prepare, execute, monitor, and evaluate national action plans for global health security and pandemic prevention, preparedness, and response that are developed with input from key stakeholders, including mechanism to enhance budget and global health data transparency, as necessary and appropriate; support and align United States foreign assistance authorized under this subtitle with such national action plans for health security and pandemic prevention, preparedness, and response, as appropriate; facilitate communication and collaboration, as appropriate, among local stakeholders in support of country-led strategies and initiatives to better identify and prevent health impacts related to the emergence, reemergence, and spread of zoonoses; support the long-term success of programs by building the pandemic preparedness capacity of local organizations and institutions in target countries and communities; develop community resilience to infectious disease threats and emergencies; support global health budget and workforce planning in partner countries, consistent with the purposes of this subtitle, including training in financial management and budget and global health data transparency; strengthen linkages between complementary bilateral and multilateral foreign assistance programs, including efforts of the World Bank, the World Health Organization, the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria, and Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, that contribute to the development of more resilient health systems and global supply chains for global health security and pandemic prevention, preparedness, and response in partner countries with the capacity, resources, and personnel required to prevent, detect, and respond to infectious disease threats; and support innovation and partnerships with the private sector, health organizations, civil society, nongovernmental, faith-based and indigenous organizations, and health research and academic institutions to improve pandemic prevention, preparedness, and response, including for the development and deployment of effective and accessible infectious disease tracking tools, diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines. Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the President, in consultation with the heads of the relevant Federal departments and agencies, shall submit the strategy required under paragraph (1) to— the appropriate congressional committees; the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions of the Senate; and the Committee on Energy and Commerce of the House of Representatives. The strategy required under paragraph (1) shall include specific implementation plans from each relevant Federal department and agency that describe— the anticipated contributions of the Federal department or agency, including technical, financial, and in-kind contributions, to implement the strategy; and the efforts of the Federal department or agency to ensure that the activities and programs carried out pursuant to the strategy are designed to achieve maximum impact and long-term sustainability. Not later than 1 year after the submission of the strategy pursuant to paragraph (2)(A), and not later than October 1 of each year thereafter, the President shall submit to the committees listed in such paragraph a report that describes the status of the implementation of such strategy. Each report submitted pursuant to subparagraph (A) shall— identify any substantial changes made to the strategy during the preceding calendar year; describe the progress made in implementing the strategy, including specific information related to the progress toward improving countries’ ability to detect, prevent, and respond to infectious disease threats; identify— the indicators used to establish benchmarks and measure results over time; and the mechanisms for reporting such results in an open and transparent manner; contain a transparent, open, and detailed accounting of obligations by relevant Federal departments and agencies to implement the strategy, including, to the extent practicable, for each such Federal department and agency, the statutory source of obligated funds, the amounts obligated, implementing partners and sub-partners, targeted beneficiaries, and activities supported; the efforts of the relevant Federal department or agency to ensure that the activities and programs carried out pursuant to the strategy are designed to achieve maximum impact and enduring results, including through specific activities to strengthen health systems for global health security and pandemic prevention, preparedness, and response, as appropriate; assess efforts to coordinate United States global health security programs, activities, and initiatives with key stakeholders; incorporate a plan for regularly reviewing and updating strategies, partnerships, and programs and sharing lessons learned with a wide range of stakeholders in an open, transparent manner; and describe the progress achieved and challenges concerning the United States Government’s ability to advance the Global Health Security Agenda and pandemic preparedness, including data disaggregated by priority country using indicators that are consistent on a year-to-year basis and recommendations to resolve, mitigate, or otherwise address the challenges identified through such indicators. The strategy and reports required under this subsection shall be submitted in unclassified form, but may contain a classified annex.

(“(b) United States Coordinator for Global Health Security.— The President shall designate an appropriate senior official to be the United States Coordinator for Global Health Security, who shall be responsible for the coordination of the Global Health Security Agenda Interagency Review Council and who should— have significant background and expertise in public health, health security, and emergency response management; coordinate, through a whole-of-government approach, the efforts of relevant Federal departments and agencies to implement the strategy under subsection (a); and seek to fully use the unique capabilities of each relevant Federal department and agency and ensure effective and appropriate United States representation at relevant international forums, while collaborating with and leveraging the contributions of other key stakeholders.

(“(c) Ambassador-At-Large for Global Health Security and Diplomacy.— There is established, within the Department of State, the position of Ambassador-At-Large for Global Health Security and Diplomacy (referred to in this section as the ‘Ambassador-At-Large’). The Ambassador-At-Large— shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate; shall report to the Secretary of State; and shall have— demonstrated knowledge and experience in the field of health security, development, public health, epidemiology, or medicine; and relevant diplomatic, policy, and political expertise. The Ambassador-At-Large may— operate internationally to carry out the purposes of this section; ensure effective coordination, management, and oversight of United States foreign policy, diplomatic efforts, and foreign assistance funded with amounts authorized to be appropriated pursuant to section 5564(a) that are used by the Department of State to advance the relevant elements of the United States global health security and diplomacy strategy developed pursuant to subsection (a) by— developing and updating, as appropriate, in collaboration with the Administrator of the USAID and the Secretary of Health and Human Services, related policy guidance and unified auditing, monitoring, and evaluation plans; avoiding duplication of effort and collaborating with other relevant Federal departments and agencies; leading, in collaboration with the Secretary of Health and Human Services, the Administrator of the USAID, and other relevant Federal departments and agencies, diplomatic efforts to identify and address current and emerging threats to global health security; working to enhance coordination with, and transparency among, the governments of partner countries and key stakeholders, including the private sector; promoting greater donor and national investment in partner countries to build health systems and supply chains for global health security and pandemic prevention and preparedness; securing bilateral and multilateral financing commitments to advance the Global Health Security Agenda, in coordination with relevant Federal departments and agencies, including through funding for the Financial Intermediary Fund for Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response; and providing regular updates to the appropriate congressional committees, the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions of the Senate, and the Committee on Energy and Commerce of the House of Representatives regarding the fulfillment of the activities described in this paragraph; ensure, in collaboration with the Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of Health and Human Services, and the Administrator of the USAID, effective representation of the United States in the Financial Intermediary Fund for Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response; use detailees, on a reimbursable or nonreimbursable basis, from relevant Federal departments and agencies and hire personal service contractors, who may operate domestically and internationally, to ensure that the Ambassador-At-Large has access to the highest quality experts available to the United States Government to carry out the functions under this subtitle; and perform such other functions as the Secretary of State may assign.

(“(d) Strengthening Health Systems for Global Health Security and Pandemic Prevention and Preparedness.— It is the policy of the United States to ensure that bilateral global health assistance programs are effectively managed and coordinated, as necessary and appropriate to achieve the purposes of this subtitle, to contribute to the strengthening of health systems for global health security and pandemic prevention, preparedness, and response in each country in which such programs are carried out. The Administrator of the USAID shall work with the Global Malaria Coordinator, the Coordinator of United States Government Activities to Combat HIV/AIDS Globally, the Ambassador-at-Large for Global Health Security and Diplomacy at the Department of State, and the Secretary of Health and Human Services, to identify areas of collaboration and coordination in countries with global health programs and activities undertaken by the USAID pursuant to the United States Leadership Against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Act of 2003 ( Public Law 108–25 ) [ 22 U.S.C. 7601 et seq.] and other relevant provisions of law, to ensure that such activities contribute to the strengthening of health systems for global health security and pandemic prevention and preparedness.

(“(e) Coordination for International Pandemic Early Warning Network.— It is the sense of Congress that the Secretary of Health and Human Services, in coordination with the Secretary of State, the USAID Administrator, the Director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the heads of the other relevant Federal departments and agencies, should work with the World Health Organization and other key stakeholders to establish or strengthen effective early warning systems, at the partner country, regional, and international levels, that utilize innovative information and analytical tools and robust review processes to track, document, analyze, and forecast infectious disease threats with epidemic and pandemic potential. Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act, and annually thereafter for the following 4 years, the Secretary of Health and Human Services, in coordination with the Secretary of State and the heads of the other relevant Federal departments and agencies, shall submit a report to the appropriate congressional committees, the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions of the Senate, and the Committee on Energy and Commerce of the House of Representatives that describes United States Government efforts and opportunities to establish or strengthen effective early warning systems to detect infectious disease threats internationally.

(“(f) International Emergency Operations.— It is the sense of Congress that it is essential to enhance the capacity of key stakeholders to effectively operationalize early warning and execute multi-sectoral emergency operations during an infectious disease outbreak, particularly in countries and areas that deliberately withhold critical global health data and delay access during an infectious disease outbreak, in advance of the next infectious disease outbreak with pandemic potential. The Secretary of Health and Human Services, in coordination with the Secretary of State, should work with the World Health Organization and like-minded member states to adopt an approach toward assessing infectious disease threats under the International Health Regulations (2005) for the World Health Organization to identify and transparently communicate, on an ongoing basis, varying levels of risk leading up to a declaration by the Director General of the World Health Organization of a Public Health Emergency of International Concern for the duration and in the aftermath of such declaration. The Secretary of Health and Human Services, in coordination with the Secretary of State, the Administrator of the USAID, the Director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the heads of other relevant Federal departments and agencies and consistent with the requirements under the International Health Regulations (2005) and the objectives of the World Health Organization’s Health Emergencies Programme, the Global Health Security Agenda, and national actions plans for health security, should work, in cooperation with the World Health Organization, with partner countries, and other key stakeholders, to support the establishment, strengthening, and rapid response capacity of global health emergency operations centers, at the partner country and international levels, including efforts— to collect and share de-identified public health data, assess risk, and operationalize early warning; to secure, including through utilization of stand-by arrangements and emergency funding mechanisms, the staff, systems, and resources necessary to execute cross-sectoral emergency operations during the 48-hour period immediately following an infectious disease outbreak with pandemic potential; and to organize and conduct emergency simulations.

“SEC. 5563 FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARY FUND FOR PANDEMIC PREVENTION, PREPAREDNESS, AND RESPONSE.

(“(a) In General.— Congress finds that the Financial Intermediary Fund for Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response (referred to in this section as the ‘Fund’) was established in September 2022 by donor countries, relevant United Nations agencies, including the World Health Organization, and other key multilateral stakeholders as a multilateral, catalytic financing mechanism for pandemic prevention and preparedness. The objectives of the Fund are— closing critical gaps in pandemic prevention and preparedness; and working with, and building the capacity of, eligible partner countries in the areas of global health security, infectious disease control, and pandemic prevention and preparedness in order to— prioritize capacity building and financing availability in eligible partner countries; incentivize countries to prioritize the use of domestic resources for global health security and pandemic prevention and preparedness; leverage governmental, nongovernmental, and private sector investments; regularly respond to and evaluate progress based on clear metrics and benchmarks, such as those developed through the IHR (2005) Monitoring and Evaluation Framework and the Global Health Security Index; align with and complement ongoing bilateral and multilateral efforts and financing, including through the World Bank, the World Health Organization, the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria, the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness and Innovation, and Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance; and help countries accelerate and achieve compliance with the International Health Regulations (2005) and fulfill the Global Health Security Agenda 2024 Framework not later than 8 years after the date on which the Fund is established, in coordination with the ongoing Joint External Evaluation national action planning process. The Fund should be governed by a transparent, representative, and accountable body (referred to in this section as the ‘Governing Board’), which should— function as a partnership with, and through full engagement by, donor governments, eligible partner countries, and independent civil society; and be composed of not more than 25 representatives of governments, foundations, academic institutions, independent civil society, indigenous people, vulnerable communities, frontline health workers, and the private sector with demonstrated commitment to carrying out the purposes of the Fund and upholding transparency and accountability requirements. The Governing Board should— be charged with approving strategies, operations, and grant making authorities such that it is able to conduct effective fiduciary, monitoring, and evaluation efforts, and other oversight functions; determine operational procedures to enable the Fund to effectively fulfill its mission; provide oversight and accountability for the Fund in collaboration with a qualified and independent Inspector General; develop and utilize a mechanism to obtain formal input from eligible partner countries, independent civil society, and implementing entities relative to program design, review, and implementation and associated lessons learned; and coordinate and align with other multilateral financing and technical assistance activities, and with the activities of the United States and other nations leading pandemic prevention, preparedness, and response activities in partner countries, as appropriate. The Governing Board should include— representatives of the governments of founding member countries who, in addition to meeting the requirements under subparagraph (A), qualify based upon— meeting an established initial contribution threshold, which should be not less than 10 percent of the country’s total initial contributions; and demonstrating a commitment to supporting the International Health Regulations (2005); a geographically diverse group of members from donor countries, academic institutions, independent civil society, including faith-based and indigenous organizations, and the private sector who are selected on the basis of their experience and commitment to innovation, best practices, and the advancement of global health security objectives; and representatives of the World Health Organization, to serve in an observer status. Each government or private sector foundation or for-profit entity represented on the Governing Board should agree to make annual contributions to the Fund in an amount that is not less than the minimum amount determined by the Governing Board. Individuals appointed to the Governing Board should have demonstrated knowledge and experience across a variety of sectors, including human and animal health, agriculture, development, defense, finance, research, and academia. All Governing Board members should be required to recuse themselves from matters presenting conflicts of interest, including financing decisions relating to such countries, bodies, and institutions. The Fund should establish procedures for the removal of members of the Governing Board who— engage in a consistent pattern of human rights abuses; fail to uphold global health data transparency requirements; or otherwise violate the established standards of the Fund, including in relation to corruption.

(“(b) Authority for United States Participation.— The United States is authorized to participate in the Fund and shall be represented on the Governing Board by an officer or employee of the United States Government who has been appointed by the President (referred in this section as the ‘FIF Representative’). This subsection shall take effect on the date on which the Secretary of State submits to Congress a certified copy of the agreement establishing the Fund. The membership authorized under paragraph (1) shall terminate on the date on which the Fund is terminated. Any agreement concluded under the authorities provided under this subsection shall be legally effective and binding upon the United States, in accordance with the terms of the agreement— upon the enactment of appropriate implementing legislation that provides for the approval of the specific agreement or agreements, including attachments, annexes, and supporting documentation, as appropriate; or if concluded and submitted as a treaty, upon the approval by the Senate of the resolution of ratification of such treaty.

(“(c) Implementation of Program Objectives.— In carrying out the objectives described in subsection (a)(2), the Fund should work to eliminate duplication and waste by upholding strict transparency and accountability standards and coordinating its programs and activities with key partners working to advance pandemic prevention and preparedness.

(“(d) Priority Countries.— In providing assistance under this section, the Fund should give priority to low- and lower middle-income countries with— low scores on the Global Health Security Index classification of health systems; measurable gaps in global health security and pandemic prevention and preparedness identified under the IHR (2005) Monitoring and Evaluation Framework and national action plans for health security; demonstrated political and financial commitment to pandemic prevention and preparedness; and demonstrated commitment to— upholding global health budget and data transparency and accountability standards; complying with the International Health Regulations (2005); investing in domestic health systems; and achieving measurable results.

(“(e) Accountability; Conflicts of Interest; Criteria for Programs.— The FIF Representative shall— take such actions as may be necessary to ensure that the Fund will have in effect adequate procedures and standards to account for and monitor the use of funds contributed to the Fund, including the cost of administering the Fund, by— engaging Fund stakeholders; and actively promoting transparency and accountability of Fund governance and operations; seek to ensure there is agreement to put in place a conflict of interest policy to ensure fairness and a high standard of ethical conduct in the Fund’s decision-making processes, including proactive procedures to screen staff for conflicts of interest and measures to address any conflicts, such as— potential divestments of interests; prohibition from engaging in certain activities; recusal from certain decision-making and administrative processes; and representation by an alternate board member; and seek agreement on the criteria that should be used to determine the programs and activities that should be assisted by the Fund.

(“(f) Selection of Partner Countries, Projects, and Recipients.— The Governing Board should establish— eligible partner country selection criteria, including transparent metrics to measure and assess global health security and pandemic prevention and preparedness strengths and vulnerabilities in countries seeking assistance; minimum standards for ensuring eligible partner country ownership and commitment to long-term results, including requirements for domestic budgeting, resource mobilization, and co-investment; criteria for the selection of projects to receive support from the Fund; standards and criteria regarding qualifications of recipients of such support; and such rules and procedures as may be necessary— for cost-effective management of the Fund; and to ensure transparency and accountability in the grant-making process.

(“(g) Additional Transparency and Accountability Requirements.— The FIF Representative shall seek to ensure that the Fund maintains an independent Office of the Inspector General that— is fully enabled to operate independently and transparently; is supported by and with the requisite resources and capacity to regularly conduct and publish, on a publicly accessible website, rigorous financial, programmatic, and reporting audits and investigations of the Fund and its grantees, including subgrantees; and establishes an investigative unit that— develops an oversight mechanism to ensure that grant funds are not diverted to illicit or corrupt purposes or activities; and submits an annual report to the Governing Board describing its activities, investigations, and results. It is the sense of Congress that— corruption within global health programs contribute directly to the loss of human life and cannot be tolerated; and in making financial recoveries relating to a corrupt act or criminal conduct committed by a grant recipient, as determined by the Inspector General described in paragraph (1), the responsible grant recipient should be assessed at a recovery rate of up to 150 percent of such loss. The FIF Representative shall seek to ensure that the Fund establishes, maintains, and makes publicly available a system to track— the administrative and management costs of the Fund on a quarterly basis; and the amount of funds disbursed to each grant recipient and subrecipient during each grant’s fiscal cycle. The FIF Representative should seek to ensure that the Fund adopts rules that condition grants upon agreement by the relevant national authorities in an eligible partner country to exempt from duties and taxes all products financed by such grants, including procurements by any principal or subrecipient for the purpose of carrying out such grants.

(“(h) Reports to Congress.— Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [ Dec. 23, 2022 ], and annually thereafter for the duration of the Fund, the Secretary of State, in collaboration with the Administrator of the USAID and the heads of other relevant Federal departments and agencies, shall submit a report on the activities of the Fund to the appropriate congressional committees. Each report required under subparagraph (A) shall describe— the goals of the Fund; the programs, projects, and activities supported by the Fund; private and governmental contributions to the Fund; and the criteria utilized to determine the programs and activities that should be assisted by the Fund, including baselines, targets, desired outcomes, measurable goals, and extent to which those goals are being achieved. Not later than 2 years after the date on which the Fund is established, the Comptroller General of the United States shall submit a report to the appropriate congressional committees that evaluates the effectiveness of the Fund, including— the effectiveness of the programs, projects, and activities supported by the Fund; and an assessment of the merits of continued United States participation in the Fund.

(“(i) United States Contributions.— Subject to paragraph (4)(C), the President may provide contributions to the Fund. The Secretary of State, the Administrator of the USAID, or the head of any other relevant Federal department or agency shall submit a notification to the appropriate congressional committees not later than 15 days before making a contribution to the Fund that identifies— the amount of the proposed contribution; the total of funds contributed by other donors; and the national interests served by United States participation in the Fund. During the 5-year period beginning on the date of the enactment of this Act, the cumulative total of United States contributions to the Fund may not exceed 33 percent of the total contributions to the Fund from all sources. If the Secretary of State determines that the Fund has provided assistance to a country, the government of which the Secretary of State has determined, for purposes of section 620A of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 ( 22 U.S.C. 2371 ) has repeatedly provided support for acts of international terrorism, the United States shall withhold from its contribution to the Fund for the next fiscal year an amount equal to the amount expended by the Fund to the government of such country. If the Secretary of State determines that the salary during any of the first 5 fiscal years beginning after the date of the enactment of this Act of any individual employed by the Fund exceeds the salary of the Vice President of the United States for such fiscal year, the United States should withhold from its contribution for the following fiscal year an amount equal to the aggregate difference between the 2 salaries. The Secretary of State may withhold not more than 20 percent of planned United States contributions to the Fund until the Secretary certifies to the appropriate congressional committees that the Fund has established procedures to provide access by the Office of Inspector General of the Department of State, as cognizant Inspector General, the Inspector General of the Department of Health and Human Services, the USAID Inspector General, and the Comptroller General of the United States to the Fund’s financial data and other information relevant to United States contributions to the Fund (as determined by the Inspector General of the Department of State, in consultation with the Secretary of State).

“SEC. 5564 GENERAL PROVISIONS.

(“(a) Authorization of Appropriations.— There is authorized to be appropriated $5,000,000,000 for the 5-year period beginning on October 1, 2022 to carry out the purposes of sections 5562 and 5563, which may be in addition to amounts otherwise made available for such purposes, in consultation with the appropriate congressional committees and subject to the requirements under chapters 1 and 10 of part I [ 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq., 22 U.S.C. 2293 et seq.] and section 634A [ 22 U.S.C. 2394–1 ] of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 ( 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.). Section 110 of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 ( 22 U.S.C. 7107 ) shall not apply with respect to assistance made available under this subtitle.

(“(b) Compliance With the Foreign Aid Transparency and Accountability Act of 2016.—

“SEC. 5565 SUNSET.

“This subtitle shall cease to be effective on September 30, 2027 .

“SEC. 5566 RULE OF CONSTRUCTION.

“Nothing in this subtitle may be construed to impair or otherwise affect the authorities granted to the Administrator of the USAID, the Secretary of Health and Human Services, or the head of any other Federal department or agency under any applicable law.”

§ 2151b–1 Assistance for malaria prevention, treatment, control, and elimination

(a) Assistance The Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, in coordination with the heads of other appropriate Federal agencies and nongovernmental organizations, shall provide assistance for the establishment and conduct of activities designed to prevent, treat, control, and eliminate malaria in countries with a high percentage of malaria cases. In providing assistance pursuant to paragraph (1), the Administrator should consider the interaction among the epidemics of HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis. Activities referred to in paragraph (1) shall include the dissemination of information relating to the development of vaccines and therapeutic agents for the prevention of malaria (including information relating to participation in, and the results of, clinical trials for such vaccines and agents conducted by United States Government agencies) to appropriate officials in such countries.

(b) Authorization of appropriations There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out subsection (a) $50,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2001 and 2002. Amounts appropriated pursuant to the authorization of appropriations under paragraph (1) are authorized to remain available until expended.

§ 2151b–2 Assistance to combat HIV/AIDS

(a) Finding Congress recognizes that the alarming spread of HIV/AIDS in countries in sub-Saharan Africa, the Caribbean, Central Asia, Eastern Europe, Latin America and other developing countries is a major global health, national security, development, and humanitarian crisis.

(b) Policy It is a major objective of the foreign assistance program of the United States to provide assistance for the prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS and the care of those affected by the disease. It is the policy objective of the United States, by 2013, to— assist partner countries to— prevent 12,000,000 new HIV infections worldwide; support— the increase in the number of individuals with HIV/AIDS receiving antiretroviral treatment above the goal established under section 7672(a)(3) 1 of this title and increased pursuant to paragraphs (1) through (3) of section 7673(d) 1 of this title; and additional treatment through coordinated multilateral efforts; support care for 12,000,000 individuals infected with or affected by HIV/AIDS, including 5,000,000 orphans and vulnerable children affected by HIV/AIDS, with an emphasis on promoting a comprehensive, coordinated system of services to be integrated throughout the continuum of care; provide at least 80 percent of the target population with access to counseling, testing, and treatment to prevent the transmission of HIV from mother-to-child; provide care and treatment services to children with HIV in proportion to their percentage within the HIV-infected population of a given partner country; and train and support retention of health care professionals, paraprofessionals, and community health workers in HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment, and care, with the target of providing such training to at least 140,000 new health care professionals and paraprofessionals with an emphasis on training and in country deployment of critically needed doctors and nurses; strengthen the capacity to deliver primary health care in developing countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa; support and help countries in their efforts to achieve staffing levels of at least 2.3 doctors, nurses, and midwives per 1,000 population, as called for by the World Health Organization; and help partner countries to develop independent, sustainable HIV/AIDS programs. The United States and other countries with the sufficient capacity should provide assistance to countries in sub-Saharan Africa, the Caribbean, Central Asia, Eastern Europe, and Latin America, and other countries and regions confronting HIV/AIDS epidemics in a coordinated global strategy to help address generalized and concentrated epidemics through HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment, care, monitoring and evaluation, and related activities. The United States Government’s response to the global HIV/AIDS pandemic and the Government’s efforts to help countries assume leadership of sustainable campaigns to combat their local epidemics should place high priority on— the prevention of the transmission of HIV; moving toward universal access to HIV/AIDS prevention counseling and services; the inclusion of cost sharing assurances that meet the requirements under section 2151h of this title ; and the inclusion of transition strategies to ensure sustainability of such programs and activities, including health care systems, under other international donor support, or budget support by respective foreign governments.

(c) Authorization Consistent with section 2151b(c) of this title , the President is authorized to furnish assistance, on such terms and conditions as the President may determine, for HIV/AIDS, including to prevent, treat, and monitor HIV/AIDS, and carry out related activities, in countries in sub-Saharan Africa, the Caribbean, Central Asia, Eastern Europe, Latin America, and other countries and areas, particularly with respect to refugee populations or those in postconflict settings in such countries and areas with significant or increasing HIV incidence rates. It is the sense of Congress that the President should provide an appropriate level of assistance under paragraph (1) through nongovernmental organizations (including faith-based and community-based organizations) in countries in sub-Saharan Africa, the Caribbean, Central Asia, Eastern Europe, Latin America, and other countries and areas affected by the HIV/AIDS pandemic, particularly with respect to refugee populations or those in post-conflict settings in such countries and areas with significant or increasing HIV incidence rates.. 2 The President shall coordinate the provision of assistance under paragraph (1) with the provision of related assistance by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria and other appropriate international organizations (such as the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development), relevant regional multilateral development institutions, national, state, and local governments of partner countries, other international actors,, 2 appropriate governmental and nongovernmental organizations, and relevant executive branch agencies within the framework of the principles of the Three Ones.

(d) Activities supported Assistance provided under subsection (c) shall, to the maximum extent practicable, be used to carry out the following activities: Prevention of HIV/AIDS through activities including— programs and efforts that are designed or intended to impart knowledge with the exclusive purpose of helping individuals avoid behaviors that place them at risk of HIV infection, including integration of such programs into health programs and the inclusion in counseling programs of information on methods of avoiding infection of HIV, including delaying sexual debut, abstinence, fidelity and monogamy, reduction of casual sexual partnering and multiple concurrent sexual partnering,, 2 reducing sexual violence and coercion, including child marriage, widow inheritance, and polygamy, and where appropriate, use of male and female condoms; assistance to establish and implement culturally appropriate HIV/AIDS education and prevention programs that are designed with local input and focus on helping individuals avoid infection of HIV/AIDS, implemented through nongovernmental organizations, including faith-based and community-based organizations, particularly those locally based organizations that utilize both professionals and volunteers with appropriate skills, experience, and community presence; assistance for the purpose of encouraging men to be responsible in their sexual behavior, child rearing, and to respect women; assistance for the purpose of providing voluntary testing and counseling (including the incorporation of confidentiality protections with respect to such testing and counseling) and promoting the use of provider-initiated or “opt-out” voluntary testing in accordance with World Health Organization guidelines; assistance for the purpose of preventing mother-to-child transmission of the HIV infection, including medications to prevent such transmission and access to infant formula and other alternatives for infant feeding; assistance to— achieve the goal of reaching 80 percent of pregnant women for prevention and treatment of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in countries in which the United States is implementing HIV/AIDS programs by 2013; and promote infant feeding options and treatment protocols that meet the most recent criteria established by the World Health Organization; medical male circumcision programs as part of national strategies to combat the transmission of HIV/AIDS; assistance to ensure a safe blood supply and sterile medical equipment; assistance to help avoid substance abuse and intravenous drug use that can lead to HIV infection; assistance for the purpose of increasing women’s access to employment opportunities, income, productive resources, and microfinance programs, where appropriate. 3 assistance for counseling, testing, treatment, care, and support programs, including— counseling and other services for the prevention of reinfection of individuals with HIV/AIDS; counseling to prevent sexual transmission of HIV, including— life skills development for practicing abstinence and faithfulness; reducing the number of sexual partners; delaying sexual debut; and ensuring correct and consistent use of condoms; assistance to engage underlying vulnerabilities to HIV/AIDS, especially those of women and girls; assistance for appropriate HIV/AIDS education programs and training targeted to prevent the transmission of HIV among men who have sex with men; assistance to provide male and female condoms; diagnosis and treatment of other sexually transmitted infections; strategies to address the stigma and discrimination that impede HIV/AIDS prevention efforts; and assistance to facilitate widespread access to microbicides for HIV prevention, if safe and effective products become available, including financial and technical support for culturally appropriate introductory programs, procurement, distribution, logistics management, program delivery, acceptability studies, provider training, demand generation, and postintroduction monitoring. The treatment and care of individuals with HIV/AIDS, including— assistance to establish and implement programs to strengthen and broaden indigenous health care delivery systems and the capacity of such systems to deliver HIV/AIDS pharmaceuticals and otherwise provide for the treatment of individuals with HIV/AIDS, including clinical training for indigenous organizations and health care providers; assistance to strengthen and expand hospice and palliative care programs to assist patients debilitated by HIV/AIDS, their families, and the primary caregivers of such patients, including programs that utilize faith-based and community-based organizations; assistance for the purpose of the care and treatment of individuals with HIV/AIDS through the provision of pharmaceuticals, including antiretrovirals and other pharmaceuticals and therapies for the treatment of opportunistic infections, pain management, nutritional support, and other treatment modalities; as part of care and treatment of HIV/AIDS, assistance (including prophylaxis and treatment) for common HIV/AIDS-related opportunistic infections for free or at a rate at which it is easily affordable to the individuals and populations being served; 4 as part of care and treatment of HIV/AIDS, assistance or referral to available and adequately resourced service providers for nutritional support, including counseling and where necessary the provision of commodities, for persons meeting malnourishment criteria and their families; 5 With particular emphasis on specific populations that represent a particularly high risk of contracting or spreading HIV/AIDS, including those exploited through the sex trade, victims of rape and sexual assault, individuals already infected with HIV/AIDS, and in cases of occupational exposure of health care workers, assistance with efforts to reduce the risk of HIV/AIDS infection including post-exposure pharmaceutical prophylaxis, and necessary pharmaceuticals and commodities, including test kits, condoms, and, when proven effective, microbicides. Bulk purchases of available test kits, condoms, and, when proven effective, microbicides that are intended to reduce the risk of HIV/AIDS transmission and for appropriate program support for the introduction and distribution of these commodities, as well as education and training on the use of the technologies. The monitoring of programs, projects, and activities carried out pursuant to paragraphs (1) through (3), including— monitoring to ensure that adequate controls are established and implemented to provide HIV/AIDS pharmaceuticals and other appropriate medicines to poor individuals with HIV/AIDS; appropriate evaluation and surveillance activities; monitoring to ensure that appropriate measures are being taken to maintain the sustainability of HIV/AIDS pharmaceuticals (especially antiretrovirals) and ensure that drug resistance is not compromising the benefits of such pharmaceuticals; monitoring to ensure appropriate law enforcement officials are working to ensure that HIV/AIDS pharmaceuticals are not diminished through illegal counterfeiting or black market sales of such pharmaceuticals; carrying out and expanding program monitoring, impact evaluation research and analysis, and operations research and disseminating data and findings through mechanisms to be developed by the Coordinator of United States Government Activities to Combat HIV/AIDS Globally, in coordination with the Director of the Centers for Disease Control, in order to— improve accountability, increase transparency, and ensure the delivery of evidence-based services through the collection, evaluation, and analysis of data regarding gender-responsive interventions, disaggregated by age and sex; identify and replicate effective models; and develop gender indicators to measure outcomes and the impacts of interventions; and establishing appropriate systems to— gather epidemiological and social science data on HIV; and evaluate the effectiveness of prevention efforts among men who have sex with men, with due consideration to stigma and risks associated with disclosure. The procurement of HIV/AIDS pharmaceuticals, antiviral therapies, and other appropriate medicines, including medicines to treat opportunistic infections. Mechanisms to ensure that such HIV/AIDS pharmaceuticals, antiretroviral therapies, and other appropriate medicines are quality-controlled and sustainably supplied. Subject to subparagraph (B), mechanisms to ensure that safe and effective pharmaceuticals, including antiretrovirals and medicines to treat opportunistic infections, are purchased at the lowest possible price at which such pharmaceuticals may be obtained in sufficient quantity on the world market, provided that such pharmaceuticals are approved, tentatively approved, or otherwise authorized for use by— the Food and Drug Administration; a stringent regulatory agency acceptable to the Secretary of Health and Human Services; or a quality assurance mechanism acceptable to the Secretary of Health and Human Services. The distribution of such HIV/AIDS pharmaceuticals, antiviral therapies, and other appropriate medicines (including medicines to treat opportunistic infections) to qualified national, regional, or local organizations for the treatment of individuals with HIV/AIDS in accordance with appropriate HIV/AIDS testing and monitoring requirements and treatment protocols and for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of the HIV infection. The conduct of related activities, including— the care and support of children who are orphaned by the HIV/AIDS pandemic, including services designed to care for orphaned children in a family environment which rely on extended family members; improved infrastructure and institutional capacity to develop and manage education, prevention, and treatment programs, including training and the resources to collect and maintain accurate HIV surveillance data to target programs and measure the effectiveness of interventions; vaccine research and development partnership programs with specific plans of action to develop a safe, effective, accessible, preventive HIV vaccine for use throughout the world; and 6 coordinated or referred activities to— enhance the clinical impact of HIV/AIDS care and treatment; and ameliorate the adverse social and economic costs often affecting AIDS-impacted families and communities through the direct provision, as necessary, or through the referral, if possible, of support services, including— nutritional and food support; safe drinking water and adequate sanitation; nutritional counseling; income-generating activities and livelihood initiatives; maternal and child health care; primary health care; the diagnosis and treatment of other infectious or sexually transmitted diseases; substance abuse and treatment services; and legal services; coordinated or referred activities to link programs addressing HIV/AIDS with programs addressing gender-based violence in areas of significant HIV prevalence to assist countries in the development and enforcement of women’s health, children’s health, and HIV/AIDS laws and policies that— prevent and respond to violence against women and girls; promote the integration of screening and assessment for gender-based violence into HIV/AIDS programming; promote appropriate HIV/AIDS counseling, testing, and treatment into gender-based violence programs; and assist governments to develop partnerships with civil society organizations to create networks for psychosocial, legal, economic, or other support services; coordinated or referred activities to— address the frequent coinfection of HIV and tuberculosis, in accordance with World Health Organization guidelines; promote provider-initiated or “opt-out” HIV/AIDS counseling and testing and appropriate referral for treatment and care to individuals with tuberculosis or its symptoms, particularly in areas with significant HIV prevalence; and strengthen programs to ensure that individuals testing positive for HIV receive tuberculosis screening and to improve laboratory capacities, infection control, and adherence; and activities to— improve the effectiveness of national responses to HIV/AIDS; strengthen overall health systems in high-prevalence countries, including support for workforce training, retention, and effective deployment, capacity building, laboratory development, equipment maintenance and repair, and public health and related public financial management systems and operations; and encourage fair and transparent procurement practices among partner countries; and promote in-country or intra-regional pediatric training for physicians and other health professionals, preferably through public-private partnerships involving colleges and universities, with the goal of increasing pediatric HIV workforce capacity. The establishment and operation of public-private partnership entities within countries in sub-Saharan Africa, the Caribbean, and other countries affected by the HIV/AIDS pandemic that are dedicated to supporting the national strategy of such countries regarding the prevention, treatment, and monitoring of HIV/AIDS. Each such public-private partnership should— support the development, implementation, and management of comprehensive HIV/AIDS plans in support of the national HIV/AIDS strategy; operate at all times in a manner that emphasizes efficiency, accountability, and results-driven programs; engage both local and foreign development partners and donors, including businesses, government agencies, academic institutions, nongovernmental organizations, foundations, multilateral development agencies, and faith-based organizations, to assist the country in coordinating and implementing HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment, and monitoring programs in accordance with its national HIV/AIDS strategy; provide technical assistance, consultant services, financial planning, monitoring and evaluation, and research in support of the national HIV/AIDS strategy; and establish local human resource capacities for the national HIV/AIDS strategy through the transfer of medical, managerial, leadership, and technical skills. The development of compacts or framework agreements, tailored to local circumstances, with national governments or regional partnerships in countries with significant HIV/AIDS burdens to promote host government commitment to deeper integration of HIV/AIDS services into health systems, contribute to health systems overall, and enhance sustainability, including— cost sharing assurances that meet the requirements under section 2151h of this title ; and transition strategies to ensure sustainability of such programs and activities, including health care systems, under other international donor support, or budget support by respective foreign governments.

(e) Compacts and framework agreements Congress makes the following findings: The congressionally mandated Institute of Medicine report entitled “PEPFAR Implementation: Progress and Promise” states: “The next strategy [of the U.S. Global AIDS Initiative] should squarely address the needs and challenges involved in supporting sustainable country HIV/AIDS programs, thereby transitioning from a focus on emergency relief.”. One mechanism to promote the transition from an emergency to a public health and development approach to HIV/AIDS is through compacts or framework agreements between the United States Government and each participating nation. Compacts on HIV/AIDS authorized under subsection (d)(8) shall include the following elements: Compacts whose primary purpose is to provide direct services to combat HIV/AIDS are to be made between— the United States Government; and national or regional entities representing low-income countries served by an existing United States Agency for International Development or Department of Health and Human Services presence or regional platform; or countries or regions— experiencing significantly high HIV prevalence or risk of significantly increasing incidence within the general population; served by an existing United States Agency for International Development or Department of Health and Human Services presence or regional platform; and that have inadequate financial means within such country or region. Compacts whose primary purpose is to provide limited technical assistance to a country or region connected to services provided within the country or region— may be made with other countries or regional entities served by an existing United States Agency for International Development or Department of Health and Human Services presence or regional platform; shall require significant investments in HIV prevention, care, and treatment services by the host country; shall be time-limited in terms of United States contributions; and shall be made only upon prior notification to Congress— justifying the need for such compacts; describing the expected investment by the country or regional entity; and describing the scope, nature, expected total United States investment, and time frame of the limited technical assistance under the compact and its intended impact. Compacts shall include provisions to— promote local and national efforts to reduce stigma associated with HIV/AIDS; and work with and promote the role of civil society in combating HIV/AIDS. Compacts shall take into account the overall national health and development and national HIV/AIDS and public health strategies of each country. Compacts shall contain— consideration of the specific objectives that the country and the United States expect to achieve during the term of a compact; consideration of the respective responsibilities of the country and the United States in the achievement of such objectives; consideration of regular benchmarks to measure progress toward achieving such objectives; an identification of the intended beneficiaries, disaggregated by gender and age, and including information on orphans and vulnerable children, to the maximum extent practicable; consideration of the methods by which the compact is intended to— address the factors that put women and girls at greater risk of HIV/AIDS; and strengthen elements such as the economic, educational, and social status of women, girls, orphans, and vulnerable children and the inheritance rights and safety of such individuals; consideration of the methods by which the compact will— strengthen the health care capacity, including factors such as the training, retention, deployment, recruitment, and utilization of health care workers; improve supply chain management; and improve the health systems and infrastructure of the partner country, including the ability of compact participants to maintain and operate equipment transferred or purchased as part of the compact; consideration of proposed mechanisms to provide oversight; consideration of the role of civil society in the development of a compact and the achievement of its objectives; a description of the current and potential participation of other donors in the achievement of such objectives, as appropriate; and consideration of a plan to ensure appropriate fiscal accountability for the use of assistance. For regional compacts, priority shall be given to countries that are included in regional funds and programs in existence as of July 30, 2008 . Amounts made available for compacts described in subparagraphs (A) and (B) shall be subject to the inclusion of— cost sharing assurances that meet the requirements under section 2151h of this title ; and transition strategies to ensure sustainability of such programs and activities, including health care systems, under other international donor support, and budget support by respective foreign governments. In entering into a compact on HIV/AIDS authorized under subsection (d)(8), the Coordinator of United States Government Activities to Combat HIV/AIDS Globally shall seek to ensure that the government of a country— takes into account the local perspectives of the rural and urban poor, including women, in each country; and consults with private and voluntary organizations, including faith-based organizations, the business community, and other donors in the country. Not later than 10 days after entering into a compact authorized under subsection (d)(8), the Global AIDS Coordinator shall— submit a report containing a detailed summary of the compact and a copy of the text of the compact to— the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate; the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate; the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives; and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives; and publish such information in the Federal Register and on the Internet website of the Office of the Global AIDS Coordinator.

(f) Annual report Not later than February 15, 2014 , and annually thereafter, the President shall submit to the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives a report in an open, machine readable format, on the implementation of this section for the prior fiscal year. The report due not later than February 15, 2014 , shall include the elements required by law prior to the enactment of the PEPFAR Stewardship and Oversight Act of 2013. Each report submitted after February 15, 2014 , shall include the following: A description based on internationally available data, and where practicable high-quality country-based data, of the total global burden and need for HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment, and care, including— estimates by partner country of the global burden and need; and HIV incidence, prevalence, and AIDS deaths for the reporting period. Reporting on annual targets across prevention, treatment, and care interventions in partner countries, including— a description of how those targets are designed to— ensure that the annual increase in new patients on antiretroviral treatment exceeds the number of annual new HIV infections; reduce the number of new HIV infections below the number of deaths among persons infected with HIV; and achieve an AIDS-free generation; national targets across prevention, treatment, and care that are— established by partner countries; or where such national partner country-developed targets are unavailable, a description of progress towards developing national partner country targets; and bilateral programmatic targets across prevention, treatment, and care, including— the number of adults and children to be directly supported on HIV treatment under United States-funded programs; the number of adults and children to be otherwise supported on HIV treatment under United States-funded programs; and other programmatic targets for activities directly and otherwise supported by United States-funded programs. A description, by partner country, of HIV/AIDS funding from all sources, including funding levels from partner countries, other donors, and the private sector, as practicable. A description of how United States-funded programs, in conjunction with the Global Fund, other donors, and partner countries, together set targets, measure progress, and achieve positive outcomes in partner countries. An annual assessment of outcome indicator development, dissemination, and performance for programs supported under this section, including ongoing corrective actions to improve reporting. A description and explanation of changes in related guidance or policies related to implementation of programs supported under this section. An assessment and quantification of progress over the reporting period toward achieving the targets set forth in subparagraph (B), including— the number, by partner country, of persons on HIV treatment, including specifically— the number of adults and children on HIV treatment directly supported by United States-funded programs; and the number of adults and children on HIV treatment otherwise supported by United States-funded programs; HIV treatment coverage rates by partner country; the net increase in persons on HIV treatment by partner country; new infections of HIV by partner country; the number of HIV infections averted; antiretroviral treatment program retention rates by partner country, including— performance against annual targets for program retention; and the retention rate of persons on HIV treatment directly supported by United States-funded programs; and a description of supportive care. A description of partner country and United States-funded HIV/AIDS prevention programs and policies, including— an assessment by country of progress towards targets set forth in subparagraph (B), with a detailed description of the metrics used to assess— programs to prevent mother to child transmission of HIV/AIDS, including coverage rates; programs to provide or promote voluntary medical male circumcision, including coverage rates; programs for behavior-change; and other programmatic activities to prevent the transmission of HIV; antiretroviral treatment as prevention; and a description of any new preventative interventions or methodologies. A description of the goals, scope, and measurement of program efforts aimed at women and girls. A description of the goals, scope, and measurement of program efforts aimed at orphans, vulnerable children, and youth. A description of the indicators and milestones used to assess effective, strategic, and appropriately timed country ownership, including— an explanation of the metrics used to determine whether the pace of any transition to such ownership is appropriate for that country, given that country’s level of readiness for such transition; an analysis of governmental and local nongovernmental capacity to sustain positive outcomes; a description of measures taken to improve partner country capacity to sustain positive outcomes where needed; and for countries undergoing a transition to greater country ownership, a description of strategies to assess and mitigate programmatic and financial risk and to ensure continued quality of care for essential services. A description, globally and by partner country, of specific efforts to achieve and incentivize greater programmatic and cost effectiveness, including— progress toward establishing common economic metrics across prevention, care and treatment with partner countries and the Global Fund; average costs, by country and by core intervention; expenditure reporting in all program areas, supplemented with targeted analyses of the cost-effectiveness of specific interventions; and import duties and internal taxes imposed on program commodities and services, by country. A description of partnership framework agreements with countries, and regions where applicable, including— the objectives and structure of partnership framework agreements with countries, including— how these agreements are aligned with national HIV/AIDS plans and public health strategies and commitments of such countries; and how these agreements incorporate a role for civil society; and a description of what has been learned in advancing partnership framework agreements with countries, and regions as applicable, in terms of improved coordination and collaboration, definition of clear roles and responsibilities of participants and signers, and implications for how to further strengthen these agreements with mutually accountable measures of progress. A description of efforts and activities to engage new partners, including faith-based, locally-based, and United States minority-serving institutions. A definition and description of the differentiation between directly and otherwise supported activities, including specific efforts to clarify programmatic attribution and contribution, as well as timelines for dissemination and implementation. A description, globally and by country, of specific efforts to address co-infections and co-morbidities of HIV/AIDS, including— the number and percent of people in HIV care or treatment who started tuberculosis treatment; and the number and percentage of eligible HIV positive patients starting isoniazid preventative therapy. A description of efforts by partner countries to train, employ, and retain health care workers, including efforts to address workforce shortages. A description of program evaluations completed during the reporting period, including whether all completed evaluations have been published on a publically available Internet website and whether any completed evaluations did not adhere to the common evaluation standards of practice published under paragraph (4). Not later than February 1, 2014 , the Global AIDS Coordinator shall publish on a publically available Internet website the common evaluation standards of practice referred to in paragraph (3)(R). In this subsection, the term “partner country” means a country with a minimum United States Government investment of HIV/AIDS assistance of at least $5,000,000 in the prior fiscal year.

(g) Funding limitation Of the funds made available to carry out this section in any fiscal year, not more than 7 percent may be used for the administrative expenses of the United States Agency for International Development in support of activities described in section 2151b(c) of this title , this section, section 2151b–3 of this title , and section 2151b–4 of this title . Such amount shall be in addition to other amounts otherwise available for such purposes.

(h) Definitions In this section: The term “AIDS” means acquired immune deficiency syndrome. The term “HIV” means the human immunodeficiency virus, the pathogen that causes AIDS. The term “HIV/AIDS” means, with respect to an individual, an individual who is infected with HIV or living with AIDS. The term “relevant executive branch agencies” means the Department of State, the United States Agency for International Development, the Department of Health and Human Services (including its agencies and offices), and any other department or agency of the United States that participates in international HIV/AIDS activities pursuant to the authorities of such department or agency or this chapter.

§ 2151b–3 Assistance to combat tuberculosis

(a) Findings Congress makes the following findings: Congress recognizes the growing international problem of tuberculosis and the impact its continued existence has on those countries that had previously largely controlled the disease. Congress further recognizes that the means exist to control and treat tuberculosis through expanded use of the DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment Short-course) treatment strategy, including DOTS-Plus to address multi-drug resistant tuberculosis, and adequate investment in newly created mechanisms to increase access to treatment, including the Global Tuberculosis Drug Facility established in 2001 pursuant to the Amsterdam Declaration to Stop TB and the Global Alliance for TB Drug Development.

(b) Policy It is a major objective of the foreign assistance program of the United States to control tuberculosis. In all countries in which the Government of the United States has established development programs, particularly in countries with the highest burden of tuberculosis and other countries with high rates of tuberculosis, the United States should support the objectives of the Global Plan to Stop TB, including through achievement of the following goals: Reduce by half the tuberculosis death and disease burden from the 1990 baseline. Sustain or exceed the detection of at least 70 percent of sputum smear-positive cases of tuberculosis and the successful treatment of at least 85 percent of the cases detected in countries with established United States Agency for International Development tuberculosis programs. In support of the Global Plan to Stop TB, the President shall establish a comprehensive, 5-year United States strategy to expand and improve United States efforts to combat tuberculosis globally, including a plan to support— the successful treatment of 4,500,000 new sputum smear tuberculosis patients under DOTS programs by 2013, primarily through direct support for needed services, commodities, health workers, and training, and additional treatment through coordinated multilateral efforts; and the diagnosis and treatment of 90,000 new multiple drug resistant tuberculosis cases by 2013, and additional treatment through coordinated multilateral efforts.

(c) Authorization To carry out this section and consistent with section 2151b(c) of this title , the President is authorized to furnish assistance, on such terms and conditions as the President may determine, for the prevention, treatment, control, and elimination of tuberculosis.

(d) Coordination In carrying out this section, the President shall coordinate with the World Health Organization, the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria, and other organizations with respect to the development and implementation of a comprehensive tuberculosis control program.

(e) Priority to Stop TB Strategy In furnishing assistance under subsection (c), the President shall give priority to— direct services described in the Stop TB Strategy, including expansion and enhancement of Directly Observed Treatment Short-course (DOTS) coverage, rapid testing, treatment for individuals infected with both tuberculosis and HIV, and treatment for individuals with multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR–TB), strengthening of health systems, use of the International Standards for Tuberculosis Care by all providers, empowering individuals with tuberculosis, and enabling and promoting research to develop new diagnostics, drugs, and vaccines, and program-based operational research relating to tuberculosis; and funding for the Global Tuberculosis Drug Facility, the Stop Tuberculosis Partnership, and the Global Alliance for TB Drug Development.

(f) Assistance for the World Health Organization and the Stop Tuberculosis Partnership In carrying out this section, the President, acting through the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, is authorized to provide increased resources to the World Health Organization and the Stop Tuberculosis Partnership to improve the capacity of countries with high rates of tuberculosis and other affected countries to implement the Stop TB Strategy and specific strategies related to addressing multiple drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR–TB) and extensively drug resistant tuberculosis (XDR–TB).

(g) Annual report The President shall submit an annual report to Congress that describes the impact of United States foreign assistance on efforts to control tuberculosis, including— the number of tuberculosis cases diagnosed and the number of cases cured in countries receiving United States bilateral foreign assistance for tuberculosis control purposes; a description of activities supported with United States tuberculosis resources in each country, including a description of how those activities specifically contribute to increasing the number of people diagnosed and treated for tuberculosis; in each country receiving bilateral United States foreign assistance for tuberculosis control purposes, the percentage provided for direct tuberculosis services in countries receiving United States bilateral foreign assistance for tuberculosis control purposes; a description of research efforts and clinical trials to develop new tools to combat tuberculosis, including diagnostics, drugs, and vaccines supported by United States bilateral assistance; the number of persons who have been diagnosed and started treatment for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in countries receiving United States bilateral foreign assistance for tuberculosis control programs; a description of the collaboration and coordination of United States anti-tuberculosis efforts with the World Health Organization, the Global Fund, and other major public and private entities within the Stop TB Strategy; the constraints on implementation of programs posed by health workforce shortages and capacities; the number of people trained in tuberculosis control; and a breakdown of expenditures for direct patient tuberculosis services, drugs and other commodities, drug management, training in diagnosis and treatment, health systems strengthening, research, and support costs.

(h) Definitions In this section: The term “DOTS” or “Directly Observed Treatment Short-course” means the World Health Organization-recommended strategy for treating tuberculosis including— low-cost and effective diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of tuberculosis; a reliable drug supply; a management strategy for public health systems; health system strengthening; promotion of the use of the International Standards for Tuberculosis Care by all care providers; bacteriology under an external quality assessment framework; short-course chemotherapy; and sound reporting and recording systems. The term “DOTS-Plus” means a comprehensive tuberculosis management strategy that is built upon and works as a supplement to the standard DOTS strategy, and which takes into account specific issues (such as use of second line anti-tuberculosis drugs) that need to be addressed in areas where there is high prevalence of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis. The term “Global Alliance for Tuberculosis Drug Development” means the public-private partnership that brings together leaders in health, science, philanthropy, and private industry to devise new approaches to tuberculosis and to ensure that new medications are available and affordable in high tuberculosis burden countries and other affected countries. The term “Global Tuberculosis Drug Facility (GDF)” means the new initiative of the Stop Tuberculosis Partnership to increase access to high-quality tuberculosis drugs to facilitate DOTS expansion. The term “Stop TB Strategy” means the 6-point strategy to reduce tuberculosis developed by the World Health Organization, which is described in the Global Plan to Stop TB 2006–2015: Actions for Life, a comprehensive plan developed by the Stop TB Partnership that sets out the actions necessary to achieve the millennium development goal of cutting tuberculosis deaths and disease burden in half by 2015. The term “Stop Tuberculosis Partnership” means the partnership of the World Health Organization, donors including the United States, high tuberculosis burden countries, multilateral agencies, and nongovernmental and technical agencies committed to short- and long-term measures required to control and eventually eliminate tuberculosis as a public health problem in the world.

§ 2151b–4 Assistance to combat malaria

(a) Finding Congress finds that malaria kills more people annually than any other communicable disease except tuberculosis, that more than 90 percent of all malaria cases are in sub-Saharan Africa, and that children and women are particularly at risk. Congress recognizes that there are cost-effective tools to decrease the spread of malaria and that malaria is a curable disease if promptly diagnosed and adequately treated.

(b) Policy It is a major objective of the foreign assistance program of the United States to provide assistance for the prevention, control, treatment, and cure of malaria.

(c) Authorization To carry out this section and consistent with section 2151b(c) of this title , the President is authorized to furnish assistance, on such terms and conditions as the President may determine, for the prevention, treatment, control, and elimination of malaria.

(d) Coordination In carrying out this section, the President shall coordinate with the World Health Organization, the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria, the Department of Health and Human Services (the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Institutes of Health), and other organizations with respect to the development and implementation of a comprehensive malaria control program.

§ 2151c Education and human resources development

(a) General authority In order to reduce illiteracy, to extend basic education and to increase manpower training in skills related to development, the President is authorized to furnish assistance on such terms and conditions as he may determine, for education, public administration, and human resource development. There are authorized to be appropriated to the President for the purposes of this section, in addition to funds otherwise available for such purposes, $180,000,000forfiscalyear1986and$180,000,000 for fiscal year 1987, which are authorized to remain available until expended.

(b) Scope of assistance programs Assistance provided under this section shall be used primarily to expand and strengthen nonformal education methods, especially those designed to improve productive skills of rural families and the urban poor and to provide them with useful information; to increase the relevance of formal education systems to the needs of the poor, especially at the primary level, through reform of curricula, teaching materials, and teaching methods, and improved teacher training; and to strengthen the management capabilities of institutions which enable the poor to participate in development. Assistance under this section shall also be provided for advanced education and training of people of developing countries in such disciplines as are required for planning and implementation of public and private development activities.

(c) Assistance to promote sustainable, quality basic education In this subsection: The term “basic education” includes— measurable improvements in literacy, numeracy, and other basic skills development that prepare an individual to be an active, productive member of society and the workforce; workforce development, vocational training, and digital literacy informed by real market needs and opportunities and that results in measurable improvements in employment; programs and activities designed to demonstrably improve— early childhood, preprimary education, primary education, and secondary education, which can be delivered in formal or nonformal education settings; and learning for out-of-school youth and adults; and capacity building for teachers, administrators, counselors, and youth workers that results in measurable improvements in student literacy, numeracy, or employment. The term “communities of learning” means a holistic approach to education and community engagement in which schools act as the primary resource center for delivery of a service to the community at large, leveraging and maximizing the impact of other development efforts and reducing duplication and waste. The term “gender parity in basic education” means that girls and boys have equal access to quality basic education. The term “marginalized children and vulnerable groups” includes girls, children affected by or emerging from armed conflict or humanitarian crises, children with disabilities, children in remote or rural areas (including those who lack access to safe water and sanitation), religious or ethnic minorities, indigenous peoples, orphans and children affected by HIV/AIDS, child laborers, married adolescents, and victims of trafficking. The term “national education plan” means a comprehensive national education plan developed by partner country governments in consultation with other stakeholders as a means for wide-scale improvement of the country’s education system, including explicit, credible strategies informed by effective practices and standards to achieve quality universal basic education. The term “nonformal education” means organized educational activities outside the established formal system, whether operating separately or as an important feature of a broader activity, that are intended to provide students with measurable improvements in literacy, numeracy, and other basic skills development that prepare an individual to be an active, productive member of society and the workforce. The term “partner country” means a developing country that participates in or benefits from basic education programs under this subsection pursuant to the prioritization criteria described in paragraph (4), including level of need, opportunity for impact, and the availability of resources. The term “relevant Executive branch agencies and officials” means the Department of State, the United States Agency for International Development, the Department of the Treasury, the Department of Labor, the Department of Education, the Department of Agriculture, and the Department of Defense, the Chief Executive Officer of the Millennium Challenge Corporation, the National Security Advisor, and the Director of the Peace Corps. The term “sustainability” means, with respect to any basic education program that receives funding pursuant to this section, the ability of a service delivery system, community, partner, or beneficiary to maintain, over time, such basic education program without the use of foreign assistance. In carrying out this section, it shall be the policy of the United States to work with partner countries, as appropriate, other donors, multilateral institutions, the private sector, and nongovernmental and civil society organizations, including faith-based organizations and organizations that represent teachers, students, and parents, to promote sustainable, quality basic education through programs and activities that— take into consideration and help respond to the needs, capacities, and commitment of developing countries to achieve measurable improvements in literacy, numeracy, and other basic skills development that prepare an individual to be an active, productive member of society and the workforce; strengthen educational systems, promote communities of learning, as appropriate, expand access to safe learning environments, including by breaking down specific barriers to basic education for women and girls, ensure continuity of education, including in conflict settings, measurably improve teacher skills and learning outcomes, and support the engagement of parents in the education of their children to help partner countries ensure that all children, including marginalized children and other vulnerable groups, have access to and benefit from quality basic education; promote education as a foundation for sustained economic growth and development within a comprehensive assistance strategy that places partner countries on a trajectory toward graduation from assistance provided under this section with clearly defined benchmarks of success that are used as requirements for related procurement vehicles, such as grants, contracts, and cooperative agreements; monitor and evaluate the effectiveness and quality of basic education programs in partner countries; and promote United States values, especially respect for all persons and freedoms of religion, speech, and the press. In carrying out the policy referred to in paragraph (2), the United States shall be guided by the following principles of aid effectiveness: Assistance provided under this section to support programs and activities under this subsection shall be aligned with and advance United States foreign policy and economic interests. To the greatest extent practicable, assistance provided under this section to support programs and activities under this subsection should be aligned with and support the national education plans and country development strategies of partner countries, including activities that are appropriate for and meet the needs of local and indigenous cultures. Assistance provided under this section to support programs and activities under this subsection should be coordinated with and leverage the unique capabilities and resources of local and national governments in partner countries, other donors, multilateral institutions, the private sector, and nongovernmental and civil society organizations, including faith-based organizations and organizations that represent teachers, students, and parents. Assistance provided under this section to support programs and activities under this subsection should be coordinated with and support proven multilateral education programs and financing mechanisms, which may include the Global Partnership for Education, that demonstrate commitment to efficiency, effectiveness, transparency, and accountability. The President shall seek to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of assistance provided under this section to support programs and activities under this subsection by coordinating the related efforts of relevant Executive branch agencies and officials. Programs and activities supported under this subsection— shall be consistent with the policies and principles set forth in this subsection; shall be designed to achieve specific, measurable goals and objectives that are directly related to the provision of basic education (as defined in this section); and shall include appropriate targets, metrics, and indicators that— move a country along the path to graduation from assistance provided under this subsection; and can be applied with reasonable consistency across such programs and activities to measure progress and outcomes. Programs and activities supported under this subsection shall be subject to rigorous monitoring and evaluation, which may include impact evaluations, the results of which shall be made publically available in a fully searchable, electronic format. The President shall ensure that assistance provided under this section to support programs and activities under this subsection is aligned with the foreign policy and economic interests of the United States and, subject to such alignment, priority is given to developing countries in which— there is the greatest need and opportunity to expand access to basic education and to improve learning outcomes, including for marginalized and vulnerable groups, particularly women and girls to ensure gender parity in basic education, or populations affected by conflict or crisis; such assistance can produce a substantial, measurable impact on children and educational systems; and there is the greatest opportunity to reduce childhood and adolescence exposure to or engagement in violent extremism or extremist ideologies.

“SECTION 1 SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS.

(“(a) Short Title.— This Act [div. A of Pub. L. 115–56 ] may be cited as the ‘Reinforcing Education Accountability in Development Act’ or the ‘READ Act’.

(“(b) Table of Contents.—

“SEC. 2 DEFINITIONS.

(“(a) Appropriate Congressional Committees.— In this Act, the term ‘appropriate congressional committees’ means— the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate; the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate; the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives; and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives.

(“(b) Other Definitions.— In this Act, the terms ‘basic education’, ‘marginalized children and vulnerable groups’, ‘national education plan’, ‘partner country’, and ‘relevant Executive branch agencies and officials’ have the meanings given such terms in section 105(c) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [ 22 U.S.C. 2151c(c) ], as added by section 3.

“SEC. 3 ASSISTANCE TO PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE, QUALITY BASIC EDUCATION.

“SEC. 4 COMPREHENSIVE INTEGRATED UNITED STATES STRATEGY TO PROMOTE BASIC EDUCATION.

(“(a) Strategy Required.— Not later than December 31, 2025 , the President shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a comprehensive United States strategy to be carried out during the following five fiscal years to promote quality basic education in partner countries by— seeking to equitably expand access to basic education for all children, particularly marginalized children and vulnerable groups; and measurably improving the quality of basic education and learning outcomes.

(“(b) Requirement To Consult.— In developing the strategy required under subsection (a), the President shall consult with— the appropriate congressional committees; relevant Executive branch agencies and officials; partner country governments; and local and international nongovernmental organizations, including faith-based organizations and organizations representing students, teachers, and parents, and other development partners engaged in basic education assistance programs in developing countries.

(“(c) Public Comment.— The President shall provide an opportunity for public comment on the strategy required under subsection (a).

(“(d) Elements.— The strategy required under subsection (a)— shall be developed and implemented consistent with the principles set forth in section 105(c) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [ 22 U.S.C. 2151c(c) ], as added by section 3; and shall seek— to prioritize assistance provided under this subsection to countries that are partners of the United States and whose populations are most in need of improved basic education, as determined by indicators such as literacy and numeracy rates; to build the capacity of relevant actors in partner countries, including in government and in civil society, to develop and implement national education plans that measurably improve basic education; to identify and replicate successful interventions that improve access to and quality of basic education in conflict settings and in partner countries; to project general levels of resources needed to achieve stated program objectives; to develop means to track implementation in partner countries and ensure that such countries are expending appropriate domestic resources and instituting any relevant legal, regulatory, or institutional reforms needed to achieve stated program objectives; to leverage United States capabilities, including through technical assistance, training, and research; and to improve coordination and reduce duplication among relevant Executive branch agencies and officials, other donors, multilateral institutions, nongovernmental organizations, and governments in partner countries.

“SEC. 5 IMPROVING COORDINATION AND OVERSIGHT.

(“(a) Senior Coordinator of United States International Basic Education Assistance.— There is established within the United States Agency for International Development a Senior Coordinator of United States International Basic Education Assistance (referred to in this section as the ‘Senior Coordinator’). The Senior Coordinator shall be appointed by the President, shall be a current USAID employee serving in a career or noncareer position in the Senior Executive Service or at the level of a Deputy Assistant Administrator or higher, and shall serve concurrently as the Senior Coordinator.

(“(b) Duties.— The Senior Coordinator shall have primary responsibility for the oversight and coordination of all resources and activities of the United States Government relating to the promotion of international basic education programs and activities. The Senior Coordinator shall— facilitate program and policy coordination of international basic education programs and activities among relevant Executive branch agencies and officials, partner governments, multilateral institutions, the private sector, and nongovernmental and civil society organizations; develop and revise the strategy required under section 4; monitor, evaluate, and report on activities undertaken pursuant to the strategy required under section 4; and establish due diligence criteria for all recipients of funds provided by the United States to carry out activities under this Act and the amendments made by this Act.

(“(c) Offset.— In order to eliminate duplication of effort and activities and to offset any costs incurred by the United States Agency for International Development in appointing the Senior Coordinator under subsection (a), the President shall, after consulting with appropriate congressional committees, eliminate a position within the United States Agency for International Development (unless otherwise authorized or required by law) that the President determines to be necessary to fully offset such costs and eliminate duplication.

“SEC. 6 MONITORING AND EVALUATION OF PROGRAMS.

“The President shall seek to ensure that programs carried out under the strategy required under section 4 shall— apply rigorous monitoring and evaluation methodologies to determine if programs and activities provided under this subsection [sic] accomplish measurable improvements in literacy, numeracy, or other basic skills development that prepare an individual to be an active, productive member of society and the workforce; include methodological guidance in the implementation plan and support systemic data collection using internationally comparable indicators, norms, and methodologies, to the extent practicable and appropriate; disaggregate all data collected and reported by age, gender, marital status, disability, and location, to the extent practicable and appropriate; include funding for both short- and long-term monitoring and evaluation to enable assessment of the sustainability and scalability of assistance programs; and support the increased use and public availability of education data for improved decision making, program effectiveness, and monitoring of global progress.

“SEC. 7 TRANSPARENCY AND REPORTING TO CONGRESS.

(“(a) Annual Report on the Implementation of Strategy.— Not later than 180 days after [see bracketed note set out below] the end of each fiscal year during which the strategy developed pursuant to section 4(a) is carried out, the President shall— submit a report to the appropriate congressional committees that describes the implementation of such strategy; and make the report described in paragraph (1) available to the public.

(“(b) Matters To Be Included.— The report required under subsection (a) shall include— a description of the efforts made by relevant Executive branch agencies and officials to implement the strategy developed pursuant to section 4, with a particular focus on the activities carried out under the strategy; a description of the extent to which each partner country selected to receive assistance for basic education meets the priority criteria specified in section 105(c) of the Foreign Assistance Act [ 22 U.S.C. 2151c(c) ], as added by section 3; and a description of the progress achieved over the reporting period toward meeting the goals, objectives, benchmarks, and timeframes specified in the strategy developed pursuant to section 4 at the program level, as developed pursuant to monitoring and evaluation specified in section 6, with particular emphasis on whether there are demonstrable student improvements in literacy, numeracy, or other basic skills development that prepare an individual to be an active, productive member of society and the workforce.”

§ 2151c–1 United States assistance to support educational services for displaced children

(a) In general The Secretary of State and the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development are authorized to prioritize and advance ongoing efforts to support programs that— provide safe primary and secondary education for displaced children; build the capacity of institutions in countries hosting displaced people to prevent discrimination against displaced children, especially displaced girls, who seek access to such education; and help increase the access of displaced children, especially displaced girls, to educational, economic, and entrepreneurial opportunities, including through the governmental authorities responsible for educational or youth services in such host countries.

(b) Coordination with multilateral organizations The Secretary and the Administrator are authorized to coordinate with the World Bank, appropriate agencies of the United Nations, and other relevant multilateral organizations to work with governments in other countries to collect relevant data, disaggregated by age and gender, on the ability of displaced people to access education and participate in economic activity, in order to improve the targeting, monitoring, and evaluation of related assistance efforts.

(c) Coordination with private sector and civil society organizations The Secretary and the Administrator are authorized to work with private sector and civil society organizations to promote safe primary and secondary education for displaced children.

§ 2151d Development of indigenous energy resources

(a) Congressional statement of findings The Congress finds that energy development and production are vital elements in the development process, that energy shortages in developing countries severely limit the development process in such countries, that two-thirds of the developing countries which import oil depend on it for at least 90 percent of the energy which their economies require, and that the dramatic increase in world oil prices since 1973 has resulted in considerable economic hardship for many developing countries. The Congress is concerned that the value and purpose of much of the assistance provided to developing countries under sections 2151a, 2151b, and 2151c of this title are undermined by the inability of many developing countries to satisfy their energy requirements. Unless the energy deficit of the developing countries can be narrowed by more fully exploiting indigenous sources of energy such as oil, natural gas, and coal, scarce foreign exchange will increasingly have to be diverted to oil imports, primarily to the detriment of long-term development and economic growth. The Congress recognizes that many developing countries lack access to the financial resources and technology necessary to locate, explore, and develop indigenous energy resources. The Congress declares that there is potential for at least a moderate increase by 1990 in the production of energy for commercial use in the developing countries which are not members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. In addition, there is a compelling need for vigorous efforts to improve the available data on the location, scale, and commercial exploitability of potential oil, natural gas, and coal reserves in developing countries, especially those which are not members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. The Congress further declares that there are many benefits to be gained by the developing countries and by the United States and other developed countries through expanded efforts to expedite the location, exploration, and development of potential sources of energy in developing countries. These benefits include, but are not limited to, the following: The world’s energy supply would be increased and the fear of abrupt depletion would be lessened with new energy production. This could have a positive impact upon energy prices in international markets as well as a positive effect upon the balance of payments problems of many developing countries. Diversification of the world’s supplies of energy from fossil fuels would make all countries, developing and developed, less susceptible to supply interruptions and arbitrary production and pricing policies. Even a moderate increase in energy production in the developing countries would improve their ability to expand commercial trade, foreign investment, and technology transfer possibilities with the United States and other developed countries. Assistance for the production of energy from indigenous resources, as authorized by subsection (b) of this section, would be of direct benefit to the poor in developing countries because of the overwhelming impact of imported energy costs upon the lives of the poor and their ability to participate in development. The Congress also finds that energy production from renewable, decentralized sources and energy conservation are vital elements in the development process. Inadequate access by the poor to energy sources as well as the prospect of depleted fossil fuel reserves and higher energy prices require an enhanced effort to expand the energy resources of developing countries through greater emphasis on renewable sources. Renewable and decentralized energy technologies have particular applicability for the poor, especially in rural areas.

(b) General assistance authority; cooperative programs in energy production and conservation; program goals In order to help developing countries alleviate their energy problems by improving their ability to use indigenous energy resources to produce the energy needed by their economies, the President is authorized to furnish assistance, on such terms and conditions as he may determine, to enable such countries to prepare for and undertake development of their energy resources. Such assistance may include data collection and analysis, the training of skilled personnel, research on and development of suitable energy sources, and pilot projects to test new methods of energy production. The President is authorized to furnish assistance under this part for cooperative programs with developing countries in energy production and conservation, through research on and development and use of small-scale, decentralized, renewable energy sources for rural areas carried out as integral parts of rural development efforts in accordance with section 2151a of this title . Such programs shall also be directed toward the earliest practicable development and use of energy technologies which are environmentally acceptable, require minimum capital investment, are most acceptable to and affordable by the people using them, are simple and inexpensive to use and maintain, and are transferable from one region of the world to another. Such programs may include research on and the development, demonstration, and application of suitable energy technologies (including use of wood); analysis of energy uses, needs, and resources; training and institutional development; and scientific interchange.

(c) Administrative coordination of planning and implementation of programs The agency primarily responsible for administering subchapter I of this chapter and the Department of Energy shall coordinate with one another, to the maximum extent possible, the planning and implementation of energy programs under this part.

(d) Assistance for programs of technical cooperation and development, research, etc. The President is authorized to furnish assistance, on such terms and conditions as he may determine, for the following activities, to the extent that such activities are not authorized by sections 2151a, 2151b, and 2151c of this title: programs of technical cooperation and development, particularly the development efforts of United States private and voluntary agencies and regional and international development organizations; programs of research into, and evaluation of, the process of economic development in less developed countries and areas, into the factors affecting the relative success and costs of development activities, and into the means, techniques, and such other aspects of development assistance as the President may determine in order to render such assistance of increasing value and benefit; programs of reconstruction following natural or manmade disasters and programs of disaster preparedness, including the prediction of and contingency planning for natural disasters abroad; programs designed to help solve special development problems in the poorest countries and to make possible proper utilization of infrastructure and related projects funded with earlier United States assistance; and programs of urban development, with particular emphasis on small, labor intensive enterprises, marketing systems for small producers, and financial and other institutions which enable the urban poor to participate in the economic and social development of their country.

(e) Authorization of appropriations There is authorized to be appropriated $2,000,000 for fiscal years 2021 through 2023 to finance cooperative projects among the United States, Israel, and developing countries that identify and support local solutions to address sustainability challenges relating to water resources, agriculture, and energy storage, including— establishing public-private partnerships; supporting the identification, research, development testing, and scaling of innovations that focus on populations that are vulnerable to environmental and resource-scarcity crises, such as subsistence farming communities; seed or transition-to-scale funding; clear and appropriate branding and marking of United States funded assistance, in accordance with section 2401 of this title ; and accelerating demonstrations or applications of local solutions to sustainability challenges, or the further refinement, testing, or implementation of innovations that have previously effectively addressed sustainability challenges.

§ 2151e Appropriate technology

(a) In carrying out activities under this part, the President shall place special emphasis on the use of relatively smaller, cost-saving, labor-using technologies that are generally most appropriate for the small farms, small businesses, and small incomes of the poor.

(b) Funds made available to carry out this part should be used to the extent practicable for activities in the field of appropriate technology, including support of an expanded and coordinated private effort to promote the development and dissemination of appropriate technology in developing countries.

§ 2151f Transferred

§ 2151g Transfer of funds

Whenever the President determines it to be necessary for the purposes of this part, not to exceed 15 per centum of the funds made available for any provision of this part may be transferred to, and consolidated with, the funds made available for any other provision of this part, and may be used for any of the purposes for which such funds may be used, except that the total in the provision for the benefit of which the transfer is made shall not be increased by more than 25 per centum of the amount of funds made available for such provision. The authority of sections 2360(a) and 2364(a) of this title may not be used to transfer funds made available under this part for use for purposes of any other provision of this chapter, except that the authority of such sections may be used to transfer for the purposes of section 2427 of this title not to exceed five per centum of the amount of funds made available for section 2427(a)(1) of this title . ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. I, § 109, as added Pub. L. 93–189, § 2(3) , Dec. 17, 1973 , 87 Stat. 716 ; amended Pub. L. 95–88, title I, § 129(b) , Aug. 3, 1977 , 91 Stat. 543 ; Pub. L. 95–424, title I, § 102(g)(2)(K)(ii) , Oct. 6, 1978 , 92 Stat. 943 .)

§ 2151h Cost-sharing

No assistance shall be furnished by the United States Government to a country under sections 2151a through 2151d of this title until the country provides assurances to the President, and the President is satisfied, that such country will provide at least 25 per centum of the costs of the entire program, project, or activity with respect to which such assistance is to be furnished, except that such costs borne by such country may be provided on an “inkind” basis. ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. I, § 110, as added Pub. L. 93–189, § 2(3) , Dec. 17, 1973 , 87 Stat. 716 ; amended Pub. L. 94–161, title III, § 307 , Dec. 20, 1975 , 89 Stat. 859 ; Pub. L. 95–88, title I, § 106 , Aug. 3, 1977 , 91 Stat. 535 ; Pub. L. 95–424, title I, § 112(b) , Oct. 6, 1978 , 92 Stat. 949 ; Pub. L. 99–83, title XII, § 1211(a)(3) , Aug. 8, 1985 , 99 Stat. 279 .)

§ 2151i Development and use of cooperatives

In order to strengthen the participation of the rural and urban poor in their country’s development, high priority shall be given to increasing the use of funds made available under this chapter for technical and capital assistance in the development and use of cooperatives in the less developed countries which will enable and encourage greater numbers of the poor to help themselves toward a better life. In meeting the requirement of the preceding sentence, specific priority shall be given to the following: Technical assistance to low income farmers who form and develop member-owned cooperatives for farm supplies, marketing and value-added processing. The promotion of national credit union systems through credit union-to-credit union technical assistance that strengthens the ability of low income people and micro-entrepreneurs to save and to have access to credit for their own economic advancement. The support of rural electric and telecommunication cooperatives for access for rural people and villages that lack reliable electric and telecommunications services. The promotion of community-based cooperatives which provide employment opportunities and important services such as health clinics, self-help shelter, environmental improvements, group-owned businesses, and other activities. ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. I, § 111, as added Pub. L. 93–189, § 2(3) , Dec. 17, 1973 , 87 Stat. 716 ; amended Pub. L. 94–161, title III, § 308 , Dec. 20, 1975 , 89 Stat. 859 ; Pub. L. 95–88, title I, § 107(a) , Aug. 3, 1977 , 91 Stat. 535 ; Pub. L. 96–53, title I, § 122 , Aug. 14, 1979 , 93 Stat. 366 ; Pub. L. 106–309, title IV, § 401(c)(2) , Oct. 17, 2000 , 114 Stat. 1097 .)

§ 2151j Repealed. Pub. L. 93–559, § 30(b), Dec. 30, 1974, 88 Stat. 1804

§ 2151k Integrating women into national economies; report

(a) Particular programs, projects, and activities In recognition of the fact that women in developing countries play a significant role in economic production, family support, and the overall development process of the national economies of such countries, subchapter I of this chapter shall be administered so as to give particular attention to those programs, projects, and activities which tend to integrate women into the national economies of developing countries, thus improving their status and assisting the total development effort.

(b) Assistance to encourage participation and integration of women; prohibition against separate assistance program for women Up to $10,000,000 of the funds made available each fiscal year under this part and part X of this subchapter shall be used, in addition to funds otherwise available for such purposes, for assistance on such terms and conditions as the President may determine to encourage and promote the participation and integration of women as equal partners in the development process in the developing countries. These funds shall be used primarily to support activities which will increase the economic productivity and income earning capacity of women. Nothing in this section shall be construed to authorize the establishment of a separate development assistance program for women.

(c) Funds for United Nations Decade for Women Not less than $500,000 of the funds made available under this part for the fiscal year 1982 shall be expended on international programs which support the original goals of the United Nations Decade for Women.

§§ 2151l, 2151m Repealed. Pub. L. 95–424, title I, §§ 102(f), 104(b), Oct. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 942, 947

§ 2151n Human rights and development assistance

(a) Violations barring assistance; assistance for needy people No assistance may be provided under subchapter I of this chapter, and no support may be provided under subchapter II of chapter 103 of this title, to the government of any country which engages in a consistent pattern of gross violations of internationally recognized human rights, including torture or cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment, prolonged detention without charges, causing the disappearance of persons by the abduction and clandestine detention of those persons, or other flagrant denial of the right to life, liberty, and the security of person, unless such assistance will directly benefit the needy people in such country.

(b) 11 So in original. Two subsecs. (b) have been enacted. Information to Congressional committees for realization of assistance for needy people; concurrent resolution terminating assistance In determining whether this standard is being met with regard to funds allocated under subchapter I of this chapter or subchapter II of chapter 103 of this title, the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate or the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives may require the Administrator primarily responsible for administering subchapter I of this chapter or the Chief Executive Officer of the United States International Development Finance Corporation, as applicable, to submit in writing information demonstrating that such assistance or support will directly benefit the needy people in such country, together with a detailed explanation of the assistance or support to be provided (including the dollar amounts of such assistance or support) and an explanation of how such assistance or support will directly benefit the needy people in such country. If either committee or either House of Congress disagrees with the Administrator’s justification it may initiate action to terminate assistance to any country by a concurrent resolution under section 2367 of this title .

(b) 1 Protection of children from exploitation No assistance may be provided under subchapter I of this chapter, and no support may be provided under subchapter II of chapter 103 of this title, to any government failing to take appropriate and adequate measures, within their means, to protect children from exploitation, abuse or forced conscription into military or paramilitary services.

(c) Factors considered In determining whether or not a government falls within the provisions of subsection (a) and in formulating development assistance programs under subchapter I of this chapter, or support provided under subchapter II of chapter 103 of this title, the Administrator, or the Chief Executive Officer of the United States International Development Finance Corporation, as applicable, shall consider, in consultation with the Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor and in consultation with the Ambassador at Large for International Religious Freedom— the extent of cooperation of such government in permitting an unimpeded investigation of alleged violations of internationally recognized human rights by appropriate international organizations, including the International Committee of the Red Cross, or groups or persons acting under the authority of the United Nations or of the Organization of American States; specific actions which have been taken by the President or the Congress relating to multilateral or security assistance to a less developed country because of the human rights practices or policies of such country; and whether the government— has engaged in or tolerated particularly severe violations of religious freedom, as defined in section 6402 of this title ; or has failed to undertake serious and sustained efforts to combat particularly severe violations of religious freedom (as defined in section 6402 of this title ), when such efforts could have been reasonably undertaken.

(d) Report to Speaker of House and Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate The Secretary of State shall transmit to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate, by February 25 of each year, a full and complete report regarding— the status of internationally recognized human rights, within the meaning of subsection (a)— in countries that receive assistance under subchapter I of this chapter, and in all other foreign countries which are members of the United Nations and which are not otherwise the subject of a human rights report under this chapter; wherever applicable, practices regarding coercion in population control, including coerced abortion and involuntary sterilization; the status of child labor practices in each country, including— whether such country has adopted policies to protect children from exploitation in the workplace, including a prohibition of forced and bonded labor and policies regarding acceptable working conditions; and the extent to which each country enforces such policies, including the adequacy of the resources and oversight dedicated to such policies; the votes of each member of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights on all country-specific and thematic resolutions voted on at the Commission’s annual session during the period covered during the preceding year; the extent to which each country has extended protection to refugees, including the provision of first asylum and resettlement; the steps the Administrator has taken to alter United States programs under subchapter I of this chapter in any country because of human rights considerations; wherever applicable, violations of religious freedom, including particularly severe violations of religious freedom (as defined in section 6402 of this title ); wherever applicable, a description of the nature and extent of acts of anti-Semitism and anti-Semitic incitement that occur during the preceding year, including descriptions of— acts of physical violence against, or harassment of 2 Jewish people, and acts of violence against, or vandalism of 2 Jewish community institutions, including schools, synagogues, and cemeteries; instances of propaganda in government and nongovernment media that attempt to justify or promote racial hatred or incite acts of violence against Jewish people; the actions, if any, taken by the government of the country to respond to such violence and attacks or to eliminate such propaganda or incitement; the actions taken by such government to enact and enforce laws relating to the protection of the right to religious freedom of Jewish people; and the efforts of such government to promote anti-bias and tolerance education; wherever applicable, consolidated information regarding the commission of war crimes, crimes against humanity, and evidence of acts that may constitute genocide (as defined in article 2 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide and modified by the United States instrument of ratification to that convention and section 2(a) of the Genocide Convention Implementation Act of 1987); for each country with respect to which the report indicates that extrajudicial killings, torture, or other serious violations of human rights have occurred in the country, the extent to which the United States has taken or will take action to encourage an end to such practices in the country; wherever applicable, a description of the nature and extent— of the compulsory recruitment and conscription of individuals under the age of 18 by armed forces of the government of the country, government-supported paramilitaries, or other armed groups, and the participation of such individuals in such groups; and that such individuals take a direct part in hostilities; what steps, if any, taken by the government of the country to eliminate such practices; such other information related to the use by such government of individuals under the age of 18 as soldiers, as determined to be appropriate by the Secretary; and wherever applicable— a description of the status of freedom of the press, including initiatives in favor of freedom of the press and efforts to improve or preserve, as appropriate, the independence of the media, together with an assessment of progress made as a result of those efforts; an identification of countries in which there were violations of freedom of the press, including direct physical attacks, imprisonment, indirect sources of pressure, and censorship by governments, military, intelligence, or police forces, criminal groups, or armed extremist or rebel groups; and in countries where there are particularly severe violations of freedom of the press— whether government authorities of each such country participate in, facilitate, or condone such violations of the freedom of the press; and what steps the government of each such country has taken to preserve the safety and independence of the media, and to ensure the prosecution of those individuals who attack or murder journalists. Wherever applicable, a description of the nature and extent of acts of transnational repression that occurred during the preceding year, including identification of— incidents in which a government harassed, intimidated, or killed individuals outside of their internationally recognized borders and the patterns of such repression among repeat offenders; countries in which such transnational repression occurs and the role of the governments of such countries in enabling, preventing, mitigating, and responding to such acts; the tactics used by the governments of countries identified pursuant to subparagraph (A), including the actions identified and any new techniques observed; in the case of digital surveillance and harassment, the type of technology or platform, including social media, smart city technology, health tracking systems, general surveillance technology, and data access, transfer, and storage procedures, used by the governments of countries identified pursuant to subparagraph (A) for such actions; and groups and types of individuals targeted by acts of transnational repression in each country in which such acts occur.

(e) Promotion of civil and political rights The President is authorized and encouraged to use not less than $3,000,000 of the funds made available under this part, part X of this subchapter, and part IV of subchapter II of this chapter for each fiscal year for studies to identify, and for openly carrying out programs and activities which will encourage or promote increased adherence to civil and political rights, including the right to free religious belief and practice, as set forth in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, in countries eligible for assistance under this part or under part X of this subchapter, except that funds made available under part X of this subchapter may only be used under this subsection with respect to countries in sub-Saharan Africa. None of these funds may be used, directly or indirectly, to influence the outcome of any election in any country.

(f) Annual country reports on human rights practices The report required by subsection (d) shall include the following: A description of the nature and extent of severe forms of trafficking in persons, as defined in section 7102 of this title , in each foreign country. With respect to each country that is a country of origin, transit, or destination for victims of severe forms of trafficking in persons, an assessment of the efforts by the government of that country to combat such trafficking. The assessment shall address the following: Whether government authorities in that country participate in, facilitate, or condone such trafficking. Which government authorities in that country are involved in activities to combat such trafficking. What steps the government of that country has taken to prohibit government officials from participating in, facilitating, or condoning such trafficking, including the investigation, prosecution, and conviction of such officials. What steps the government of that country has taken to prohibit other individuals from participating in such trafficking, including the investigation, prosecution, and conviction of individuals involved in severe forms of trafficking in persons, the criminal and civil penalties for such trafficking, and the efficacy of those penalties in eliminating or reducing such trafficking. What steps the government of that country has taken to assist victims of such trafficking, including efforts to prevent victims from being further victimized by traffickers, government officials, or others, grants of relief from deportation, and provision of humanitarian relief, including provision of mental and physical health care and shelter. Whether the government of that country is cooperating with governments of other countries to extradite traffickers when requested, or, to the extent that such cooperation would be inconsistent with the laws of such country or with extradition treaties to which such country is a party, whether the government of that country is taking all appropriate measures to modify or replace such laws and treaties so as to permit such cooperation. Whether the government of that country is assisting in international investigations of transnational trafficking networks and in other cooperative efforts to combat severe forms of trafficking in persons. Whether the government of that country refrains from prosecuting victims of severe forms of trafficking in persons due to such victims having been trafficked, and refrains from other discriminatory treatment of such victims. Whether the government of that country recognizes the rights of victims of severe forms of trafficking in persons and ensures their access to justice. Such other information relating to trafficking in persons as the Secretary of State considers appropriate. In compiling data and making assessments for the purposes of paragraph (1), United States diplomatic mission personnel shall consult with human rights organizations and other appropriate nongovernmental organizations.

(g) Child marriage status The report required under subsection (d) shall include, for each country in which child marriage is prevalent, a description of the status of the practice of child marriage in such country. In this subsection, the term “child marriage” means the marriage of a girl or boy who is— younger than the minimum age for marriage under the laws of the country in which such girl or boy is a resident; or younger than 18 years of age, if no such law exists.

§ 2151n–1 Repealed. Pub. L. 103–236, title I, § 139(4), Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 397

§ 2151n–2 Human Rights and Democracy Fund

(a) Establishment of Fund There is established a Human Rights and Democracy Fund (in this section referred to as the “Fund”) to be administered by the Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor.

(b) Purposes of Fund The purposes of the Fund shall be— to support defenders of human rights; to assist the victims of human rights violations; to respond to human rights emergencies; to promote and encourage the growth of democracy, including the support for nongovernmental organizations in foreign countries; and to carry out such other related activities as are consistent with paragraphs (1) through (4).

(c) Funding Of the amounts made available to carry out chapter 4 of part II of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [ 22 U.S.C. 2346 et seq.] for fiscal year 2003, $21,500,000isauthorizedtobeavailabletotheFundforcarryingoutthepurposesdescribedinsubsection(b).AmountsmadeavailabletotheFundunderthisparagraphshallalsobedeemedtohavebeenmadeavailableundersection116(e)oftheForeignAssistanceActof1961(22U.S.C.2151n(e)).OftheamountauthorizedtobeavailabletotheFundunderparagraph(1)forfiscalyear2003,$1,000,000 is authorized to be available for the Documentation Center of Cambodia for the purpose of collecting, cataloguing, and disseminating information about the atrocities committed by the Khmer Rouge against the Cambodian people. Of the amount authorized to be available to the Fund under paragraph (1) for fiscal year 2003, $500,000 is authorized to be available to advance the extraordinary work and values of Father John Kaiser with respect to solving ethnic conflict and promoting government accountability and respect for human rights. The amount made available under this paragraph may be referred to as the “Father John Kaiser Memorial Fund”.

§ 2151o Repealed. Pub. L. 103–149, § 4(a)(3)(B), Nov. 23, 1993, 107 Stat. 1505

§ 2151p Environmental and natural resources

(a) Congressional statement of findings The Congress finds that if current trends in the degradation of natural resources in developing countries continue, they will severely undermine the best efforts to meet basic human needs, to achieve sustained economic growth, and to prevent international tension and conflict. The Congress also finds that the world faces enormous, urgent, and complex problems, with respect to natural resources, which require new forms of cooperation between the United States and developing countries to prevent such problems from becoming unmanageable. It is, therefore, in the economic and security interest of the United States to provide leadership both in thoroughly reassessing policies relating to natural resources and the environment, and in cooperating extensively with developing countries in order to achieve environmentally sound development.

(b) Assistance authority and emphasis In order to address the serious problems described in subsection (a), the President is authorized to furnish assistance under subchapter I of this chapter for developing and strengthening the capacity of developing countries to protect and manage their environment and natural resources. Special efforts shall be made to maintain and where possible to restore the land, vegetation, water, wildlife, and other resources upon which depend economic growth and human well-being, especially of the poor.

(c) Implementation considerations applicable to programs and projects The President, in implementing programs and projects under this part and part X of this subchapter, shall take fully into account the impact of such programs and projects upon the environment and natural resources of developing countries. Subject to such procedures as the President considers appropriate, the President shall require all agencies and officials responsible for programs or projects under this part and part X of this subchapter— to prepare and take fully into account an environmental impact statement for any program or project under this part and part X of this subchapter significantly affecting the environment of the global commons outside the jurisdiction of any country, the environment of the United States, or other aspects of the environment which the President may specify; and to prepare and take fully into account an environmental assessment of any proposed program or project under this part and part X of this subchapter significantly affecting the environment of any foreign country. Such agencies and officials should, where appropriate, use local technical resources in preparing environmental impact statements and environmental assessments pursuant to this subsection. The President may establish exceptions from the requirements of this subsection for emergency conditions and for cases in which compliance with those requirements would be seriously detrimental to the foreign policy interests of the United States.

“SECTION 1 SHORT TITLE.

“This Act may be cited as the ‘Defending Economic Livelihoods and Threatened Animals Act’ or the ‘DELTA Act’.

“SEC. 2 FINDINGS.

“Congress finds the following: The greater Okavango River Basin, which ranges from the highland plateau of Angola to northeastern Namibia and northern Botswana, and also provides critical natural resources that sustain wildlife in Zambia and Zimbabwe, is the largest freshwater watershed in southern Africa. The greater Okavango River Basin is the main source of water and livelihoods for over 1 million people, and the effective management and protection of this critical watershed will help advance important conservation and economic growth objectives for Angola, Botswana, Namibia, local communities, and the broader region. The greater Okavango River Basin is home to the largest remaining elephant population in the world, as well as other threatened wildlife species. Poaching and trafficking of threatened wildlife species in the greater Okavango River Basin has increased in recent years, and has the potential to undermine regional stability by disrupting local governance and management of resources, and supplanting key economic opportunities for community members. Governments in the region have taken important steps to coordinate through existing conservation frameworks to combat trafficking, ensure responsible resource management, support local livelihoods, and protect threatened wildlife species.

“SEC. 3 SENSE OF CONGRESS.

“It is the sense of Congress that it is in the interest of the United States to engage, as appropriate, with the Governments of Angola, Botswana, Namibia, and neighboring countries, and in partnership with donors, regional organizations, nongovernmental organizations, local communities, and the private sector, to advance conservation efforts and promote economic growth and stability in the greater Okavango River Basin and neighboring watersheds and conservation areas.

“SEC. 4 STATEMENT OF POLICY.

“It is the policy of the United States to promote inclusive economic growth through conservation and biodiversity programs that facilitate transboundary cooperation, improve water and natural resource management, and build local capacity to protect and preserve threatened wildlife species in the greater Okavango River Basin and neighboring watersheds and conservation areas.

“SEC. 5 STRATEGY.

(“(a) In General.— The Secretary and the Administrator, in coordination with the heads of other relevant Federal agencies, shall seek, as appropriate, to work with the Governments of Angola, Botswana, Namibia, and neighboring countries, and in partnership with donors, regional organizations, nongovernmental organizations, local communities, and the private sector, to develop a strategy to— create and advance a cooperative framework to promote responsible natural resource, water, and wildlife management practices in the greater Okavango River Basin; protect traditional migration routes of elephants and other threatened wildlife species; combat wildlife poaching and trafficking; address human health and development needs of local communities; and catalyze economic growth in such countries and across the broader region.

(“(b) Elements.— The strategy established pursuant to subsection (a) shall— promote cooperative and responsible water, natural resource, and wildlife management policies and practices within and among the countries of Angola, Botswana, and Namibia, with a particular focus on the greater Okavango River Basin and the critical headwaters located in Angola; protect and restore wildlife habitats and traditional migratory patterns of elephants and other threatened species; combat wildlife poaching and trafficking in Angola, Botswana, Namibia, and those areas of Zambia and Zimbabwe that border Angola, Botswana, or Namibia, including within regional and national parks and reserves, by building the capacity of the governments of such countries, local law enforcement, community leaders, and park rangers to detect, disrupt, and prosecute poachers and traffickers; promote conservation as a foundation for inclusive economic growth and development within a comprehensive assistance strategy that places Angola, Botswana, and Namibia on a trajectory toward graduation from the need for United States foreign assistance; identify opportunities and mechanisms to leverage regional organizations, nongovernmental organizations, and public-private partnerships to contribute to support the implementation of the strategy; establish monitoring and evaluation mechanisms, including measurable goals, objectives, and benchmarks of success, that are included in grants, contracts, and cooperative agreements to ensure the effective use of United States foreign assistance; and coordinate with and build the capacity of regional conservation frameworks in order to advance regional conservation objectives.

“SEC. 6 UNITED STATES SUPPORT.

(“(a) In General.— The Secretary and the Administrator, in coordination with the heads of other relevant Federal agencies, are authorized to prioritize and advance ongoing efforts to— promote inclusive economic growth and development through responsible water and natural resource management and wildlife protection activities in the greater Okavango River Basin; provide technical assistance to governments and local communities in Angola, Botswana, and Namibia to create a policy-enabling environment for such responsible water and natural resource management and wildlife protection activities; and build the capacity of local law enforcement, park rangers, and community leaders to combat wildlife poaching and trafficking.

(“(b) Coordination and Integration With Regional Conservation Frameworks.— The Secretary and the Administrator, in coordination with the heads of other relevant Federal agencies, shall coordinate assistance provided by Department of State, the United States Agency for International Development, and such other relevant Federal agencies with existing regional conservation frameworks in order to ensure regional integration of conservation, wildlife trafficking, and water management initiatives, to prevent duplication of efforts, and to advance regional conservation objectives.

(“(c) Coordination With Private Sector.— The Secretary and the Administrator, in coordination with the heads of other relevant Federal agencies, are authorized to work with the private sector and nongovernmental organizations to leverage public and private capital to promote responsible resource management, combat wildlife poaching and trafficking, and support inclusive economic growth and local livelihoods in the greater Okavango River Basin.

(“(d) Monitoring and Evaluation.— The Secretary and the Administrator shall establish monitoring and evaluation mechanisms, to include measurable goals, objectives, and benchmarks, to ensure the effective use of United States foreign assistance to achieve the objectives of this section.

“SEC. 7 REPORT.

(“(a) In General.— Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act [ Dec. 21, 2018 ], the Secretary and the Administrator, in coordination with the heads of other relevant Federal agencies, shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report on the implementation of this Act.

(“(b) Matters To Be Included.— The report required under subsection (a) shall include a description of the strategy required by section 5, including— the monitoring and evaluation plans and indicators used to measure performance under the strategy; any legislative impediments to meeting the objectives of such strategy; the extent to which Angola, Botswana, and Namibia have demonstrated a commitment and willingness to cooperate to advance efforts described in section 5(b); progress made to date in meeting the objectives of such strategy; efforts to coordinate, deconflict, and streamline conservation programs in order to maximize resource effectiveness; the extent to which Angola, Botswana, and Namibia and other government[s] in the region are investing resources to advance conservation initiatives; and the extent to which other funding sources, including through private sector investment and other investment by Angola, Botswana, and Namibia, have been identified to advance conservation initiatives.

“SEC. 8 DEFINITIONS.

“In this Act: The term ‘Administrator’ means the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development. The term ‘appropriate congressional committees’ means— the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives; and the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate. The term ‘Secretary’ means the Secretary of State.”

“SEC. 641 SHORT TITLE.

“This subtitle may be cited as the ‘Clean Water for the Americas Partnership Act of 2002’.

“SEC. 642 DEFINITIONS.

“In this subtitle: The term ‘joint project’ means a project between a United States association or nonprofit entity and a Latin American or Caribbean association or nongovernmental organization. The term ‘Latin American or Caribbean nongovernmental organization’ includes any institution of higher education, any private nonprofit entity involved in international education activities, or any research institute or other research organization, based in the region. The term ‘region’ refers to the region comprised of the member countries of the Organization of American States (other than the United States and Canada). The term ‘United States association’ means a business league described in section 501(c)(6) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 ( 26 U.S.C. 501(c)(6) ), and exempt from taxation under section 501(a) of such Code ( 26 U.S.C. 501(a) ). The term ‘United States nonprofit entity’ includes any institution of higher education (as defined in section 101(a) of the Higher Education Act of 1965 ( 20 U.S.C. 1001(a) ), any private nonprofit entity involved in international education activities, or any research institute or other research organization, based in the United States.

“SEC. 643 ESTABLISHMENT OF PROGRAM.

“The President is authorized to establish a program which shall be known as the ‘Clean Water for the Americas Partnership’.

“SEC. 644 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT.

“The President is authorized to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the environmental problems in the region to determine— which environmental problems threaten human health the most, particularly the health of the urban poor; which environmental problems are most threatening, in the long-term, to the region’s natural resources; which countries have the most pressing environmental problems; and whether and to what extent there is a market for United States environmental technology, practices, knowledge, and innovations in the region.

“SEC. 645 ESTABLISHMENT OF TECHNOLOGY AMERICA CENTERS.

(“(a) Authority To Establish.— The President, acting through the Director General of the United States and Foreign Commercial Service of the Department of Commerce, is authorized to establish Technology America Centers (TEAMs) in the region to serve the entire region and, where appropriate, to establish TEAMs in urban areas of the region to focus on urban environmental problems.

(“(b) Functions.— The TEAMs would link United States private sector environmental technology firms with local partners, both public and private, by providing logistic and information support to United States firms seeking to find local partners and opportunities for environmental projects. TEAMs should emphasize assisting United States small businesses.

(“(c) Location.— In determining whether to locate a TEAM in a country, the President, acting through the Director General of the United States and Foreign Commercial Service of the Department of Commerce, shall take into account the country’s need for logistic and informational support and the opportunities presented for United States firms in the country. A TEAM may be located in a country without regard to whether a mission of the United States Agency for International Development is established in that country.

“SEC. 646 PROMOTION OF WATER QUALITY, WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS, AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY.

“Subject to the availability of appropriations, the President is authorized to provide matching grants to United States associations and United States nonprofit entities for the purpose of promoting water quality, water treatment systems, and energy efficiency in the region. The grants shall be used to support joint projects, including professional exchanges, academic fellowships, training programs in the United States or in the region, cooperation in regulatory review, development of training materials, the establishment and development in the region of local chapters of the associations or nonprofit entities, and the development of online exchanges.

“SEC. 647 GRANTS FOR PREFEASIBILITY STUDIES WITHIN A DESIGNATED SUBREGION.

(“(a) Grant Authority.— Subject to the availability of appropriations, the Director of the Trade and Development Agency is authorized to make grants for prefeasibility studies for water projects in any country within a single subregion or in a single country designated under paragraph (2). The Director of the Trade and Development Agency shall designate in advance a single subregion or a single country for purposes of paragraph (1).

(“(b) Matching Requirement.— The Director of the Trade and Development Agency may not make any grant under this section unless there are made available non-Federal contributions in an amount equal to not less than 25 percent of the amount of Federal funds provided under the grant.

(“(c) Limitation Per Single Project.— With respect to any single project, grant funds under this section shall be available only for the prefeasibility portion of that project.

(“(d) Definitions.— In this section: The term ‘prefeasibility’ means, with respect to a project, not more than 25 percent of the design phase of the project. The term ‘subregion’ means an area within the region and includes areas such as Central America, the Andean region, and the Southern cone.

“SEC. 648 CLEAN WATER TECHNICAL SUPPORT COMMITTEE.

(“(a) In General.— The President is authorized to establish a Clean Water Technical Support Committee (in this section referred to as the ‘Committee’) to provide technical support and training services for individual water projects.

(“(b) Composition.— The Committee shall consist of international investors, lenders, water service providers, suppliers, advisers, and others with a direct interest in accelerating development of water projects in the region.

(“(c) Functions.— Members of the Committee shall act as field advisers and may form specialized working groups to provide in-country training and technical assistance, and shall serve as a source of technical support to resolve barriers to project development.

“SEC. 649 AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.

(“(a) In General.— There are authorized to be appropriated to the President $10,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2003, 2004, and 2005 to carry out this subtitle.

(“(b) Availability of Funds.— Funds appropriated pursuant to subsection (a) are authorized to remain available until expended.

“SEC. 650 REPORT.

“Eighteen months after the establishment of the program pursuant to section 643, the President shall submit a report to the appropriate congressional committees containing— an assessment of the progress made in carrying out the program established under this subtitle; and any recommendations for the enactment of legislation to make changes in the program established under this subtitle.

“SEC. 651 TERMINATION DATE.

(“(a) In General.— Except as provided in subsection (b), the authorities of this subtitle shall terminate 3 years after the date of establishment of the program described in section 643.

(“(b) Exception.— In lieu of the termination date specified in subsection (a), the termination required by that subsection shall take effect five years after the date of establishment of the program described in section 643 if, prior to the termination date specified in subsection (a), the President determines and certifies to the appropriate congressional committees that it would be in the national interest of the United States to continue the program described in such section 643 for an additional 2-year period.

“SEC. 652 EFFECTIVE DATE.

“This subtitle shall take effect 90 days after the date of enactment of this Act [ Sept. 30, 2002 ].”

§ 2151p–1 Tropical forests

(a) Importance of forests and tree cover In enacting section 2151a(b)(3) of this title the Congress recognized the importance of forests and tree cover to the developing countries. The Congress is particularly concerned about the continuing and accelerating alteration, destruction, and loss of tropical forests in developing countries, which pose a serious threat to development and the environment. Tropical forest destruction and loss— result in shortages of wood, especially wood for fuel; loss of biologically productive wetlands; siltation of lakes, reservoirs, and irrigation systems; floods; destruction of indigenous peoples; extinction of plant and animal species; reduced capacity for food production; and loss of genetic resources; and can result in desertification and destabilization of the earth’s climate. Properly managed tropical forests provide a sustained flow of resources essential to the economic growth of developing countries, as well as genetic resources of value to developed and developing countries alike.

(b) Priorities The concerns expressed in subsection (a) and the recommendations of the United States Interagency Task Force on Tropical Forests shall be given high priority by the President— in formulating and carrying out programs and policies with respect to developing countries, including those relating to bilateral and multilateral assistance and those relating to private sector activities; and in seeking opportunities to coordinate public and private development and investment activities which affect forests in developing countries.

(c) Assistance to developing countries In providing assistance to developing countries, the President shall do the following: Place a high priority on conservation and sustainable management of tropical forests. To the fullest extent feasible, engage in dialogues and exchanges of information with recipient countries— which stress the importance of conserving and sustainably managing forest resources for the long-term economic benefit of those countries, as well as the irreversible losses associated with forest destruction, and which identify and focus on policies of those countries which directly or indirectly contribute to deforestation. To the fullest extent feasible, support projects and activities— which offer employment and income alternatives to those who otherwise would cause destruction and loss of forests, and which help developing countries identify and implement alternatives to colonizing forested areas. To the fullest extent feasible, support training programs, educational efforts, and the establishment or strengthening of institutions which increase the capacity of developing countries to formulate forest policies, engage in relevant land-use planning, and otherwise improve the management of their forests. To the fullest extent feasible, help end destructive slash-and-burn agriculture by supporting stable and productive farming practices in areas already cleared or degraded and on lands which inevitably will be settled, with special emphasis on demonstrating the feasibility of agroforestry and other techniques which use technologies and methods suited to the local environment and traditional agricultural techniques and feature close consultation with and involvement of local people. To the fullest extent feasible, help conserve forests which have not yet been degraded, by helping to increase production on lands already cleared or degraded through support of reforestation, fuelwood, and other sustainable forestry projects and practices, making sure that local people are involved at all stages of project design and implementation. To the fullest extent feasible, support projects and other activities to conserve forested watersheds and rehabilitate those which have been deforested, making sure that local people are involved at all stages of project design and implementation. To the fullest extent feasible, support training, research, and other actions which lead to sustainable and more environmentally sound practices for timber harvesting, removal, and processing, including reforestation, soil conservation, and other activities to rehabilitate degraded forest lands. To the fullest extent feasible, support research to expand knowledge of tropical forests and identify alternatives which will prevent forest destruction, loss, or degradation, including research in agroforestry, sustainable management of natural forests, small-scale farms and gardens, small-scale animal husbandry, wider application of adopted traditional practices, and suitable crops and crop combinations. To the fullest extent feasible, conserve biological diversity in forest areas by— supporting and cooperating with United States Government agencies, other donors (both bilateral and multilateral), and other appropriate governmental, intergovernmental, and nongovernmental organizations in efforts to identify, establish, and maintain a representative network of protected tropical forest ecosystems on a worldwide basis; whenever appropriate, making the establishment of protected areas a condition of support for activities involving forest clearance or degradation; and helping developing countries identify tropical forest ecosystems and species in need of protection and establish and maintain appropriate protected areas. To the fullest extent feasible, engage in efforts to increase the awareness of United States Government agencies and other donors, both bilateral and multilateral, of the immediate and long-term value of tropical forests. To the fullest extent feasible, utilize the resources and abilities of all relevant United States Government agencies. Require that any program or project under this part significantly affecting tropical forests (including projects involving the planting of exotic plant species)— be based upon careful analysis of the alternatives available to achieve the best sustainable use of the land, and take full account of the environmental impacts of the proposed activities on biological diversity, as provided for in the environmental procedures of the Agency for International Development. Deny assistance under this part for— the procurement or use of logging equipment, unless an environmental assessment indicates that all timber harvesting operations involved will be conducted in an environmentally sound manner which minimizes forest destruction and that the proposed activity will produce positive economic benefits and sustainable forest management systems; and actions which significantly degrade national parks or similar protected areas which contain tropical forests or introduce exotic plants or animals into such areas. Deny assistance under this part for the following activities unless an environmental assessment indicates that the proposed activity will contribute significantly and directly to improving the livelihood of the rural poor and will be conducted in an environmentally sound manner which supports sustainable development: Activities which would result in the conversion of forest lands to the rearing of livestock. The construction, upgrading, or maintenance of roads (including temporary haul roads for logging or other extractive industries) which pass through relatively undegraded forest lands. The colonization of forest lands. The construction of dams or other water control structures which flood relatively undegraded forest lands.

(d) PVOs and other nongovernmental organizations Whenever feasible, the President shall accomplish the objectives of this section through projects managed by private and voluntary organizations or international, regional, or national nongovernmental organizations which are active in the region or country where the project is located.

(e) Country analysis requirements Each country development strategy statement or other country plan prepared by the Agency for International Development shall include an analysis of— the actions necessary in that country to achieve conservation and sustainable management of tropical forests, and the extent to which the actions proposed for support by the Agency meet the needs thus identified.

(f) Annual report Each annual report required by section 2394(a) of this title shall include a report on the implementation of this section.

§ 2151q Endangered species

(a) Congressional findings and purposes The Congress finds the survival of many animal and plant species is endangered by over-hunting, by the presence of toxic chemicals in water, air and soil, and by the destruction of habitats. The Congress further finds that the extinction of animal and plant species is an irreparable loss with potentially serious environmental and economic consequences for developing and developed countries alike. Accordingly, the preservation of animal and plant species through the regulation of the hunting and trade in endangered species, through limitations on the pollution of natural ecosystems, and through the protection of wildlife habitats should be an important objective of the United States development assistance.

(b) Remedial measures In order to preserve biological diversity, the President is authorized to furnish assistance under subchapter I of this chapter, notwithstanding section 2420 of this title , to assist countries in protecting and maintaining wildlife habitats and in developing sound wildlife management and plant conservation programs. Special efforts should be made to establish and maintain wildlife sanctuaries, reserves, and parks; to enact and enforce anti-poaching measures; and to identify, study, and catalog animal and plant species, especially in tropical environments.

(c) Funding level For fiscal year 1987, not less than $2,500,000 of the funds available to carry out subchapter I of this chapter (excluding funds made available to carry out section 2151b(c)(2) of this title , relating to the Child Survival Fund) shall be allocated for assistance pursuant to subsection (b) for activities which were not funded prior to fiscal year 1987. In addition, the Agency for International Development shall, to the fullest extent possible, continue and increase assistance pursuant to subsection (b) for activities for which assistance was provided in fiscal years prior to fiscal year 1987.

(d) Country analysis requirements Each country development strategy statement or other country plan prepared by the Agency for International Development shall include an analysis of— the actions necessary in that country to conserve biological diversity, and the extent to which the actions proposed for support by the Agency meet the needs thus identified.

(e) Local involvement To the fullest extent possible, projects supported under this section shall include close consultation with and involvement of local people at all stages of design and implementation.

(f) PVOs and other nongovernmental organizations Whenever feasible, the objectives of this section shall be accomplished through projects managed by appropriate private and voluntary organizations, or international, regional, or national nongovernmental organizations, which are active in the region or country where the project is located.

(g) Actions by AID The Administrator of the Agency for International Development shall— cooperate with appropriate international organizations, both governmental and nongovernmental; look to the World Conservation Strategy as an overall guide for actions to conserve biological diversity; engage in dialogues and exchanges of information with recipient countries which stress the importance of conserving biological diversity for the long-term economic benefit of those countries and which identify and focus on policies of those countries which directly or indirectly contribute to loss of biological diversity; support training and education efforts which improve the capacity of recipient countries to prevent loss of biological diversity; whenever possible, enter into long-term agreements in which the recipient country agrees to protect ecosystems or other wildlife habitats recommended for protection by relevant governmental or nongovernmental organizations or as a result of activities undertaken pursuant to paragraph (6), and the United States agrees to provide, subject to obtaining the necessary appropriations, additional assistance necessary for the establishment and maintenance of such protected areas; support, as necessary and in cooperation with the appropriate governmental and nongovernmental organizations, efforts to identify and survey ecosystems in recipient countries worthy of protection; cooperate with and support the relevant efforts of other agencies of the United States Government, including the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, the National Park Service, the Forest Service, and the Peace Corps; review the Agency’s environmental regulations and revise them as necessary to ensure that ongoing and proposed actions by the Agency do not inadvertently endanger wildlife species or their critical habitats, harm protected areas, or have other adverse impacts on biological diversity (and shall report to the Congress within a year after October 24, 1986 , on the actions taken pursuant to this paragraph); ensure that environmental profiles sponsored by the Agency include information needed for conservation of biological diversity; and deny any direct or indirect assistance under this part for actions which significantly degrade national parks or similar protected areas or introduce exotic plants or animals into such areas.

(h) Annual reports Each annual report required by section 2394(a) of this title shall include, in a separate volume, a report on the implementation of this section.

§ 2151r Sahel development program; planning

(a) Congressional support The Congress reaffirms its support of the initiative of the United States Government in undertaking consultations and planning with the countries concerned, with other nations providing assistance, with the United Nations, and with other concerned international and regional organizations, toward the development and support of a comprehensive long-term African Sahel development program.

(b) Presidential authorization The President is authorized to develop a long-term comprehensive development program for the Sahel and other drought-stricken nations in Africa.

(c) Presidential guidelines In developing this long-term program, the President shall— consider international coordination for the planning and implementation of such program; seek greater participation and support by African countries and organizations in determining development priorities; and begin such planning immediately.

§ 2151s Repealed. Pub. L. 101–513, title V, § 562(d)(5), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 2031

§ 2151t Development assistance authority

(a) Authority of President to furnish assistance In order to carry out the purposes of this part, the President is authorized to furnish assistance, on such terms and conditions as he may determine, to countries and areas through programs of grant and loan assistance, bilaterally or through regional, multilateral, or private entities.

(b) Authority of President to make loans; terms and conditions The President is authorized to make loans payable as to principal and interest in United States dollars on such terms and conditions as he may determine, in order to promote the economic development of countries and areas, with emphasis upon assisting long-range plans and programs designed to develop economic resources and increase productive capacities. The President shall determine the interest payable on any loan. In making loans under this part, the President shall consider the economic circumstances of the borrower and other relevant factors, including the capacity of the recipient country to repay the loan at a reasonable rate of interest, except that loans may not be made at a rate of interest of less than 3 per centum per annum commencing not later than ten years following the date on which the funds are initially made available under the loan, during which ten-year period the rate of interest shall not be lower than 2 per centum per annum, nor higher than the applicable legal rate of interest of the country in which the loan is made.

(c) Dollar receipts from loans to be paid into Treasury Dollar receipts paid during any fiscal year from loans made under subchapter I of this chapter or from loans made under predecessor foreign assistance legislation shall be deposited in the Treasury as miscellaneous receipts.

(d) Assistance to research and educational institutions in United States; limitation on amounts Not to exceed $10,000,000 of the funds made available each fiscal year for the purposes of this part may be used for assistance, on such terms and conditions as the President may determine, to research and educational institutions in the United States for the purpose of strengthening their capacity to develop and carry out programs concerned with the economic and social development of developing countries.

(e) Development Loan Committee; establishment; duties; appointment of officers The President shall establish an interagency Development Loan Committee, consisting of such officers from such agencies of the United States Government as he may determine, which shall, under the direction of the President, establish standards and criteria for lending operations under this part in accordance with the foreign and financial policies of the United States. Except in the case of officers serving in positions to which they were appointed by the President by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, officers assigned to the Committee shall be so assigned by the President by and with the advice and consent of the Senate.

§ 2151t–1 Establishment of program

(a) In general In carrying out part I of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [ 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.] and other relevant foreign assistance laws, the President, acting through the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, shall establish a program of training and other technical assistance to assist foreign countries in— developing and strengthening laws and regulations to protect intellectual property; and developing the infrastructure necessary to implement and enforce such laws and regulations.

(b) Participation of other agencies The Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development— shall utilize the expertise of the Patent and Trademark Office and other agencies of the United States Government in designing and implementing the program of assistance provided for in this section; shall coordinate assistance under this section with efforts of other agencies of the United States Government to increase international protection of intellectual property, including implementation of international agreements containing high levels of protection of intellectual property; and shall consult with the heads of such other agencies in determining which foreign countries will receive assistance under this section.

§ 2151u Private and voluntary organizations and cooperatives in overseas development

(a) Congressional finding of importance of participation by private and voluntary organizations The Congress finds that the participation of rural and urban poor people in their countries’ development can be assisted and accelerated in an effective manner through an increase in activities planned and carried out by private and voluntary organizations and cooperatives. Such organizations and cooperatives, embodying the American spirit of self-help and assistance to others to improve their lives and incomes, constitute an important means of mobilizing private American financial and human resources to benefit poor people in developing countries. The Congress declares that it is in the interest of the United States that such organizations and cooperatives expand their overseas development efforts without compromising their private and independent nature. The Congress further declares that the financial resources of such organizations and cooperatives should be supplemented by the contribution of public funds for the purpose of undertaking development activities in accordance with the principles set forth in section 2151–1 of this title and, if necessary and determined on a case-by-case basis, for the purpose of sharing the cost of developing programs related to such activities. The Congress urges the Administrator of the agency primarily responsible for administering subchapter I of this chapter, in implementing programs authorized under subchapter I of this chapter, to draw on the resource of private and voluntary organizations and cooperatives to plan and carry out development activities and to establish simplified procedures for the development and approval of programs to be carried out by such private and voluntary organizations and cooperatives as have demonstrated a capacity to undertake effective development activities.

(b) Payment of transportation charges on shipments by American National Red Cross and United States voluntary agencies In order to further the efficient use of United States voluntary contributions for development, relief, and rehabilitation of friendly peoples, the President is authorized to use funds made available for the purposes of this part and part X of this subchapter to pay transportation charges on shipments by the American National Red Cross and by United States voluntary agencies registered with the Agency for International Development.

(c) Reimbursement for transportation charges Reimbursement under this section may be provided for transportation charges on shipments from United States ports, or in the case of excess or surplus property supplied by the United States from foreign ports, to ports of entry abroad or to points of entry abroad in cases (1) of landlocked countries, (2) where ports cannot be used effectively because of natural or other disturbances, (3) where carriers to a specified country are unavailable, or (4) where a substantial savings in costs or time can be effected by the utilization of points of entry other than ports.

(d) Arrangements with receiving country for free entry of shipments and for availability of local currency to defray transportation costs Where practicable, the President shall make arrangements with the receiving country for free entry of such shipments and for the making available by the country of local currencies for the purpose of defraying the transportation costs of such shipments from the port or point of entry of the receiving country to the designated shipping point of the consignee.

(e) Continuation of support for programs in countries antedating prohibitions on assistance; national interest considerations; report to Congress Prohibitions on assistance to countries contained in this chapter or any other Act shall not be construed to prohibit assistance by the agency primarily responsible for administering subchapter I of this chapter in support of programs of private and voluntary organizations and cooperatives already being supported prior to the date such prohibition becomes applicable. The President shall take into consideration, in any case in which statutory prohibitions on assistance would be applicable but for this subsection, whether continuation of support for such programs is in the national interest of the United States. If the President continues such support after such date, he shall prepare and transmit, not later than one year after such date, to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and to the chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate a report setting forth the reasons for such continuation.

(f) Funds for private and voluntary organizations For each of the fiscal years 1986 through 1989, funds in an amount not less than thirteen and one half percent of the aggregate amount appropriated for that fiscal year to carry out sections 2151a(a), 2151b(b), 2151b(c), 2151c, 2151d, 2151s, 1 and 2292 of this title shall be made available for the activities of private and voluntary organizations, and the President shall seek to channel funds in an amount not less than 16 percent of such aggregate amount for the activities of private and voluntary organizations. Funds made available under part IV of subchapter II of this chapter for the activities of private and voluntary organizations may be considered in determining compliance with the requirements of this subsection.

(g) Repealed. Pub. L. 105–277, div. A, § 101(d) [title II], Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–150, 2681–156

(h) Promotion of democratic cooperatives The Congress recognizes that, in addition to their role in social and economic development, cooperatives provide an opportunity for people to participate directly in democratic decisionmaking. Therefore, assistance under this part shall be provided to rural and urban cooperatives which offer large numbers of low- and middle-income people in developing countries an opportunity to participate directly in democratic decisionmaking. Such assistance shall be designed to encourage the adoption of self-help, private sector cooperative techniques and practices which have been successful in the United States.

§ 2151v Aid to relatively least developed countries

(a) Characterization of least developed countries Relatively least developed countries (as determined on the basis of criteria comparable to those used for the United Nations General Assembly list of “least developed countries”) are characterized by extreme poverty, very limited infrastructure, and limited administrative capacity to implement basic human needs growth strategies. In such countries special measures may be necessary to insure the full effectiveness of assistance furnished under subchapter I of this chapter.

(b) Assistance on grant basis For the purpose of promoting economic growth in these countries, the President is authorized and encouraged to make assistance under this part available on a grant basis to the maximum extent that is consistent with the attainment of United States development objectives.

(c) Waiver of principal and interest on prior liability The Congress recognizes that the relatively least developed countries have virtually no access to private international capital markets. Insofar as possible, prior assistance terms should be consistent with present grant assistance terms for relatively least developed countries. Therefore, notwithstanding section 2370(r) of this title and section 321 of the International Development and Food Assistance Act of 1975 but subject to paragraph (2) of this subsection, the President on a case-by-case basis, taking into account the needs of the country for financial resources and the commitment of the country to the development objectives set forth in sections 2151 and 2151–1 of this title— may permit a relatively least developed country to place amounts, which would otherwise be paid to the United States as payments on principal or interest on liability incurred by that country under subchapter I of this chapter (or any predecessor legislation) into local currency accounts (in equivalent amounts of local currencies as determined by the official exchange rate for United States dollars) for use by the relatively least developed country, with the concurrence of the Administrator of the agency primarily responsible for administering subchapter I of this chapter, for activities which are consistent with section 2151–1 of this title ; and may waive interest payments on liability incurred by a relatively least developed country under subchapter I of this chapter (or any predecessor legislation) if the President determines that that country would be unable to use for development purposes the equivalent amounts of local currencies which could be made available under subparagraph (A). The aggregate amount of interest waived and interest and principal paid into local currency accounts under this subsection in any fiscal year may not exceed the amount approved for such purpose in an Act appropriating funds to carry out this part for that fiscal year, which amount may not exceed the amount authorized to be so approved by the annual authorizing legislation for development assistance programs. Amounts due and payable during fiscal year 1981 to the United States from relatively least developed countries on loans made under this subchapter (or any predecessor legislation) are authorized to be approved for use, in accordance with the provisions of paragraph (1) of this subsection, in an amount not to exceed $10,845,000. In exercising the authority granted by this subsection, the President should act in concert with other creditor countries.

(d) Waiver of requirement of contribution The President may on a case-by-case basis waive the requirement of section 2151h(a) of this title for financial or “in kind” contributions in the case of programs, projects, or activities in relatively least developed countries.

(e) Waiver of time limitations on aid Section 2151h(b) of this title shall not apply with respect to grants to relatively least developed countries.

§ 2151w Project and program evaluations

(a) The Administrator of the agency primarily responsible for administering subchapter I of this chapter is directed to improve the assessment and evaluation of the programs and projects carried out by that agency under this part. The Administrator shall consult with the appropriate committees of the Congress in establishing standards for such evaluations.

(b) Repealed. Pub. L. 97–113, title VII, § 734(a)(1) , Dec. 29, 1981 , 95 Stat. 1560 .

§ 2151x Development and illicit narcotics production

(a) Congressional statement of findings The Congress recognizes that illicit narcotics cultivation is related to overall development problems and that the vast majority of all individuals employed in the cultivation of illicit narcotics reside in the developing countries and are among the poorest of the poor in those countries and that therefore the ultimate success of any effort to eliminate illicit narcotics production depends upon the availability of alternative economic opportunities for those individuals, upon other factors which assistance under this part could address, as well as upon direct narcotics control efforts.

(b) Program planning priorities; resource utilization In planning programs of assistance under this part, and part X of this subchapter, and under part IV of subchapter II of this chapter for countries in which there is illicit narcotics cultivation, the agency primarily responsible for administering subchapter I of this chapter should give priority consideration to programs which would help reduce illicit narcotics cultivation by stimulating broader development opportunities. The agency primarily responsible for administering subchapter I of this chapter may utilize resources for activities aimed at increasing awareness of the effects of production and trafficking of illicit narcotics on source and transit countries.

(c) Administrative requirements In furtherance of the purposes of this section, the agency primarily responsible for administering subchapter I of this chapter shall cooperate fully with, and share its expertise in development matters with, other agencies of the United States Government involved in narcotics control activities abroad.

§ 2151x–1 Assistance for agricultural and industrial alternatives to narcotics production

(a) Waiver of restrictions For the purpose of reducing dependence upon the production of crops from which narcotic and psychotropic drugs are derived, the President may provide assistance to a foreign country under chapter 1 of part I of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 ( 22 U.S.C. 2151 and following; relating to development assistance) and chapter 4 of part II of that Act ( 22 U.S.C. 2346 and following; relating to the economic support fund) to promote the production, processing, or the marketing of products or commodities, notwithstanding any other provision of law that would otherwise prohibit the provision of assistance to promote the production, processing, or the marketing of such products or commodities.

(b) Effective date Subsection (a) applies with respect to funds made available for fiscal year 1991 or any fiscal year thereafter.

§ 2151x–2 Assistance in furtherance of narcotics control objectives of United States

(a) Waiver of certain restrictions For the purpose of reducing dependence upon the production of crops from which narcotic and psychotropic drugs are derived, the President may provide economic assistance for a country which, because of its coca production, is a major illicit drug producing country (as defined in section 481(i)(2) 1 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 ( 22 U.S.C. 2291(i)(2) )) to promote the production, processing, or the marketing of products which can be economically produced in such country, notwithstanding the provisions of law described in subsection (b) of this section.

(b) Description of restrictions waived The provisions of law made inapplicable by subsection (a) are any other provisions of law that would otherwise restrict the use of economic assistance funds with respect to the production, processing, or marketing of agricultural commodities (or the products thereof) or other products, including sections 521, 546, and 547 (but excluding section 510) of the Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 1990, and comparable provisions of subsequent Acts appropriating funds for foreign operations, export financing, and related programs.

(c) “Economic assistance” defined As used in this section, the term “economic assistance” means assistance under chapter 1 of part I of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 ( 22 U.S.C. 2151 and following; relating to development assistance) and assistance under chapter 4 of part II of that Act ( 22 U.S.C. 2346 and following; relating to the economic support fund).

§ 2151y Accelerated loan repayments; annual review of countries with bilateral concessional loan balances; priority of determinations respecting negotiations with countries having balances; criteria for determinations

The Administrator of the agency primarily responsible for administering subchapter I of this chapter shall conduct an annual review of bilateral concessional loan balances and shall determine and identify those countries whose financial resources make possible accelerated loan repayments. In particular, European countries that were recipients of concessional loans by predecessor agencies to the agency primarily responsible for administering subchapter I of this chapter shall be contacted to negotiate accelerated repayments. The criteria used by the Administrator in making these determinations shall be established in conjunction with the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate. ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. I, § 127, as added Pub. L. 96–53, title V, § 508(a) , Aug. 14, 1979 , 93 Stat. 379 .)

§ 2151z Targeted assistance

(a) Determination of target populations and strengthening United States assistance The President shall use poverty measurement standards, such as those developed by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, and other appropriate measurements in determining target populations for United States development assistance, and shall strengthen United States efforts to assure that a substantial percentage of development assistance under this part directly improves the lives of the poor majority, with special emphasis on those individuals living in absolute poverty.

(b) Ultimate beneficiaries of activities To the maximum extent possible, activities under this part that attempt to increase the institutional capabilities of private organizations or governments, or that attempt to stimulate scientific and technological research, shall be designed and monitored to ensure that the ultimate beneficiaries of these activities are the poor majority.

§ 2151aa Program to provide technical assistance to foreign governments and foreign central banks of developing or transitional countries

(a) Establishment of program Not later than 150 days after October 21, 1998 , the Secretary of the Treasury, after consultation with the Secretary of State and the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, is authorized to establish a program to provide technical assistance to foreign governments and foreign central banks of developing or transitional countries. The Secretary of State shall provide foreign policy guidance to the Secretary to ensure that the program established under this subsection is effectively integrated into the foreign policy of the United States.

(b) Conduct of program In carrying out the program established under subsection (a), the Secretary shall provide economic and financial technical assistance to foreign governments and foreign central banks of developing and transitional countries by providing advisers with appropriate expertise to advance the enactment of laws and establishment of administrative procedures and institutions in such countries to promote macroeconomic and fiscal stability, efficient resource allocation, transparent and market-oriented processes and sustainable private sector growth. To the extent practicable, such technical assistance shall be designed to establish— tax systems that are fair, objective, and efficiently gather sufficient revenues for governmental operations; debt issuance and management programs that rely on market forces; budget planning and implementation that permits responsible fiscal policy management; commercial banking sector development that efficiently intermediates between savers and investors; and financial law enforcement to protect the integrity of financial systems, financial institutions, and government programs. Such technical assistance shall include elements designed to combat anti-competitive, unethical, and corrupt activities, including protection against actions that may distort or inhibit transparency in market mechanisms and, to the extent applicable, privatization procedures.

(c) Administrative requirements In carrying out the program established under subsection (a), the Secretary— shall establish a methodology for identifying and selecting foreign governments and foreign central banks to receive assistance under the program; prior to selecting a foreign government or foreign central bank to receive assistance under the program, shall receive the concurrence of the Secretary of State with respect to the selection of such government or central bank and with respect to the cost of the assistance to such government or central bank; shall consult with the heads of appropriate Executive agencies of the United States, including the Secretary of State and the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, and appropriate international financial institutions to avoid duplicative efforts with respect to those foreign countries for which such agencies or organizations provide similar assistance; shall ensure that the program is consistent with the International Affairs Strategic Plan and Mission Performance Plan of the United States Agency for International Development; shall establish and carry out a plan to evaluate the program.

(d) Administrative authorities In carrying out the program established under subsection (a), the Secretary shall have the following administrative authorities: The Secretary may provide allowances and benefits under chapter 9 of title I of the Foreign Service Act of 1980 ( 22 U.S.C. 4081 et seq.) to any officer or employee of any agency of the United States Government performing functions under this section outside the United States. The Secretary may allocate or transfer to any agency of the United States Government any part of any funds available for carrying out this section, including any advance to the United States Government by any country or international organization for the procurement of commodities, supplies, or services. Such funds shall be available for obligation and expenditure for the purposes for which such funds were authorized, in accordance with authority granted in this section or under authority governing the activities of the agency of the United States Government to which such funds are allocated or transferred. Appropriations for the purposes of or pursuant to this section, and allocations to any agency of the United States Government from other appropriations for functions directly related to the purposes of this section, shall be available for— contracting with individuals for personal services abroad, except that such individuals shall not be regarded as employees of the United States Government for the purpose of any law administered by the Office of Personnel Management; the purchase and hire of passenger motor vehicles, except that passenger motor vehicles may be purchased only— for use in foreign countries; and if the Secretary or the Secretary’s designee has determined that the vehicle is necessary to accomplish the mission; the purchase of insurance for official motor vehicles acquired for use in foreign countries; the rent or lease outside the United States, not to exceed 5 years, of offices, buildings, grounds, and quarters, including living quarters to house personnel, consistent with the relevant interagency housing board policy, and payments therefor in advance; maintenance, furnishings, necessary repairs, improvements, and alterations to properties owned or rented by the United States Government or made available for use to the United States Government outside the United States; and costs of insurance, fuel, water, and utilities for such properties; expenses of preparing and transporting to their former homes or places of burial the remains of foreign participants or members of the family of foreign participants, who may die while such participants are away from their homes participating in activities carried out with funds covered by this section; notwithstanding any other provision of law, transportation and payment of per diem in lieu of subsistence to foreign participants engaged in activities of the program under this section while such participants are away from their homes in countries other than the United States, at rates not in excess of those prescribed by the standardized Government travel regulations; expenses in connection with travel of personnel outside the United States, including travel expenses of dependents (including expenses during necessary stop-overs while engaged in such travel), and transportation of personal effects, household goods, and automobiles of such personnel when any part of such travel or transportation begins in one fiscal year pursuant to travel orders issued in that fiscal year, notwithstanding the fact that such travel or transportation may not be completed during the same fiscal year, and cost of transporting automobiles to and from a place of storage, and the cost of storing automobiles of such personnel when it is in the public interest or more economical to authorize storage; and grants to, and cooperative agreements and contracts with, any individual, corporation, or other body of persons, nonprofit organization, friendly government or government agency, whether within or without the United States, and international organizations, as the Secretary determines is appropriate to carry out the purposes of this section. Whenever the Secretary determines it to be consistent with the purposes of this section, the Secretary is authorized to furnish services and commodities on an advance-of-funds basis to any friendly country or international organization that is not otherwise prohibited from receiving assistance under this chapter. Such advances may be credited to the currently applicable appropriation, account, or fund of the Department of the Treasury and shall be available for the purposes for which such appropriation, account, or fund is authorized to be used.

(e) Issuance of regulations The Secretary is authorized to issue such regulations with respect to personal service contractors as the Secretary deems necessary to carry out this section.

(f) Rule of construction Nothing in this section shall be construed to infringe upon the powers or functions of the Secretary of State (including the powers or functions described in section 4802 of this title ) or of any chief of mission (including the powers or functions described in section 207 of the Foreign Service Act of 1980 ( 22 U.S.C. 3927 )).

(g) Termination of assistance The Secretary shall conclude assistance activities for a recipient foreign government or foreign central bank under the program established under subsection (a) if the Secretary, after consultation with the appropriate officers of the United States, determines that such assistance has resulted in the enactment of laws or the establishment of institutions in that country that promote fiscal stability and administrative procedures, efficient resource allocation, transparent and market-oriented processes and private sector growth in a sustainable manner.

(h) Report Not later than 3 months after October 21, 1998 , and every 6 months thereafter, the Secretary shall prepare and submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report on the conduct of the program established under this section during the preceding 6-month period. In this subsection, the term “appropriate congressional committees” means— the Committee on International Relations and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives; and the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate.

(i) Definitions In this section: The term “developing or transitional country” means a country eligible to receive development assistance under this part. The term “international financial institution” means the International Monetary Fund, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the International Development Association, the International Finance Corporation, the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, the Asian Development Bank, the African Development Bank, the African Development Fund, the Inter-American Development Bank, the Inter-American Investment Corporation, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, and the Bank for Economic Cooperation and Development in the Middle East and North Africa. The term “Secretary” means the Secretary of the Treasury. The term “technical assistance” includes— the use of short-term and long-term expert advisers to assist foreign governments and foreign central banks for the purposes described in subsection (b)(1); training in the recipient country, the United States, or elsewhere for the purposes described in subsection (b)(1); grants of goods, services, or funds to foreign governments and foreign central banks; grants to United States nonprofit organizations to provide services or products which contribute to the provision of advice to foreign governments and foreign central banks; and study tours for foreign officials in the United States or elsewhere for the purpose of providing technical information to such officials. The term “foreign participant” means the national of a developing or transitional country that is receiving assistance under the program established under subsection (a) who has been designated to participate in activities under such program.

(j) Authorization of appropriations There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section $5,000,000 for fiscal year 1999. Amounts authorized to be appropriated under paragraph (1) are authorized to remain available until expended.

§ 2152 Assistance for victims of torture

(a) In general The President is authorized to provide assistance for the rehabilitation of victims of torture.

(b) Eligibility for grants Such assistance shall be provided in the form of grants to treatment centers and programs in foreign countries that are carrying out projects or activities specifically designed to treat victims of torture for the physical and psychological effects of the torture.

(c) Use of funds Such assistance shall be available— for direct services to victims of torture; and to provide research and training to health care providers outside of treatment centers or programs described in subsection (b), for the purpose of enabling such providers to provide the services described in paragraph (1).

“SECTION 1 SHORT TITLE.

“This Act may be cited as the ‘Torture Victims Relief Act of 1998’.

“SEC. 2 FINDINGS.

“Congress makes the following findings: The American people abhor torture by any government or person. The existence of torture creates a climate of fear and international insecurity that affects all people. Torture is the deliberate mental and physical damage caused by governments to individuals to destroy individual personality and terrorize society. The effects of torture are long term. Those effects can last a lifetime for the survivors and affect future generations. By eliminating the leadership of their opposition and frightening the general public, repressive governments often use torture as a weapon against democracy. Torture survivors remain under physical and psychological threats, especially in communities where the perpetrators are not brought to justice. In many nations, even those who treat torture survivors are threatened with reprisals, including torture, for carrying out their ethical duty to provide care. Both the survivors of torture and their treatment providers should be accorded protection from further repression. A significant number of refugees and asylees entering the United States have been victims of torture. Those claiming asylum deserve prompt consideration of their applications for political asylum to minimize their insecurity and sense of danger. Many torture survivors now live in the United States. They should be provided with the rehabilitation services which would enable them to become productive members of our communities. The development of a treatment movement for torture survivors has created new opportunities for action by the United States and other nations to oppose state-sponsored and other acts of torture. There is a need for a comprehensive strategy to protect and support torture victims and their treatment providers, together with overall efforts to eliminate torture. By acting to heal the survivors of torture and protect their families, the United States can help to heal the effects of torture and prevent its use around the world.

“SEC. 3 DEFINITION.

“As used in this Act, the term ‘torture’ has the meaning given the term in section 2340(1) of title 18 , United States Code, and includes the use of rape and other forms of sexual violence by a person acting under the color of law upon another person under his custody or physical control.

“SEC. 4 FOREIGN TREATMENT CENTERS.

(“(a) Amendments to the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961.—

(“(b) Funding.— Of the amounts authorized to be appropriated for fiscal years 2006 and 2007 pursuant to chapter 1 of part I of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [ 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.], there are authorized to be appropriated to the President to carry out section 130 of such Act [this section] $12,000,000forfiscalyear2006and$13,000,000 for fiscal year 2007. Amounts appropriated pursuant to this subsection shall remain available until expended.

(“(c) Effective Date.— The amendment made by subsection (a) shall take effect October 1, 1998 .

“SEC. 5 DOMESTIC TREATMENT CENTERS.

(“(a) Assistance for Treatment of Torture Victims.— The Secretary of Health and Human Services may provide grants to programs in the United States to cover the cost of the following services: Services for the rehabilitation of victims of torture, including treatment of the physical and psychological effects of torture. Social and legal services for victims of torture. Research and training for health care providers outside of treatment centers, or programs for the purpose of enabling such providers to provide the services described in paragraph (1).

(“(b) Funding.— Of the amounts authorized to be appropriated for the Department of Health and Human Services for fiscal years 2006 and 2007, there are authorized to be appropriated to carry out subsection (a) $25,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2006 and 2007. Amounts appropriated pursuant to this subsection shall remain available until expended.

“SEC. 6 MULTILATERAL ASSISTANCE.

(“(a) Funding.— Of the amounts authorized to be appropriated for fiscal years 1999 and 2000 pursuant to chapter 3 of part I of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [ 22 U.S.C. 2221 et seq.], there are authorized to be appropriated to the United Nations Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture (in this section referred to as the ‘Fund’) the following amounts for the following fiscal years: For fiscal year 1999, $3,000,000.Forfiscalyear2000,$3,000,000.

(“(b) Availability of Funds.— Amounts appropriated pursuant to subsection (a) shall remain available until expended.

(“(c) Sense of the Congress.— It is the sense of the Congress that the President, acting through the United States Permanent Representative to the United Nations, should— request the Fund— to find new ways to support and protect treatment centers and programs that are carrying out rehabilitative services for victims of torture; and to encourage the development of new such centers and programs; use the voice and vote of the United States to support the work of the Special Rapporteur on Torture and the Committee Against Torture established under the Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment; and use the voice and vote of the United States to establish a country rapporteur or similar procedural mechanism to investigate human rights violations in a country if either the Special Rapporteur or the Committee Against Torture indicates that a systematic practice of torture is prevalent in that country.

“SEC. 7 SPECIALIZED TRAINING FOR FOREIGN SERVICE OFFICERS.

(“(a) In General.— The Secretary of State shall provide training for foreign service officers with respect to— the identification of torture; the identification of the surrounding circumstances in which torture is most often practiced; the long-term effects of torture upon a victim; the identification of the physical, cognitive, and emotional effects of torture, and the manner in which these effects can affect the interview or hearing process; and the manner of interviewing victims of torture so as not to retraumatize them, eliciting the necessary information to document the torture experience, and understanding the difficulties victims often have in recounting their torture experience.

(“(b) Gender-Related Considerations.— In conducting training under subsection (a)(4) or (5), gender-specific training shall be provided on the subject of interacting with women and men who are victims of torture by rape or any other form of sexual violence.”

§ 2152a Repealed. Pub. L. 108–484, § 8(a), Dec. 23, 2004, 118 Stat. 3931

§ 2152b Transferred

§ 2152c Programs to encourage good governance

(a) Establishment of programs The President is authorized to establish programs that combat corruption, improve transparency and accountability, and promote other forms of good governance in countries described in paragraph (2). A country described in this paragraph is a country that is eligible to receive assistance under subchapter I of this chapter (including part IV of subchapter II of this chapter) or the Support for East European Democracy (SEED) Act of 1989 [ 22 U.S.C. 5401 et seq.]. In carrying out paragraph (1), the President shall give priority to establishing programs in countries that received a significant amount of United States foreign assistance for the prior fiscal year, or in which the United States has a significant economic interest, and that continue to have the most persistent problems with public and private corruption. In determining which countries have the most persistent problems with public and private corruption under the preceding sentence, the President shall take into account criteria such as the Transparency International Annual Corruption Perceptions Index, standards and codes set forth by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the International Monetary Fund, and other relevant criteria. Assistance provided for countries under programs established pursuant to paragraph (1) may be made available notwithstanding any other provision of law that restricts assistance to foreign countries. Assistance provided under a program established pursuant to paragraph (1) for a country that would otherwise be restricted from receiving such assistance but for the preceding sentence may not be provided directly to the government of the country. Subparagraph (A) does not apply with respect to— section 2371 of this title or any comparable provision of law prohibiting assistance to countries that support international terrorism; or section 907 of the Freedom for Russia and Emerging Eurasian Democracies and Open Markets Support Act of 1992.

(b) Specific projects and activities The programs established pursuant to subsection (a) shall include, to the extent appropriate, projects and activities that— support responsible independent media to promote oversight of public and private institutions; implement financial disclosure among public officials, political parties, and candidates for public office, open budgeting processes, and transparent financial management systems; support the establishment of audit offices, inspectors general offices, third party monitoring of government procurement processes, and anti-corruption agencies; promote responsive, transparent, and accountable legislatures and local governments that ensure legislative and local oversight and whistle-blower protection; promote legal and judicial reforms that criminalize corruption and law enforcement reforms and development that encourage prosecutions of criminal corruption; assist in the development of a legal framework for commercial transactions that fosters business practices that promote transparent, ethical, and competitive behavior in the economic sector, such as commercial codes that incorporate international standards and protection of intellectual property rights; promote free and fair national, state, and local elections; foster public participation in the legislative process and public access to government information; and engage civil society in the fight against corruption.

(c) Conduct of projects and activities Projects and activities under the programs established pursuant to subsection (a) may include, among other things, training and technical assistance (including drafting of anti-corruption, privatization, and competitive statutory and administrative codes), drafting of anti-corruption, privatization, and competitive statutory and administrative codes, support for independent media and publications, financing of the program and operating costs of nongovernmental organizations that carry out such projects or activities, and assistance for travel of individuals to the United States and other countries for such projects and activities.

(d) Repealed. Pub. L. 112–74, div. I, title VII, § 7034(n), Dec. 23, 2011, 125 Stat. 1217

(e) Funding Amounts made available to carry out the other provisions of subchapter I of this chapter (including part IV of subchapter II of this chapter) and the Support for East European Democracy (SEED) Act of 1989 [ 22 U.S.C. 5401 et seq.] shall be made available to carry out this section.

§ 2152d Assistance to foreign countries to meet minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking

(a) Authorization The President is authorized to provide assistance to foreign countries directly, or through nongovernmental and multilateral organizations, for programs, projects, and activities designed to meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking (as defined in section 7102 of this title ), including— the drafting of laws to prohibit and punish acts of trafficking; the investigation and prosecution of traffickers, including investigation of individuals and entities that may be involved in trafficking in persons involving sexual exploitation; the creation and maintenance of facilities, programs, projects, and activities for the protection of victims; and the expansion of exchange programs and international visitor programs for governmental and nongovernmental personnel to combat trafficking.

(b) Funding Amounts made available to carry out the other provisions of subchapter I of this chapter (including part IV of subchapter II of this chapter) and the Support for East European Democracy (SEED) Act of 1989 [ 22 U.S.C. 5401 et seq.] shall be made available to carry out this section. Assistance may be provided under this section notwithstanding section 2420 of this title .

§ 2152e Program to improve building construction and practices in Latin American countries

(a) In general The President, acting through the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, is authorized, under such terms and conditions as the President may determine, to carry out a program to improve building construction codes and practices in Ecuador, El Salvador, and other Latin American countries (in this section referred to as the “program”).

(b) Program description The program shall be in the form of grants to, or contracts with, organizations described in paragraph (2) to support the following activities: Training of appropriate professionals in Latin America from both the public and private sectors to enhance their understanding of building and housing codes and standards. Translating and distributing in the region detailed construction manuals, model building codes, and publications from organizations described in paragraph (2), including materials that address zoning, egress, fire and life safety, plumbing, sewage, sanitation, electrical installation, mechanical installation, structural engineering, and seismic design. Offering other relevant assistance as needed, such as helping government officials develop seismic micro-zonation maps or draft pertinent legislation, to implement building codes and practices that will help improve the resistance of buildings and housing in the region to seismic activity and other natural disasters. Grants and contracts provided under this section shall be carried out through United States organizations with expertise in the areas described in paragraph (1), including the American Society of Testing Materials, the Underwriters Laboratories, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the American Society of Civil Engineers, the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air Conditioning Engineers, the International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials, the International Code Council, and the National Fire Protection Association.

§ 2152f Assistance for orphans and other vulnerable children

(a) Findings Congress finds the following: There are more than 143,000,000 orphans living 1 sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean. Of this number, approximately 16,200,000 children have lost both parents. The HIV/AIDS pandemic has created an unprecedented orphan crisis, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, where children have been hardest hit. The pandemic is deepening poverty in entire communities, and is jeopardizing the health, safety, and survival of all children in affected countries. It is estimated that 14,000,000 children have lost one or both parents to AIDS. The orphans crisis in sub-Saharan Africa has implications for human welfare, development, and political stability that extend far beyond the region, affecting governments and people worldwide. Extended families and local communities are struggling to meet the basic needs of orphans and vulnerable children by providing food, health care including treatment of children living with HIV/AIDS, education expenses, and clothing. Famines, natural disasters, chronic poverty, ongoing conflicts, and civil wars in developing countries are adversely affecting children in these countries, the vast majority of whom currently do not receive humanitarian assistance or other support from the United States. The United States Government administers various assistance programs for orphans and other vulnerable children in developing countries. In order to improve targeting and programming of resources, the United States Agency for International Development should develop methods to adequately track the overall number of orphans and other vulnerable children receiving assistance, the kinds of programs for such children by sector and location, and any other such related data and analysis. The United States Agency for International Development should improve its capabilities to deliver assistance to orphans and other vulnerable children in developing countries through partnerships with private volunteer organizations, including community and faith-based organizations. The United States Agency for International Development should be the primary United States Government agency responsible for identifying and assisting orphans and other vulnerable children in developing countries. Providing assistance to such children is an important expression of the humanitarian concern and tradition of the people of the United States.

(b) Definitions In this section: The term “AIDS” has the meaning given the term in section 2151b–2(g)(1) 2 of this title. The term “children” means persons who have not attained 18 years of age. The term “HIV/AIDS” has the meaning given the term in section 2151b–2(g)(3) 2 of this title. The term “orphan” means a child deprived by death of one or both parents. The term “psychosocial support” includes care that addresses the ongoing psychological and social problems that affect individuals, their partners, families, and caregivers in order to alleviate suffering, strengthen social ties and integration, provide emotional support, and promote coping strategies.

(c) Assistance The President is authorized to provide assistance, including providing such assistance through international or nongovernmental organizations, for programs in developing countries to provide basic care and services for orphans and other vulnerable children. Such programs should provide assistance— to support families and communities to mobilize their own resources through the establishment of community-based organizations to provide basic care for orphans and other vulnerable children; for school food programs, including the purchase of local or regional foodstuffs where appropriate; to increase primary school enrollment through the elimination of school fees, where appropriate, or other barriers to education while ensuring that adequate resources exist for teacher training and infrastructure; to provide employment training and related services for orphans and other vulnerable children who are of legal working age; to protect and promote the inheritance rights of orphans, other vulnerable children, and widows; to provide culturally appropriate psychosocial support to orphans and other vulnerable children; and to treat orphans and other vulnerable children with HIV/AIDS through the provision of pharmaceuticals, the recruitment and training of individuals to provide pediatric treatment, and the purchase of pediatric-specific technologies.

(d) Monitoring and evaluation To maximize the sustainable development impact of assistance authorized under this section, and pursuant to the strategy required in section 4 of the Assistance for Orphans and Other Vulnerable Children in Developing Countries Act of 2005, the President shall establish a monitoring and evaluation system to measure the effectiveness of United States assistance to orphans and other vulnerable children. The monitoring and evaluation system shall— establish performance goals for the assistance and expresses 3 such goals in an objective and quantifiable form, to the extent feasible; establish performance indicators to be used in measuring or assessing the achievement of the performance goals described in subparagraph (A); and provide a basis for recommendations for adjustments to the assistance to enhance the impact of assistance.

(e) Special Advisor for Assistance to Orphans and Vulnerable Children The Secretary of State, in consultation with the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, shall appoint a Special Advisor for Assistance to Orphans and Vulnerable Children. At the discretion of the Secretary of State, the authority to appoint a Special Advisor under subparagraph (A) may be delegated by the Secretary of State to the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development. The duties of the Special Advisor for Assistance to Orphans and Vulnerable Children shall include the following: Coordinate assistance to orphans and other vulnerable children among the relevant Federal agencies and officials. Advise the relevant Federal branch agencies and officials to ensure that programs approved for assistance under this section are consistent with best practices, meet the requirements of this chapter, and conform to the strategy outlined in section 4 of the Assistance for Orphans and Other Vulnerable Children in Developing Countries Act of 2005. Advise the various offices, bureaus, and field missions within the United States Agency for International Development in developing any component of their annual plan, as it relates to assistance for orphans or other vulnerable children in developing countries, to ensure that each program, project, or activity relating to such assistance is consistent with best practices, meets the requirements of this chapter, and conforms to the strategy outlined in section 4 of the Assistance for Orphans and Other Vulnerable Children in Developing Countries Act of 2005. Coordinate all United States assistance to orphans and other vulnerable children among United States departments and agencies, including the provision of assistance relating to HIV/AIDS authorized under the United States Leadership Against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Act of 2003 ( Public Law 108–25 ) [ 22 U.S.C. 7601 et seq.], and the amendments made by such Act (including section 102 of such Act, and the amendments made by such section, relating to the coordination of HIV/AIDS programs). Establish priorities that promote the delivery of assistance to the most vulnerable populations of orphans and children, particularly in those countries with a high rate of HIV infection among women. Disseminate a collection of best practices to field missions of the United States Agency for International Development to guide the development and implementation of programs to assist orphans and vulnerable children. Administer the monitoring and evaluation system established in subsection (d). Prepare the annual report required by section 2152g of this title .

(f) Authorization of appropriations There is authorized to be appropriated to the President to carry out this section such sums as may be necessary for each of the fiscal years 2006 and 2007. Amounts made available under paragraph (1) are authorized to remain available until expended.

§ 2152g Annual report

(a) Report Not later than one year after the date on which the President transmits to the appropriate congressional committees the strategy required by section 4(a), and annually thereafter, the President shall transmit to the appropriate congressional committees a report on the implementation of this Act and the amendments made by this Act.

(b) Contents The report shall contain the following information for grants, cooperative agreements, contracts, contributions, and other forms of assistance awarded or entered into under section 2152f of this title : The amount of funding, the name of recipient organizations, the location of programs and activities, the status of progress of programs and activities, and the estimated number of orphans and other vulnerable children who received direct or indirect assistance under the programs and activities. The results of the monitoring and evaluation system with respect to assistance for orphans and other vulnerable children. The percentage of assistance provided in support of orphans or other vulnerable children affected by HIV/AIDS. Any other appropriate information relating to the needs of orphans and other vulnerable children in developing countries that could be addressed through the provision of assistance authorized in section 2152f of this title or under any other provision of law.

§ 2152h Assistance to provide safe water, sanitation, and hygiene

(a) Purposes The purposes of assistance authorized by this section are— to promote good health, economic development, poverty reduction, women’s empowerment, conflict prevention, and environmental sustainability by providing assistance to expand access to safe water and sanitation, promoting integrated water resource management, and improving hygiene for people around the world; to seek to reduce by one-half from the baseline year 1990 the proportion of people who are unable to reach or afford safe drinking water and the proportion of people without access to basic sanitation by 2015; to focus water and sanitation assistance toward the countries, locales, and people with the greatest need; to promote affordability and equity in the provision of access to safe water and sanitation for the very poor, women, and other vulnerable populations; to improve water efficiency through water demand management and reduction of unaccounted-for water; to promote long-term sustainability in the affordable and equitable provision of access to safe water and sanitation through the creation of innovative financing mechanisms such as national revolving funds, and by strengthening the capacity of recipient governments and communities to formulate and implement policies that expand access to safe water and sanitation in a sustainable fashion, including integrated planning; to secure the greatest amount of resources possible, encourage private investment in water and sanitation infrastructure and services, particularly in lower middle-income countries, without creating unsustainable debt for low-income countries or unaffordable water and sanitation costs for the very poor; and to promote the capacity of recipient governments to provide affordable, equitable, and sustainable access to safe water and sanitation.

(b) Authorization To carry out the purposes of subsection (a), the President is authorized to furnish assistance for programs in developing countries to provide affordable and equitable access to safe water, sanitation, and hygiene.

(c) Activities supported Assistance provided under subsection (b) shall, to the maximum extent practicable, be used to— expand affordable and equitable access to safe water and sanitation for underserved populations; support the design, construction, maintenance, upkeep, repair, and operation of water delivery and sanitation systems; improve the safety and reliability of water supplies, including environmental management; and improve the capacity of recipient governments and local communities, including capacity-building programs for improved water resource management.

(d) Local currency The President may use payments made in local currencies under an agreement made under title I of the Food for Peace Act ( 7 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.) to provide assistance under this section.

(e) Coordination and oversight The Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development (referred to in this paragraph as “USAID”) or the Administrator’s designee, who shall be a current USAID employee serving in a career or non-career position in the Senior Executive Service or at the level of a Deputy Assistant Administrator or higher, shall serve concurrently as the USAID Global Water Coordinator (referred to in this subsection as the “Coordinator”). The Coordinator shall— provide direction and guidance to, coordinate, and oversee the projects and programs of USAID authorized under this section; lead the implementation and revision, not less frequently than once every 5 years, of USAID’s portion of the Global Water Strategy required under subsection (j); seek— to expand the capacity of USAID, subject to the availability of appropriations, including through the designation of a lead subject matter expert selected from among USAID staff in each high priority country designated pursuant to subsection (h); to implement such programs and activities; to take advantage of economies of scale; and to conduct more efficient and effective projects and programs; coordinate with the Department of State and USAID staff in each high priority country designated pursuant to subsection (h) to ensure that USAID activities and projects, USAID program planning and budgeting documents, and USAID country development strategies reflect and seek to implement— the safe water, sanitation, and hygiene objectives established in the strategy required under subsection (j), including objectives relating to the management of water resources; and international best practices relating to— increasing access to safe water and sanitation; conducting hygiene-related activities; and ensuring appropriate management of water resources; and develop appropriate benchmarks, measurable goals, performance metrics, and monitoring and evaluation plans for USAID projects and programs authorized under this section. The Secretary of State or the Secretary’s designee, who shall be a current employee of the Department of State serving in a career or non-career position in the Senior Executive Service or at the level of a Deputy Assistant Secretary or higher, shall serve concurrently as the Department of State Special Advisor for Water Resources (referred to in this paragraph as the “Special Advisor”). The Special Advisor shall— provide direction and guidance to, coordinate, and oversee the projects and programs of the Department of State authorized under this section; lead the implementation and revision, not less than every 5 years, of the Department of State’s portion of the Global Water Strategy required under subsection (j); prioritize and coordinate the Department of State’s international engagement on the allocation, distribution, and access to global fresh water resources and policies related to such matters; coordinate with United States Agency for International Development and Department of State staff in each high priority country designated pursuant to subsection (h) to ensure that United States diplomatic efforts related to safe water, sanitation, and hygiene, including efforts related to management of water resources and watersheds and the resolution of intra- and trans-boundary conflicts over water resources, are consistent with United States national interests; and represent the views of the United States Government on the allocation, distribution, and access to global fresh water resources and policies related to such matters in key international fora, including key diplomatic, development-related, and scientific organizations. The responsibilities and specific duties of the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development (or the Administrator’s designee) and the Secretary of State (or the Secretary’s designee) under paragraph (2) or (3), respectively, shall be in addition to any other responsibilities or specific duties assigned to such individuals. Such individuals shall receive no additional or supplemental compensation as a result of carrying out such responsibilities and specific duties under such paragraphs.

(f) Priorities and criteria for maximum impact and long-term sustainability The Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development shall ensure that the Agency for International Development’s projects and programs authorized under this section are designed to achieve maximum impact and long-term sustainability by— prioritizing countries on the basis of the following clearly defined criteria and indicators, to the extent sufficient empirical data are available— the proportion of the population using an unimproved drinking water source; the total population using an unimproved drinking water source; the proportion of the population without piped water access; the proportion of the population using shared or other unimproved sanitation facilities; the total population using shared or other unimproved sanitation facilities; the proportion of the population practicing open defecation; the total number of children younger than 5 years of age who died from diarrheal disease; the proportion of all deaths of children younger than 5 years of age resulting from diarrheal disease; the national government’s capacity, capability, and commitment to work with the United States to improve access to safe water, sanitation, and hygiene, including— the government’s capacity and commitment to developing the indigenous capacity to provide safe water and sanitation without the assistance of outside donors; and the degree to which such government— identifies such efforts as a priority; and allocates resources to such efforts; the availability of opportunities to leverage existing public, private, or other donor investments in the water, sanitation, and hygiene sectors, including investments in the management of water resources; and the likelihood of making significant improvements on a per capita basis on the health and educational opportunities available to women as a result of increased access to safe water, sanitation, and hygiene, including access to appropriate facilities at primary and secondary educational institutions seeking to ensure that communities benefitting from such projects and activities develop the indigenous capacity to provide safe water and sanitation without the assistance of outside donors; prioritizing and measuring, including through rigorous monitoring and evaluating mechanisms, the extent to which such project or program— furthers significant improvements in— the criteria set forth in subparagraphs (A) through (H) of paragraph (1); the health and educational opportunities available to women as a result of increased access to safe water, sanitation, and hygiene, including access to appropriate facilities at primary and secondary educational institutions; and the indigenous capacity of the host nation or community to provide safe water and sanitation without the assistance of outside donors; is designed, as part of the provision of safe water and sanitation to the local community— to be financially independent over the long term, focusing on local ownership and sustainability; to be undertaken in conjunction with relevant public institutions or private enterprises; to identify and empower local individuals or institutions to be responsible for the effective management and maintenance of such project or program; and to provide safe water or expertise or capacity building to those identified parties or institutions for the purposes of developing a plan and clear responsibilities for the effective management and maintenance of such project or program; leverages existing public, private, or other donor investments in the water, sanitation, and hygiene sectors, including investments in the management of water resources; avoids duplication of efforts with other United States Government agencies or departments or those of other nations or nongovernmental organizations; coordinates such efforts with the efforts of other United States Government agencies or departments or those of other nations or nongovernmental organizations directed at assisting refugees and other displaced individuals; and involves consultation with appropriate stakeholders, including communities directly affected by the lack of access to clean water, sanitation or hygiene, and other appropriate nongovernmental organizations; and seeking to further the strategy required under subsection (j) after 2018.

(g) Use of current and improved empirical data collection and review of new standardized indicators The Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development is authorized to use current and improved empirical data collection— to meet the health-based prioritization criteria established pursuant to subsection (f)(1); and to review new standardized indicators in evaluating progress towards meeting such criteria. The Administrator shall— regularly consult with the appropriate congressional committees; and notify such committees not later than 30 days before using current or improved empirical data collection for the review of any new standardized indicators under paragraph (1) for the purposes of carrying out this section.

(h) Designation of high priority countries Not later than October 1, 2015 , the President shall— designate, on the basis of the criteria set forth in subsection (f)(1) not fewer than 10 countries as high priority countries to be the primary recipients of United States Government assistance authorized under this section during fiscal year 2016; and notify the appropriate congressional committees of such designations. Except as provided in subparagraph (B), the President shall annually make new designations pursuant to the criteria set forth in paragraph (1). Beginning with fiscal year 2019, designations under paragraph (1) shall be made— based upon the criteria set forth in subsection (f)(1); and in furtherance of the strategy required under subsection (j).

(i) Targeting of projects and programs to areas of greatest need Not later than 15 days before the obligation of any funds for water, sanitation, or hygiene projects or programs pursuant to this section in countries that are not ranked in the top 50 countries based upon the WASH Needs Index, the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development shall notify the appropriate congressional committees of the planned obligation of such funds. In this subsection and in subsection (j), the term “WASH Needs Index” means the needs index for water, sanitation, or hygiene projects or programs authorized under this section that has been developed using the criteria and indicators described in subparagraphs (A) through (H) of subsection (f)(1).

(j) Global Water Strategy Not later than October 1, 2017 , October 1, 2022 , and October 1, 2027 , the President, acting through the Secretary of State, the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, and the heads of other Federal departments and agencies, as appropriate, shall submit a single government-wide Global Water Strategy to the appropriate congressional committees that provides a detailed description of how the United States intends— to increase access to safe water, sanitation, and hygiene in high priority countries designated pursuant to subsection (h), including a summary of the WASH Needs Index and the specific weighting of empirical data and other definitions used to develop and rank countries on the WASH Needs Index; to improve the management of water resources and watersheds in such countries; and to work to prevent and resolve, to the greatest degree possible, both intra- and trans-boundary conflicts over water resources in such countries. The Global Water Strategy shall include an agency-specific plan— from the United States Agency for International Development that describes specifically how the Agency for International Development will— carry out the duties and responsibilities assigned to the Global Water Coordinator under subsection (e)(1); ensure that the Agency for International Development’s projects and programs authorized under this section are designed to achieve maximum impact and long-term sustainability, including by implementing the requirements described in subsection (f); and increase access to safe water, sanitation, and hygiene in high priority countries designated pursuant to subsection (h); from the Department of State that describes specifically how the Department of State will— carry out the duties and responsibilities assigned to the Special Coordinator for Water Resources under subsection (e)(2); and ensure that the Department’s activities authorized under this section are designed— to improve management of water resources and watersheds in countries designated pursuant to subsection (h); and to prevent and resolve, to the greatest degree possible, both intra- and trans-boundary conflicts over water resources in such countries; and from other Federal departments and agencies, as appropriate, that describes the contributions of the departments and agencies to implementing the Global Water Strategy. For each high priority country designated pursuant to subsection (h), the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development shall— develop a costed, evidence-based, and results-oriented plan that— seeks to achieve the purposes of this section; and meets the requirements under subsection (f); and include such plan in an appendix to the Global Water Strategy required under paragraph (1). The Global Water Strategy shall specifically describe the target percentage of funding for each fiscal year covered by such strategy to be directed toward projects aimed at providing first-time access to safe water and sanitation. The Global Water Strategy shall include specific and measurable goals, benchmarks, performance metrics, timetables, and monitoring and evaluation plans required to be developed by the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development pursuant to subsection (e)(1)(B)(v). The Global Water Strategy shall— be developed in consultation with the heads of other appropriate Federal departments and agencies; and incorporate best practices from the international development community.

(k) Definitions In this section— the term “appropriate congressional committees” means— the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate; the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate; the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives; and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives; and the term “long-term sustainability” refers to the ability of a service delivery system, community, partner, or beneficiary to maintain, over time, any water, sanitation, or hygiene project that receives funding pursuant to the amendments made by the Senator Paul Simon Water for the World Act of 2014.

“SECTION 1 SHORT TITLE.

“This Act may be cited as the ‘Senator Paul Simon Water for the Poor Act of 2005’.

“SEC. 2 FINDINGS.

“Congress makes the following findings: Water-related diseases are a human tragedy, killing up to five million people annually, preventing millions of people from leading healthy lives, and undermining development efforts. A child dies an average of every 15 seconds because of lack of access to safe water and adequate sanitation. In the poorest countries in the world, one out of five children dies from a preventable, water-related disease. Lack of access to safe drinking water, inadequate sanitation, and poor hygiene practices are directly responsible for the vast majority of diarrheal diseases which kill over two million children each year. At any given time, half of all people in the developing world are suffering from one or more of the main diseases associated with inadequate provision of water supply and sanitation services. Over 1.1 billion people, one in every six people in the world, lack access to safe drinking water. Nearly 2.6 billion people, two in every five people in the world, lack access to basic sanitation services. Half of all schools in the world do not have access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation. Over the past 20 years, two billion people have gained access to safe drinking water and 600 million people have gained access to basic sanitation services. Access to safe water and sanitation and improved hygiene are significant factors in controlling the spread of disease in the developing world and positively affecting worker productivity and economic development. Increasing access to safe water and sanitation advances efforts toward other development objectives, such as fighting poverty and hunger, promoting primary education and gender equality, reducing child mortality, promoting environmental stability, improving the lives of slum dwellers, and strengthening national security. Providing safe supplies of water and sanitation and hygiene improvements would save millions of lives by reducing the prevalence of water-borne diseases, water-based diseases, water-privation diseases, and water-related vector diseases. Because women and girls in developing countries are often the carriers of water, lack of access to safe water and sanitation disproportionately affects women and limits women’s opportunities at education, livelihood, and financial independence. Between 20 percent and 50 percent of existing water systems in developing countries are not operating or are operating poorly. In developing world water delivery systems, an average of 50 percent of all water is lost before it gets to the end-user. Every $1investedinsafewaterandsanitationwouldyieldaneconomicreturnofbetween$3 and $34,dependingontheregion.Developingsustainablefinancingmechanisms,suchaspoolingmechanismsandrevolvingfunds,isnecessaryforthelong-termviabilityofimprovedwaterandsanitationservices.TheannuallevelofinvestmentneededtomeetthewaterandsanitationneedsofdevelopingcountriesfarexceedstheamountofOfficialDevelopmentAssistance(ODA)andspendingbygovernmentsofdevelopingcountries,sofacilitatingandattractinggreaterpublicandprivateinvestmentisessential.Meetingthewaterandsanitationneedsofthelowest-incomedevelopingcountrieswillrequireanincreaseintheresourcesavailableasgrantsfromdonorcountries.Thelong-termsustainabilityofimprovedwaterandsanitationservicescanbeadvancedbypromotingcommunitylevelactionandengagementwithcivilsociety.Target10oftheUnitedNationsMillenniumDevelopmentGoalsistoreducebyhalftheproportionofpeoplewithoutsustainableaccesstosafedrinkingwaterby2015.Theparticipantsinthe2002WorldSummitonSustainableDevelopment,heldinJohannesburg,SouthAfrica,includingtheUnitedStates,agreedtothePlanofImplementationoftheWorldSummitonSustainableDevelopmentwhichincludedanagreementtoworktoreducebyone-half‘theproportionofpeoplewhoareunabletoreachoraffordsafedrinkingwater,’and‘theproportionofpeoplewithoutaccesstobasicsanitation’by2015.AttheWorldSummitonSustainableDevelopment,theUnitedStatesannouncedtheWaterforthePoorInitiative,committing$970 million for fiscal years 2003 through 2005 to improve sustainable management of fresh water resources and accelerate and expand international efforts to achieve the goal of cutting in half by 2015 the proportion of people who are unable to reach or to afford safe drinking water. United Nations General Assembly Resolution 58/217 ( February 9, 2004 ) proclaimed ‘the period from 2005 to 2015 the International Decade for Action, “Water for Life”, to commence on World Water Day, 22 March 2005’ for the purpose of increasing the focus of the international community on water-related issues at all levels and on the implementation of water-related programs and projects. Around the world, 263 river basins are shared by two or more countries, and many more basins and watersheds cross political or ethnic boundaries. Water scarcity can contribute to insecurity and conflict on subnational, national, and international levels, thus endangering the national security of the United States. Opportunities to manage water problems can be leveraged in ways to build confidence, trust, and peace between parties in conflict. Cooperative water management can help resolve conflicts caused by other problems and is often a crucial component in resolving such conflicts. Cooperative water management can help countries recover from conflict and, by promoting dialogue and cooperation among former parties in conflict, can help prevent the reemergence of conflict.

“SEC. 3 STATEMENT OF POLICY.

“It is the policy of the United States— to increase the percentage of water and sanitation assistance targeted toward countries designated as high priority countries under section 6(f) of this Act; to ensure that water and sanitation assistance reflect an appropriate balance of grants, loans, contracts, investment insurance, loan guarantees, and other assistance to further ensure affordability and equity in the provision of access to safe water and sanitation for the very poor; to ensure that the targeting of water and sanitation assistance reflect an appropriate balance between urban, periurban, and rural areas to meet the purposes of assistance described in section 135 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [this section], as added by section 5(a) of this Act; to ensure that forms of water and sanitation assistance provided reflect the level of existing resources and markets for investment in water and sanitation within recipient countries; to ensure that water and sanitation assistance, to the extent possible, supports the poverty reduction strategies of recipient countries and, when appropriate, encourages the inclusion of water and sanitation within such poverty reduction strategies; to promote country and local ownership of safe water and sanitation programs, to the extent appropriate; to promote community-based approaches in the provision of affordable and equitable access to safe water and sanitation, including the involvement of civil society; to mobilize and leverage the financial and technical capacity of businesses, governments, nongovernmental organizations, and civil society in the form of public-private alliances; to encourage reforms and increase the capacity of foreign governments to formulate and implement policies that expand access to safe water and sanitation in an affordable, equitable, and sustainable manner, including integrated strategic planning; and to protect the supply and availability of safe water through sound environmental management, including preventing the destruction and degradation of ecosystems and watersheds.

“SEC. 4 SENSE OF CONGRESS.

“It is the sense of Congress that— in order to make the most effective use of amounts of Official Development Assistance for water and sanitation and avoid waste and duplication, the United States should seek to establish innovative international coordination mechanisms based on best practices in other development sectors; and the United States should greatly increase the amount of Official Development Assistance made available to carry out section 135 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [this section], as added by section 5(a) of this Act.

“SEC. 5 ASSISTANCE TO PROVIDE SAFE WATER AND SANITATION.

(“(a) In General.—

(“(b) Conforming Amendment.—

“[SEC. 6

Repealed. Pub. L. 113–289, § 6(c) , Dec. 19, 2014 , 128 Stat. 3290 .]

“SEC. 7 MONITORING REQUIREMENT.

“The Secretary of State and the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development shall monitor the implementation of assistance under section 135 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [this section], as added by section 5(a) of this Act, to ensure that the assistance is reaching its intended targets and meeting the intended purposes of assistance.

“SEC. 8 SENSE OF CONGRESS REGARDING DEVELOPMENT OF LOCAL CAPACITY.

“It is the sense of Congress that the Secretary of State should expand current programs and develop new programs, as necessary, to train local water and sanitation managers and other officials of countries that receive assistance under section 135 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [this section], as added by section 5(a) of this Act.

“SEC. 9 SENSE OF CONGRESS REGARDING ADDITIONAL WATER AND SANITATION PROGRAMS.

“It is the sense of the Congress that— the United States should further support, as appropriate, water and sanitation activities of United Nations agencies, such as the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); and the Secretary of the Treasury should instruct each United States Executive Director at the multilateral development banks (within the meaning of section 1701(c) of the International Financial Institutions Act [ 22 U.S.C. 262r(c) ]) to encourage the inclusion of water and sanitation programs as a critical element of their development assistance.

“SEC. 10 REPORT REGARDING WATER FOR PEACE AND SECURITY.

(“(a) Sense of Congress.— It is the sense of Congress that United States programs to support and encourage efforts around the world to develop river basin, aquifer, and other watershed-wide mechanisms for governance and cooperation are critical components of long-term United States national security and should be expanded.

(“(b) Report.— The Secretary of State, in consultation with the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, shall submit to the Committee on International Relations [now Committee on Foreign Affairs] of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate a report on efforts that the United States is making to support and promote programs that develop river basin, aquifer, and other watershed-wide mechanisms for governance and cooperation.

“SEC. 11 AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.

(“(a) In General.— There are authorized to be appropriated for fiscal year 2006 and each subsequent fiscal year such sums as may be necessary to carry out this Act and the amendments made by this Act.

(“(b) Other Amounts.— Amounts appropriated pursuant to the authorization of appropriations in subsection (a) shall be in addition to the amounts otherwise available to carry out this Act and the amendments made by this Act.

(“(c) Availability.— Amounts appropriated pursuant to the authorization of appropriations under subsection (a) are authorized to remain available until expended.”

§ 2152i Small Grants Program

(a) In general A Small Grants Program (SGP) shall be established within the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) to provide small grants, cooperative agreements, and other assistance mechanisms and agreements of not more than $2,000,000 for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of chapters 1 and 10 of part I [ 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq., 2293 et seq.] and chapter 4 of part II [ 22 U.S.C. 2346 et seq.] of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Provided , That the SGP established pursuant to this section shall replace the function served previously by the Development Grants Program established under section 674 of division J, of Public Law 110–161 , which is hereby abolished.

(b) Eligibility Awards from the SGP shall only be made to eligible entities as described in the joint explanatory statement described in section 4 (in the matter preceding division A of this consolidated Act).

(c) Proposals Awards made pursuant to the authority of this section shall be provided through— unsolicited applications received and evaluated pursuant to USAID policy regarding such proposals; an open and competitive process; or as otherwise allowable under Federal Acquisition Regulations and USAID procurement policies.

(d) Funding Of the funds appropriated by this Act to carry out chapter 1 of part I and chapter 4 of part II of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [ 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq., 2346 et seq.], not less than $45,000,000 shall be made available for the SGP within USAID’s Local Sustainability Office of the Bureau for Economic Growth, Education and Environment to carry out this subsection. Other than to meet the requirements of this section, funds made available to carry out this section may not be allocated in the report required by section 653(a) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [ 22 U.S.C. 2413(a) ] to meet any other specifically designated funding levels contained in this Act: Provided , That such funds may be attributed to any such specifically designated funding level after the award of funds under this section, if applicable. Funds made available under this section shall remain available for obligation until September 30, 2019 .

(e) Management Not later than 120 days after December 16, 2014 , the USAID Administrator shall issue guidance to implement this section: Provided , That such guidance shall include the requirements contained in the joint explanatory statement described in section 4 (in the matter preceding division A of this consolidated Act). Upon selection of a mission pursuant to the procedures required by paragraph (1), such selected mission may be allocated the full estimated cost of the multi-year program: Provided , That such allocations shall be subject to the regular notification procedures of the Committees on Appropriations. In addition to funds otherwise available for such purposes, up to 20 percent of the funds made available to carry out this section may be used by USAID for administrative expenses, and other necessary support associated with managing and strengthening relationships with entities under the SGP.

(f) Report Not later than 120 days after December 16, 2014 , and after consultation with the appropriate congressional committees, the Administrator shall submit a report to such committees describing the guidance to implement the SGP.

§ 2152j Statement of policy

It shall be the policy of the United States to promote the meaningful participation of women in all aspects of overseas conflict prevention, management, and resolution, and post-conflict relief and recovery efforts, reinforced through diplomatic efforts and programs that— integrate the perspectives and interests of affected women into conflict-prevention activities and strategies; encourage partner governments to adopt plans to improve the meaningful participation of women in peace and security processes and decision-making institutions; promote the physical safety, economic security, and dignity of women and girls; support the equal access of women to aid distribution mechanisms and services; collect and analyze gender data for the purpose of developing and enhancing early warning systems of conflict and violence; adjust policies and programs to improve outcomes in gender equality and the empowerment of women; and monitor, analyze, and evaluate the efforts related to each strategy submitted under section 2152j–1 of this title and the impact of such efforts. ( Pub. L. 115–68, § 4 , Oct. 6, 2017 , 131 Stat. 1203 .)

§ 2152j–1 United States strategy to promote the participation of women in conflict prevention and peace building

(a) Requirement Not later than one year after October 6, 2017 , and again four years thereafter, the President, in consultation with the heads of the relevant Federal departments and agencies, shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees and make publicly available a single government-wide strategy, to be known as the Women, Peace, and Security Strategy, that provides a detailed description of how the United States intends to fulfill the policy objectives in section 2152j of this title . The strategy shall— support and be aligned with plans developed by other countries to improve the meaningful participation of women in peace and security processes, conflict prevention, peace building, transitional processes, and decisionmaking institutions; and include specific and measurable goals, benchmarks, performance metrics, timetables, and monitoring and evaluation plans to ensure the accountability and effectiveness of all policies and initiatives carried out under the strategy.

(b) Specific plans for departments and agencies Each strategy under subsection (a) shall include a specific implementation plan from each of the relevant Federal departments and agencies that describes— the anticipated contributions of the department or agency, including technical, financial, and in-kind contributions, to implement the strategy; and the efforts of the department or agency to ensure that the policies and initiatives carried out pursuant to the strategy are designed to achieve maximum impact and long-term sustainability.

(c) Coordination The President should promote the meaningful participation of women in conflict prevention, in coordination and consultation with international partners, including, as appropriate, multilateral organizations, stakeholders, and other relevant international organizations, particularly in situations in which the direct engagement of the United States Government is not appropriate or advisable.

(d) Sense of Congress It is the sense of Congress that the President, in implementing each strategy submitted under subsection (a), should— provide technical assistance, training, and logistical support to female negotiators, mediators, peace builders, and stakeholders; address security-related barriers to the meaningful participation of women; encourage increased participation of women in existing programs funded by the United States Government that provide training to foreign nationals regarding law enforcement, the rule of law, or professional military education; support appropriate local organizations, especially women’s peace building organizations; support the training, education, and mobilization of men and boys as partners in support of the meaningful participation of women; encourage the development of transitional justice and accountability mechanisms that are inclusive of the experiences and perspectives of women and girls; expand and apply gender analysis, as appropriate, to improve program design and targeting; and conduct assessments that include the perspectives of women regarding new initiatives in support of peace negotiations, transitional justice and accountability, efforts to counter violent extremism, or security sector reform.

§ 2152j–2 Training requirements regarding the participation of women in conflict prevention and peace building

(a) Foreign Service The Secretary of State, in conjunction with the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, shall ensure that all appropriate personnel (including special envoys, members of mediation or negotiation teams, relevant members of the civil service or Foreign Service, and contractors) responsible for or deploying to countries or regions considered to be at risk of, undergoing, or emerging from violent conflict obtain training, as appropriate, in the following areas, each of which shall include a focus on women and ensuring meaningful participation by women: Conflict prevention, mitigation, and resolution. Protecting civilians from violence, exploitation, and trafficking in persons. International human rights law and international humanitarian law.

(b) Department of Defense The Secretary of Defense shall ensure that relevant personnel receive training, as appropriate, in the following areas: Training in conflict prevention, peace processes, mitigation, resolution, and security initiatives that specifically addresses the importance of meaningful participation by women. Gender considerations and meaningful participation by women, including training regarding— international human rights law and international humanitarian law, as relevant; and protecting civilians from violence, exploitation, and trafficking in persons. Effective strategies and best practices for ensuring meaningful participation by women.

§ 2152j–3 Consultation and collaboration

(a) In general The Secretary of State and the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development may establish guidelines or take other steps to ensure overseas United States personnel of the Department of State or the United States Agency for International Development, as the case may be, consult with appropriate stakeholders, including local women, youth, ethnic, and religious minorities, and other politically under-represented or marginalized populations, regarding United States efforts to— prevent, mitigate, or resolve violent conflict; and enhance the success of mediation and negotiation processes by ensuring the meaningful participation of women.

(b) Collaboration and coordination The Secretary of State should work with international, regional, national, and local organizations to increase the meaningful participation of women in international peacekeeping operations, and should promote training that provides international peacekeeping personnel with the substantive knowledge and skills needed to ensure effective physical security and meaningful participation of women in conflict prevention and peace building.

§ 2152j–4 Definitions

In sections 2152j to 2152j–4 of this title: The term “appropriate congressional committees” means— the Committee on Foreign Relations, the Committee on Armed Services, and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate; and the Committee on Foreign Affairs, the Committee on Armed Services, and the Committee on Appropriations of the of the 1 House of Representatives. The term “relevant Federal departments and agencies” means— the United States Agency for International Development; the Department of State; the Department of Defense; the Department of Homeland Security; and any other department or agency specified by the President for purposes of sections 2152j to 2152j–4 of this title. The term “stakeholders” means non-governmental and private sector entities engaged in or affected by conflict prevention and stabilization, peace building, protection, security, transition initiatives, humanitarian response, or related efforts. ( Pub. L. 115–68, § 9 , Oct. 6, 2017 , 131 Stat. 1206 .)

§ 2152k Assistance to improve early childhood outcomes globally

(a) Definitions In this section: The term “appropriate congressional committees” means— the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate; the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate; the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives; and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives. The term “early childhood development” means the development and learning of a child younger than 8 years of age, including physical, cognitive, social, and emotional development and approaches to learning that allow a child to reach his or her full developmental potential. The term “early childhood development program” means a program that seeks to ensure that every child has the conditions for healthy growth, nurturing family-based care, development and learning, and protection from violence, exploitation, abuse, and neglect, which may include— a health, safe water, sanitation, and hygiene program that serves pregnant women, children younger than 5 years of age, and the parents of such children; a nutrition program, combined with stimulating child development activity; age appropriate cognitive stimulation, especially for newborns, infants, and toddlers, including an early childhood intervention program for children experiencing at-risk situations, developmental delays, disabilities, and behavioral and mental health conditions; an early learning (36 months and younger), preschool, and basic education program for children until they reach 8 years of age or complete primary school; or a child protection program, with an emphasis on the promotion of permanent, safe, and nurturing families, rather than placement in residential care or institutions, including for children with disabilities. The term “relevant Federal departments and agencies” means— the Department of State; the United States Agency for International Development; the Department of the Treasury; the Department of Labor; the Department of Education; the Department of Agriculture; the Department of Defense; the Department of Health and Human Services, including— the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; and the National Institutes of Health; the Millennium Challenge Corporation; the Peace Corps; and any other department or agency specified by the President for the purposes of this section. The term “residential care” means care provided in any non-family-based group setting, including orphanages, transit or interim care centers, children’s homes, children’s villages or cottage complexes, group homes, and boarding schools used primarily for care purposes as an alternative to a children’s home.

(b) Statement of policy It is the policy of the United States— to support early childhood development in relevant foreign assistance programs, including by integrating evidence-based, efficient, and effective interventions into relevant strategies and programs, in coordination with partner countries, other donors, international organizations, international financial institutions, local and international nongovernmental organizations, private sector partners, and civil society, including faith-based and community-based organizations; and to encourage partner countries to lead early childhood development initiatives that include incentives for building local capacity for continued implementation and measurable results, by— scaling up the most effective, evidence-based, national interventions, including for the most vulnerable populations and children with disabilities and developmental delays, with a focus on adaptation to country resources, cultures, and languages; designing, implementing, monitoring, and evaluating programs in a manner that enhances their quality, transparency, equity, accountability, efficiency and effectiveness in improving child and family outcomes in partner countries; and utilizing and expanding innovative public-private financing mechanisms.

(c) Implementation Not later than 1 year after January 1, 2021 , the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development on behalf of the President and in coordination with the Secretary of State, shall direct relevant Federal departments and agencies— to incorporate, to the extent practical and relevant, early childhood development into foreign assistance programs to be carried out during the following 5 fiscal years; and to promote inclusive early childhood development in partner countries. In carrying out paragraph (1), the Administrator, the Secretary, and the heads of other relevant Federal departments and agencies as appropriate shall— build on the evidence and priorities outlined in “Advancing Protection and Care for Children in Adversity: A U.S. Government Strategy for International Assistance 2019–2023”, published in June 2019 (referred to in this section as “APCCA”); to the extent practicable, identify evidence-based strategic priorities, indicators, outcomes, and targets, particularly emphasizing the most vulnerable populations and children with disabilities and developmental delays, to support inclusive early childhood development; support the design, implementation, and evaluation of pilot projects in partner countries, with the goal of taking such projects to scale; support inclusive early childhood development within all relevant sector strategies and public laws, including— the Global Water Strategy required under section 2152h(j) of this title ; the whole-of-government strategy required under section 9304 of this title ; the Basic Education Strategy set forth in section 2151c(c) of this title ; the U.S. Government Global Nutrition Coordination Plan, 2016–2021; and APCCA; and others as appropriate; improve coordination with foreign governments and international and regional organizations with respect to official country policies and plans to improve early childhood development, maternal, newborn, and child health and nutrition care, basic education, water, sanitation and hygiene, and child protection plans which promote nurturing, appropriate, protective, and permanent family care, while reducing the percentage of children living outside of family care, including in residential care or on the street; and consult with partner countries, other donors, international organizations, international financial institutions, local and international nongovernmental organizations, private sector partners and faith-based and community-based organizations, as appropriate.

(d) Annual report on the implementation of the strategy The Special Advisor for Children in Adversity shall include, in the annual report required under section 2152g of this title , which shall be submitted to the appropriate congressional committees and made publicly available, a description of— the progress made toward integrating early childhood development interventions into relevant strategies and programs; the efforts made by relevant Federal departments and agencies to implement subsection (c), with a particular focus on the activities described in such subsection; and the progress achieved during the reporting period toward meeting the goals, objectives, benchmarks, and timeframes described in subsection (c) at the program level, along with specific challenges or gaps that may require shifts in targeting or financing in the following fiscal year.

(e) Interagency task force The Special Advisor for Assistance to Orphans and Vulnerable Children should establish and regularly convene an Interagency Working Group on Children in Adversity which, among other things, will coordinate— intergovernmental and interagency monitoring, evaluation, and reporting of the activities carried out pursuant to this section; early childhood development initiatives that include children with a variety of needs and circumstances; and United States Government early childhood development programs, strategies, and partnerships across relevant Federal departments and agencies.

§§ 2161, 2162 Repealed. Pub. L. 95–424, title I, § 102(g)(1)(A), Oct. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 942

§ 2163 Repealed. Pub. L. 93–189, § 3(b), Dec. 17, 1973, 87 Stat. 717

§ 2164 Repealed. Pub. L. 95–424, title I, § 102(g)(1)(A), Oct. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 942

§ 2165 Repealed. Pub. L. 92–226, pt. I, § 101(d), Feb. 7, 1972, 86 Stat. 21

§ 2166 Regional development in Africa

The President is requested to seek and to take appropriate action, in cooperation and consultation with African and other interested nations and with international development organizations, to further and assist in the advancement of African regional development institutions, including the African Development Bank, with the view toward promoting African economic development. ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. I, § 206, as added Pub. L. 89–171 , pt. I, § 102(b), Sept. 6, 1965 , 79 Stat. 653 .)

§§ 2167, 2168 Repealed. Pub. L. 95–424, title I, § 102(g)(1)(A), Oct. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 942

§ 2169 Multilateral, regional, and bilateral programs

(a) Multilateral programs The Congress recognizes that the planning and administration of development assistance by, or under the sponsorship of the United Nations, multilateral lending institutions, and other multilateral organizations may contribute to the efficiency and effectiveness of that assistance through participation of other donors in the development effort, improved coordination of policies and programs, pooling of knowledge, avoidance of duplication of facilities and manpower, and greater encouragement of self-help performance.

(b) Regional programs It is further the sense of the Congress (1) that where problems or opportunities are common to two or more countries in a region, in such fields as agriculture, education, transportation, communications, power, watershed development, disease control, and establishment of development banks, these countries often can more effectively resolve such problems and exploit such opportunities by joining together in regional organizations or working together on regional programs, (2) that assistance often can be utilized more efficiently in regional programs than in separate country programs, and (3) that to the maximum extent practicable consistent with the purposes of this chapter assistance under this chapter should be furnished so as to encourage less developed countries to cooperate with each other in regional development programs.

(c) Federal funds to multilateral lending institutions and multilateral organizations for loans to foreign countries; increase It is the sense of the Congress that the President should increase, to the extent practicable, the funds provided by the United States to multilateral lending institutions and multilateral organizations in which the United States participates for use by such institutions and organizations in making loans to foreign countries.

§§ 2171, 2172 Repealed. Pub. L. 95–424, title I, § 102(g)(1)(A), Oct. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 942

§ 2173 Repealed. Pub. L. 87–565, pt. I, § 103(c), Aug. 1, 1962, 76 Stat. 256

§ 2174 American schools, libraries, and hospital centers abroad

(a) Assistance for schools and libraries The President is authorized to furnish assistance, on such terms and conditions as he may specify, to schools and libraries outside the United States founded or sponsored by United States citizens and serving as study and demonstration centers for ideas and practices of the United States.

(b) Assistance for hospital centers The President is authorized, notwithstanding the provisions of the Mutual Defense Assistance Control Act of 1951 [ 22 U.S.C. 1611 et seq.], to furnish assistance, on such terms and conditions as he may specify, to institutions referred to in subsection (a) of this section, and to hospital centers for medical education and research outside the United States, founded or sponsored by United States citizens.

(c) Authorization of appropriations To carry out the purposes of this section, there are authorized to be appropriated to the President $35,000,000forfiscalyear1986and$35,000,000 for fiscal year 1987. Amounts appropriated under paragraph (1) are authorized to remain available until expended.

(d) Pediatric plastic and reconstructive surgery centers Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (b), funds appropriated under this section may be used for assistance to centers for pediatric plastic and reconstructive surgery established by Children’s Medical Relief International, except that assistance may not be furnished for the domestic operations of any such center located in the United States, its territories or possessions.

§ 2175 Repealed. Pub. L. 95–424, title I, § 102(g)(1)(A), Oct. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 942

§ 2175a Repealed. Pub. L. 97–113, title VII, § 734(a)(8), Dec. 29, 1981, 95 Stat. 1560

§§ 2176 to 2178 Repealed. Pub. L. 95–424, title I, § 102(g)(1)(A), Oct. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 942

§ 2179 Prototype desalting plant

(a) Assistance in development In furtherance of the purposes of subchapter I of this chapter and for the purpose of improving existing, and developing and advancing new, technology and experience in the design, construction, and operation of large-scale desalting plants of advanced concepts which will contribute materially to low-cost desalination in all countries, including the United States, the President, if he determines it to be feasible, is authorized to participate in the development of a large-scale water treatment and desalting prototype plant and necessary appurtenances to be constructed in Israel as an integral part of a dual-purpose power generating and desalting project. Such participation shall include financial, technical, and such other assistance as the President deems appropriate to provide for the study, design, construction, and, for a limited demonstration period of not to exceed five years, operation and maintenance of the water treatment and desalting facilities of the dual-purpose project.

(b) Terms and conditions Any agreement entered into under subsection (a) of this section shall include such terms and conditions as the President deems appropriate to insure, among other things, that all information, products, uses, processes, patents, and other developments obtained or utilized in the development of this prototype plant will be available without further cost to the United States for the use and benefit of the United States throughout the world, and to insure that the United States, its officers, and employees have a permanent right to review data and have access to such plant for the purpose of observing its operations and improving science and technology in the field of desalination.

(c) Contracts In carrying out the provisions of this section, the President may enter into contracts with public or private agencies and with any person without regard to section 3324(a) and (b) of title 31 and section 6101 of title 41 .

(d) Patents Nothing in this section shall be construed as intending to deprive the owner of any background patent or any right which such owner may have under that patent.

(e) Federal agencies In carrying out the provisions of this section, the President may utilize the personnel, services, and facilities of any Federal agency.

(f) Authorization of appropriations The United States costs, other than its administrative costs, for the study, design, construction, and operation of a prototype plant under this section shall not exceed either 50 per centum of the total capital costs of the facilities associated with the production of water, and 50 per centum of the operation and maintenance costs for the demonstration period, or $20,000,000, whichever is less. There are authorized to be appropriated, subject to the limitations of this subsection, such sums as may be necessary to carry out the provisions of this section, including administrative costs thereof. Such sums are authorized to remain available until expended.

(g) Restrictions on appropriations No funds appropriated for the Office of Water Research and Technology pursuant to the appropriation authorized by the Act of July 11, 1969 ( 83 Stat. 45 , Public Law 91–43 ), or prior authorization Acts, shall be used to carry out the purposes of this section.

§§ 2180, 2180a Repealed. Pub. L. 95–424, title I, § 102(g)(1)(A), Oct. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 942

§ 2181 Policy

The Congress recognizes that shelter, including essential urban development services, is among the most fundamental of human needs. Shelter for most people in the developing countries consists largely of domestic materials assembled by local labor. While recognizing that most financing for such shelter must come from domestic resources, the Congress finds that carefully designed programs involving United States capital and expertise can increase the availability of domestic financing for improved shelter and related services for low-income people by demonstrating to local entrepreneurs and institutions that providing low-cost shelter can be financially viable. The Congress reaffirms, therefore, that the United States should continue to assist developing countries in marshalling resources for low-cost shelter. Particular attention should be given to programs which will support pilot projects for low-cost shelter or which will have a maximum demonstration impact on local institutions and national policy. The Congress declares that the long run goal of all such programs should be to develop domestic construction capabilities and to stimulate local credit institutions to make available domestic capital and other management and technological resources required for effective low-cost shelter programs and policies. ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. I, § 221, as added Pub. L. 91–175 , pt. I, § 105, Dec. 30, 1969 , 83 Stat. 807 ; amended Pub. L. 92–226 , pt. I, § 103(a), Feb. 7, 1972 , 86 Stat. 22 ; Pub. L. 93–189, § 5(1) , Dec. 17, 1973 , 87 Stat. 717 ; Pub. L. 93–559, § 7(1) , Dec. 30, 1974 , 88 Stat. 1796 ; Pub. L. 94–161, title III, § 311(3) , Dec. 20, 1975 , 89 Stat. 861 ; Pub. L. 95–88, title I, § 117(a)(1) , Aug. 3, 1977 , 91 Stat. 540 ; Pub. L. 95–424, title I, § 115(a) , Oct. 6, 1978 , 92 Stat. 950 ; Pub. L. 98–473, title I, § 101(1) [title V, § 541(a)] , Oct. 12, 1984 , 98 Stat. 1884 , 1903.)

§ 2182 Authorization for worldwide shelter guarantees

(a) Authorization to issue guarantees to eligible investors To carry out the policy of section 2181 of this title , the President is authorized to issue guaranties to eligible investors (as defined in section 2198(c) 1 of this title) assuring against losses incurred in connection with loans made for projects meeting the criteria set forth in section 2181 of this title . The total principal amount of guaranties issued under this subpart or heretofore issued under prior housing guaranty authorities, which are outstanding at any one time, shall not exceed $2,558,000,000. The authority of this section shall continue through September 30, 1992 . The President may issue regulations from time to time with regard to the terms and conditions upon which such guaranties shall be issued and the eligibility of lenders.

(b) Emphasis on certain activities Activities carried out under this section shall emphasize— projects which provide improved home sites to poor families on which to build shelter, and related services; projects comprised of expandable core shelter units on serviced sites; slum upgrading projects designed to conserve and improve existing shelter; shelter projects for low-income people designed for demonstration or institution building purposes; and community facilities and services in support of projects authorized under this section to improve the shelter occupied by the poor.

(c) Use of solar energy technology In issuing guaranties under this section with respect to projects in a country which require the use or conservation of energy, the President shall give consideration to the use of solar energy technologies, where such technologies are economically and technically feasible. Technologies which may be used include solar hot water systems, solar heating and cooling, passive solar heating, biomass conversion, photovoltaic and wind applications, and community-scale solar thermal applications.

(k) 22 So in original. No subsecs. (d) to (j) have been enacted. Minimum annual program levels The total principal amount of guaranties issued under this section for each of the fiscal years 1986 and 1987 shall be comparable to the total principal amount of such guaranties issued for fiscal year 1984, subject to the dollar limitations on the issuance of guaranties under this section which are contained in subsection (a) and in appropriation Acts.

§ 2182a Agricultural and productive credit and self-help community development programs

(a) Financing pilot programs; scope It is the sense of the Congress that in order to stimulate the participation of the private sector in the economic development of less-developed countries, the authority conferred by this section should be used to establish pilot programs to encourage private banks, credit institutions, similar private lending organizations, cooperatives, and private nonprofit development organizations to make loans on reasonable terms to organized groups and individuals residing in a community for the purpose of enabling such groups and individuals to carry out agricultural credit and self-help community development projects for which they are unable to obtain financial assistance on reasonable terms. Agricultural credit and assistance for self-help community development projects should include, but not be limited to, material and such projects as wells, pumps, farm machinery, improved seed, fertilizer, pesticides, vocational training, food industry development, nutrition projects, improved breeding stock for farm animals, sanitation facilities, and looms and other handicraft aids.

(b) Guaranties; percentage limitation To carry out the purposes of subsection (a), the agency primarily responsible for administering subchapter I of this chapter is authorized to issue guaranties, on such terms and conditions as it shall determine, to private lending institutions, cooperatives, and private nonprofit development organizations assuring against loss of not to exceed 50 per centum of the portfolio of such loans made by any lender to organized groups or individuals residing in a community to enable such groups or individuals to carry out agricultural credit and self-help community development projects for which they are unable to obtain financial assistance on reasonable terms. In no event shall the liability of the United States exceed 75 per centum of any one loan.

(c) Total and individual amount of guaranties The total face amount of guaranties issued under this section outstanding at any one time shall not exceed $20,000,000. Not more than 10 per centum of such sum shall be provided for any one institution, cooperative, or organization.

(d) Inter-American Foundation consultations The Inter-American Foundation shall be consulted in developing criteria for making loans eligible for guaranty coverage in Latin America under this section.

(e) Guaranty reserve Not to exceed $3,000,000 of the guaranty reserve established under section 2183(b) of this title shall be available to make such payments as may be necessary to discharge liabilities under guaranties issued under this section or any guaranties previously issued under section 2200 1 of this title.

(f) Administrative and operating expenses; funds Funds held by the Overseas Private Investment Corporation pursuant to section 2196 1 of this title may be available for meeting necessary administrative and operating expenses for carrying out the provisions of this section through June 30, 1976 .

(g) Transfer of Overseas Private Investment Corporation’s obligations and assets The Overseas Private Investment Corporation shall, upon enactment of this subsection, transfer to the agency primarily responsible for administering subchapter I of this chapter all obligations, assets, and related rights and responsibilities arising out of, or related to the predecessor program provided for in section 2200 1 of this title.

(h) Termination of authority The authority of this section shall continue through September 30, 1988 .

(i) Excess foreign currencies; use Notwithstanding the limitation in subsection (c) of this section, foreign currencies owned by the United States and determined by the Secretary of the Treasury to be excess to the needs of the United States may be utilized to carry out the purposes of this section, including the discharge of liabilities under this subsection. The authority conferred by this subsection shall be in addition to authority conferred by any other provision of law to implement guaranty programs utilizing excess local currency.

§ 2183 General provisions

(a) Fees; determination by President; reduction A fee shall be charged for each guaranty issued under section 2182 or 2182a of this title in an amount to be determined by the President. In the event the fee to be charged for such type of guaranty is reduced, fees to be paid under existing contracts for the same type of guaranty may be similarly reduced.

(b) Accumulated and existing fees; expenditure of fees; revolving fund account; investments; use of investment income The amount of $50,000,000 of fees accumulated under prior investment guaranty provisions repealed by the Foreign Assistance Act of 1969, together with all fees collected in connection with guaranties issued under section 2182 of this title or under prior housing guaranty authorities, shall be available for meeting necessary administrative and operating expenses of carrying out the provisions of section 2182 of this title and administering housing guaranties heretofore authorized under this subpart and under prior housing guaranty provisions repealed by the Foreign Assistance Act of 1969 (including, but not limited to expenses pertaining to personnel, supplies, and printing), subject to such limitations as may be imposed in annual appropriation Acts; for meeting management and custodial costs incurred with respect to currencies or other assets acquired under guaranties made pursuant to section 2182 of this title or heretofore pursuant to this subpart or prior Latin American and other housing guaranty authorities repealed by the Foreign Assistance Act of 1969; and to pay the cost of investigating and adjusting (including costs of arbitration) claims under such guaranties; and shall be available for expenditure in discharge of liabilities under such guaranties until such time as all such property has been disposed of and all such liabilities have been discharged or have expired, or until all such fees have been expended in accordance with the provisions of this subsection. Fees collected in connection with guaranties issued under section 2182a of this title shall likewise be available to meet similar expenses, costs, or liabilities incurred in connection with the programs authorized by that section. All of the foregoing fees referred to in this section together with earnings thereon and other income arising from guaranty operations under this subpart shall be held in a revolving fund account maintained in the Treasury of the United States. All funds in such account may be invested in obligations of the United States. Any interest or other receipts derived from such investments shall be credited to such account and may be used for the purposes cited in this section.

(c) Priorities of funds for guaranty payments Any payments made to discharge liabilities under guaranties issued under section 2182 of this title or heretofore under this subpart or under prior Latin American or other housing guaranty authorities repealed by the Foreign Assistance Act of 1969, shall be paid first out of fees referred to in subsection (b) (excluding amounts required for purposes other than the discharge of liabilities under guaranties) as long as such fees are available, and thereafter shall be paid out of funds, if any, realized from the sale of currencies or other assets acquired in connection with any payment made to discharge liabilities under such guaranties as long as funds are available, and finally out of funds hereafter made available pursuant to subsection (e).

(d) Guaranties as obligations backed by full faith and credit of United States All guaranties issued under section 2182 or 2182a, or previously under section 2200 1 of this title or heretofore under this subpart or under prior Latin American or other housing guaranty authority repealed by the Foreign Assistance Act of 1969 shall constitute obligations, in accordance with the terms of such guaranties, of the United States of America and the full faith and credit of the United States of America is hereby pledged for the full payment and performance of such obligations.

(e) Authorization of appropriations; borrowing authority There is hereby authorized to be appropriated to the President such amounts, to remain available until expended, as may be necessary from time to time to carry out the purposes of this subpart. In order to meet obligations incurred for the payment of claims pursuant to loan guaranties described in subsection (d), the Administrator of the agency primarily responsible for administering subchapter I of this chapter may, to the extent that reserves are not sufficient, borrow from time to time from the Treasury, except that— the Administrator may exercise the authority to borrow under this paragraph only to such extent or in such amounts as are provided in advance in appropriation Acts; and the amount borrowed under this paragraph which is outstanding at any one time may not exceed $100,000,000. Any such borrowing shall bear interest at a rate determined by the Secretary of the Treasury, taking into account the current average market yield on outstanding marketable obligations of the United States of comparable maturities. The Secretary of the Treasury shall make loans under this paragraph and for such purpose may borrow on the credit of the United States in accordance with subchapter I of chapter 31 of title 31.

(f) Agency determination of maximum rate of interest In the case of any loan investment guaranteed under section 2182 of this title , the agency primarily responsible for administering subchapter I of this chapter shall prescribe the maximum rate of interest allowable to the eligible investor, which maximum rate shall not exceed by more than 1 per centum the then current rate of interest applicable to housing mortgages insured by the Department of Housing and Urban Development. The maximum allowable rate of interest under this subsection shall be prescribed by the agency as of the date the project covered by the investment is officially authorized and, prior to the execution of the contract, the agency may amend such rate at its discretion, consistent with the provisions of this subsection.

(g) Guaranties under prior acts Housing guaranties committed, authorized, or outstanding heretofore under this subpart or under prior housing guaranty authorities repealed by the Foreign Assistance Act of 1969 shall continue subject to provisions of law originally applicable thereto and fees collected hereafter with respect to such guaranties shall be available for the purposes specified in subsection (b).

(h) Fraud or misrepresentation No payment may be made under any guaranty issued pursuant to this subpart for any loss arising out of fraud or misrepresentation for which the party seeking payment is responsible.

(i) Repealed. Pub. L. 95–424, title I, § 115(i), Oct. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 952

(j) Guaranties for housing projects; percentage requirement for families with income below median income Guaranties shall be issued under section 2182 of this title only for housing projects which are coordinated with and complementary to any development assistance being furnished under part I of this subchapter and which are specifically designed to demonstrate the feasibility and suitability of particular kinds of housing or of financial or other institutional arrangements. Of the aggregate face value of housing guaranties hereafter issued under this subpart, not less than 90 per centum shall be issued for housing suitable for families with income below the median income (below the median urban income for housing in urban areas) in the country in which the housing is located.

§ 2184 Trade credit insurance program for Central America

(a) Guarantees to Export-Import Bank; financial transactions with private sector in Central American countries In order to enable the Export-Import Bank of the United States (hereafter in this section referred to as the “Bank”) to determine that there exists reasonable assurance of repayment as required under section 2(b)(1)(B) of the Export-Import Bank Act of 1945 [ 12 U.S.C. 635(b)(1)(B) ], the agency primarily responsible for administering subchapter I of this chapter (hereafter in this section referred to as the “Agency”) is authorized to provide guarantees to the Bank for liabilities to be incurred by the Bank in connection with guarantees or insurance provided under the Export-Import Bank Act of 1945 [ 12 U.S.C. 635 et seq.] for financing for transactions involving the export of goods and services for the use of the private sector in Central American countries.

(b) Extent of guarantees; agreements; reserve fund Guarantees provided by the Agency pursuant to the authority of subsection (a) shall be for short-term guarantees and insurance extended by the Bank which shall be repayable within a period not to exceed one year from the date of arrival at the port of importation of the goods and services covered by such guarantees or insurance. Guarantees or insurance extended by the Bank and guaranteed by the Agency pursuant to subsection (a) shall be provided by the Bank in accordance with criteria and procedures agreed to by the Agency and the Bank. Such agreement shall also provide for the establishment of a reserve fund by the Agency, with such funds made available to the reserve as the Agency deems necessary to discharge liabilities under guarantees provided by the Agency pursuant to subsection (a). The Administrator of such agency shall transmit a copy of such agreement to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and to the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs of the Senate.

(c) Deadline for guarantee commitments The Agency shall not enter into any commitments to guarantee under subsection (a) after September 30, 1991 .

(d) Availability of appropriated funds Of the funds authorized to be appropriated for part IV of subchapter II of this chapter, there are authorized to be made available such sums as may be deemed necessary by the Agency to discharge liabilities under guarantees entered into under subsection (a).

(e) Guarantee commitments limit Commitments to guarantee under subsection (a) are authorized only to the extent and in the amounts provided in appropriations Acts, except that the aggregate amount of outstanding commitments under subsection (a) may not exceed $300,000,000ofcontingentliabilityforloanprincipalduringfiscalyear1986andmaynotexceed$400,000,000 of contingent liability for loan principal during fiscal year 1987.

(f) Credits to reserve fund To the extent that any of the funds made available pursuant to subsection (d) are paid out for a claim arising out of liabilities guaranteed under subsection (a), amounts received after the date of such payment, with respect to such claim, shall be credited to the reserve fund referred to in subsection (b), shall be merged with the funds in such reserve, and shall be available for the purpose of payments by the Agency to the Bank for guarantees under subsection (a).

(g) Omitted

(h) Administrative and technical assistance The Export-Import Bank shall provide without reimbursement such administrative and technical assistance to the Agency as the Bank and the Agency deem appropriate to assist the Agency in carrying out this section.

§ 2185 Trade credit insurance program for Poland

(a) General authority The President is authorized to provide guarantees to the Bank for liabilities described in paragraph (2) in order to satisfy the requirement of section 2(b)(1)(B) of the Export-Import Bank Act of 1945 ( 12 U.S.C. 635(b)(1)(B) ) that the Bank have 1 reasonable assurance of repayment. The liabilities that may be guaranteed under paragraph (1) are liabilities incurred by the Bank in connection with guarantees or insurance provided under the Export-Import Bank Act of 1945 [ 12 U.S.C. 635 et seq.] for financing for transactions involving the export of goods and services for the use of the private sector in Poland.

(b) Guarantees available only for short-term guarantees and insurance Guarantees provided under subsection (a) shall be for short-term guarantees and insurance extended by the Bank which shall be repayable within a period not to exceed one year from the date of arrival at the port of importation of the goods and services covered by such guarantees or insurance.

(c) Agreement on criteria and procedures Guarantees or insurance extended by the Bank and guaranteed pursuant to subsection (a) shall be provided by the Bank in accordance with criteria and procedures agreed to by the Administrator and the Bank.

(d) Reserve fund The agreement referred to in subsection (c) shall also provide for the establishment of a reserve fund by the administering agency, with such funds made available to the reserve as the Administrator deems necessary to discharge liabilities under guarantees provided under subsection (a).

(e) Discharge of liabilities Such amounts of the funds made available to carry out part IV of subchapter II of this chapter (relating to the economic support fund) as the President determines are necessary may be made available to discharge liabilities under guarantees entered into under subsection (a). To the extent that any of the funds made available pursuant to paragraph (1) are paid out for a claim arising out of liabilities guaranteed under subsection (a), amounts received after the date of such payment, with respect to such claim, shall be credited to the reserve fund established pursuant to subsection (d), shall be merged with the funds in such reserve, and shall be available for the purpose of payments by the Administrator to the Bank for guarantees under subsection (a).

(f) Appropriations action required Commitments to guarantee under subsection (a) are authorized only to the extent and in the amounts provided in advance in appropriations Acts.

(g) Limitation on outstanding commitments The aggregate amount of outstanding commitments under subsection (a) may not exceed $200,000,000 of contingent liability for loan principal during any fiscal year.

(h) Omitted

(i) Administrative and technical assistance The Bank shall provide, without reimbursement, such administrative and technical assistance to the administering agency as the Bank and the Administrator determine appropriate to assist the administering agency in carrying out this section.

(j) Fees and premiums The Bank is authorized to charge fees and premiums, in connection with guarantees or insurance guaranteed by the administering agency under subsection (a), that are commensurate (in the judgment of the Bank) with the Bank’s administrative costs and the risks covered by the agency’s guarantees. Any amounts received by the Bank in excess of the estimated costs incurred by the Bank in administering such guarantees or insurance— shall be credited to the reserve fund established pursuant to subsection (d), shall be merged with the funds in such reserve, and shall be available for the purpose of payments by the administering agency to the Bank for guarantees under subsection (a).

(k) Restrictions not applicable Prohibitions on the use of foreign assistance funds for assistance for Poland shall not apply with respect to the funds made available to carry out this section.

(l) Expiration of authority The President may not enter into any commitments to guarantee under subsection (a) after September 30, 1992 .

(m) Definitions For purposes of this section— the term “administering agency” means the Agency for International Development; the term “Administrator” means the Administrator of the Agency for International Development; and the term “Bank” means the Export-Import Bank of the United States.

§ 2186 Loan guarantees to Israel program

(a) In general Subject to the terms and conditions of this section, during the period beginning October 1, 1992 , and ending September 30, 1997 , the President is authorized to issue guarantees against losses incurred in connection with loans to Israel made as a result of Israel’s extraordinary humanitarian effort to resettle and absorb immigrants into Israel from the republics of the former Soviet Union, Ethiopia and other countries. In the event that less than the full amount authorized to be issued under subsection (b) of this section is issued in such period, the authority to issue the balance of such guarantees shall be available in the fiscal year ending on September 30, 1998 .

(b) Fiscal year levels The President is authorized to issue guarantees in furtherance of the purposes of this section. Subject to subsection (d), the total principal amount of guarantees which may be issued by the President under this section shall be up to $10,000,000,000whichmaybeissuedasfollows:infiscalyear1993,upto$2,000,000,000 may be issued on October 1, 1992 or thereafter; subject to subsection (d), in fiscal years 1994 through 1997, up to $2,000,000,000 in each fiscal year may be issued on October 1 or thereafter. If less than the full amount of guarantees authorized to be made available in a fiscal year pursuant to paragraphs (1) and (2) of this subsection is issued to Israel during that fiscal year, the authority to issue the balance of such guarantees shall extend to any subsequent fiscal year ending on or before September 30, 1998 . Not later than September 1 of each year during the period in which the President is authorized to issue loan guarantees under subsection (a), beginning in fiscal year 1993, the President shall notify the appropriate congressional committees in writing of his intentions regarding the exercise of that authority for the fiscal year beginning on October 1 of that year, including a statement of the total principal amount of guarantees, if any, that the President proposes to issue for that fiscal year. For purposes of this paragraph, the term “appropriate congressional committees” means the Committee on Appropriations and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on Appropriations and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives.

(c) Use of guarantees Guarantees may be issued under this section only to support activities in the geographic areas which were subject to the administration of the Government of Israel before June 5, 1967 .

(d) Limitation on guarantee amount The amount of authorized but unissued guarantees that the President is authorized to issue as specified in subsection (b) shall be reduced by an amount equal to the amount extended or estimated to have been extended by the Government of Israel during the previous year for activities which the President determines are inconsistent with the objectives of this section or understandings reached between the United States Government and the Government of Israel regarding the implementation of the loan program. The President shall submit a report to Congress no later than September 30 of each fiscal year during the pendency of the program specifying the amount calculated under this subsection and that will be deducted from the amount of guarantees authorized to be issued in the next fiscal year.

(e) Fees Fees charged for the loan guarantee program under this section each year shall be an aggregate annual origination fee equal to the estimated subsidy cost of the guarantees issued under this section for that year, calculated by the Office of Management and Budget for the Federal Credit Reform Act of 1990 [ 2 U.S.C. 661 et seq.]. This shall also include an amount for the administrative expenses of the Agency for International Development in administering the program under this section. All such fees shall be paid by the Government of Israel to the Government of the United States. Funds made available for Israel under part 4 of subchapter II of this chapter, may be utilized by the Government of Israel to pay such fees to the United States Government. No further appropriations of subsidy cost are needed for the loan guarantee authorized hereunder for fiscal year 1993 and the four succeeding fiscal years. The origination fee shall be payable to the United States Government on a pro rata basis as each guarantee for each loan or increment is issued.

(f) Authority to suspend Except as provided in subsections ( l ) and (m) of this section, the President shall determine the terms and conditions for issuing guarantees. If the President determines that these terms and conditions have been breached, the President may suspend or terminate the provision of all or part of the additional loan guarantees not yet issued under this section. Upon making such a determination to suspend or terminate the provision of loan guarantees, the President shall submit to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President Pro Tempore of the Senate his determination to do so, including the basis for such suspension or termination.

(g) Procedures for suspension or termination Any suspension or termination pursuant to subsection (f) shall be in accordance with the following procedures: Upon making a determination to suspend or terminate the provision of loan guarantees, the President shall submit to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President Pro Tempore of the Senate his determination to do so, including the basis for such suspension or termination. Such a suspension or termination shall cease to be effective if Congress enacts, within 30 days of submission, a joint resolution authorizing the assistance notwithstanding the suspension. Any such joint resolution shall be considered in the Senate in accordance with the provisions of section 601(b) of the International Security Assistance and Arms Export Control Act of 1976. For the purpose of expediting the consideration and enactment of joint resolutions under this subsection, a motion to proceed to the consideration of any such joint resolution after it has been reported by the appropriate committee shall be treated as highly privileged in the House of Representatives. In the event that the President suspends the provision of additional loan guarantees under subsection (f) and Congress does not enact a joint resolution pursuant to this subsection, the provision of additional loan guarantees under the program established by this section may be resumed only if the President determines and so reports to Congress that the reasons for the suspension have been resolved or that the resumption is otherwise in the national interest.

(h) Economic context The effective absorption of immigrants into Israel from the republics of the former Soviet Union and Ethiopia within the private sector requires large investment and economic restructuring to promote market efficiency and thereby contribute to productive employment and sustainable growth. Congress recognizes that the Government of Israel is developing an economic strategy designed to achieve these goals, and that the Government of Israel intends to adopt a comprehensive, multi-year economic strategy based on prudent macroeconomic policies and structural reforms. Congress also recognizes that these policies are being designed to reduce direct involvement of the government in the economic system and to promote private enterprise, important prerequisites for economic stability and sustainable growth.

(i) Consultations It is the sense of the Congress that, as agreed between the two Governments and in order to further the policies specified in subsection (h), Israel and the United States should continue to engage in consultations concerning economic and financial measures, including structural and other reforms, that Israel should undertake during the pendency of this program to enable its economy to absorb and resettle immigrants and to accommodate the increased debt burden that will result from loans guaranteed pursuant to this section. It is the sense of the Congress that these consultations on economic measures should address progress and plans in the areas of budget policies, privatization, trade liberalization, financial and capital markets, labor markets, competition policy, and deregulation.

(j) Goods and services During the pendency of the loan program authorized under this section, it is anticipated that, in the context of the economic reforms undertaken pursuant to subsections (h) and (i) of this section, Israel’s increased population due to its absorption of immigrants, and the liberalization by the Government of Israel of its trade policy with the United States, the amount of United States investment goods and services purchased for use in or with respect to the country of Israel will substantially increase.

(k) Reports The President shall report to Congress by December 31 of each fiscal year until December 31, 1999 , regarding the implementation of this section.

(l) Applicability of certain sections Section 2183 of this title shall apply to guarantees issued under subsection (a) in the same manner as such section applies to guarantees issued under section 2182 of this title , except that subsections (a), (e)(1), (g), and (j) of section 2183 of this title shall not apply to such guarantees and except that, to the extent section 2183 of this title is inconsistent with the Federal Credit Reform Act of 1990 [ 2 U.S.C. 661 et seq.], that Act shall apply. Loans shall be guaranteed under this section without regard to sections 2181, 2182, and 2198(c) 1 of this title. Notwithstanding section 2183(f) of this title , the interest rate for loans guaranteed under this section may include a reasonable fee to cover the costs and fees incurred by the borrower in connection with this program or financing under this section in the event the borrower elects not to finance such costs or fees out of loan principal. Guarantees once issued hereunder shall be unconditional and fully and freely transferable.

(m) Terms and conditions Each loan guarantee issued under this section shall guarantee 100 percent of the principal and interest payable on such loans. The standard terms of any loan or increment guaranteed under this section shall be 30 years with semiannual payments of interest only over the first 10 years, and with semiannual payments of principal and interest on a level payment basis, over the last 20 years thereof, except that the guaranteed loan or any increments issued in a single transaction may include obligations having different maturities, interest rates, and payment terms if the aggregate scheduled debt service for all obligations issued in a single transaction equals the debt service for a single loan or increment of like amount having the standard terms described in this sentence. The guarantor shall not have the right to accelerate any guaranteed loan or increment or to pay any amounts in respect of the guarantees issued other than in accordance with the original payment terms of the loan. For purposes of determining the maximum principal amount of any loan or increment to be guaranteed under this section, the principal amount of each such loan or increment shall be— in the case of any loan issued on a discount basis, the original issue price (excluding any transaction costs) thereof; or in the case of any loan issue 2 on an interest-bearing basis, the stated principal amount thereof.

§§ 2191 to 2194 Repealed. Pub. L. 115–254, div. F, title VI, § 1464(2), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3513

§ 2194a Omitted

§§ 2194b to 2196 Repealed. Pub. L. 115–254, div. F, title VI, § 1464(2), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3513

§ 2197 General provisions relating to insurance, guaranty, financing, and reinsurance programs

(a) to (f). Repealed. Pub. L. 115–254, div. F, title VI, § 1464(2), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3513

(g) Fraud or misrepresentation No payment may be made under any guaranty, insurance, or reinsurance issued pursuant to this subpart for any loss arising out of fraud or misrepresentation for which the party seeking payment is responsible.

(h) to (k) Repealed. Pub. L. 115–254, div. F, title VI, § 1464(2), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3513

(l) Convictions under Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977; prohibition on payments for losses resulting from unlawful activities; suspension from eligibility of receipt of financial support No payment may be made under any insurance or reinsurance which is issued under this subpart on or after April 24, 1978 , for any loss occurring with respect to a project, if the preponderant cause of such loss was an act by the investor seeking payment under this subpart, by a person possessing majority ownership and control of the investor at the time of the act, or by any agent of such investor or controlling person, and a court of the United States has entered a final judgment that such act constituted a violation under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977. Not later than 120 days after April 24, 1978 , the Corporation shall adopt regulations setting forth appropriate conditions under which any person convicted under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 for an offense related to a project insured or otherwise supported by the Corporation shall be suspended, for a period of not more than five years, from eligibility to receive any insurance, reinsurance, guaranty, loan, or other financial support authorized by this subpart.

(m) Notification of countries of environmental restrictions on certain activities Before finally providing insurance, reinsurance, guarantees, or financing under this subpart for any environmentally sensitive investment in connection with a project in a country, the Corporation shall notify appropriate government officials of that country of— all guidelines and other standards adopted by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and any other international organization relating to the public health or safety or the environment which are applicable to the project; and to the maximum extent practicable, any restriction under any law of the United States relating to public health or safety or the environment that would apply to the project if the project were undertaken in the United States. The notification under the preceding sentence shall include a summary of the guidelines, standards, and restrictions referred to in subparagraphs (A) and (B), and may include any environmental impact statement, assessment, review, or study prepared with respect to the investment pursuant to section 2199(g) 1 of this title. Before finally providing insurance, reinsurance, guarantees, or financing for any investment subject to paragraph (1), the Corporation shall take into account any comments it receives on the project involved. On or before September 30, 1986 , the Corporation shall notify appropriate government officials of a country of the guidelines, standards, and legal restrictions described in paragraph (1) that apply to any project in that country— which the Corporation identifies as potentially posing major hazards to public health and safety or the environment; and for which the Corporation provided insurance, reinsurance, guarantees, or financing under this subpart before December 23, 1985 , and which is in the Corporation’s portfolio on that date.

(n) Penalties for fraud Whoever knowingly makes any false statement or report, or willfully overvalues any land, property, or security, for the purpose of influencing in any way the action of the Corporation with respect to any insurance, reinsurance, guarantee, loan, equity investment, or other activity of the Corporation under section 2194 1 of this title or any change or extension of any such insurance, reinsurance, guarantee, loan, equity investment, or activity, by renewal, deferment of action or otherwise, or the acceptance, release, or substitution of security therefor, shall be fined not more than $1,000,000 or imprisoned not more than 30 years, or both.

§§ 2198 to 2200b Repealed. Pub. L. 115–254, div. F, title VI, § 1464(2), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3513

§ 2201 Assistance to disadvantaged children in Asia

(a) Congressional findings The Congress recognizes the humanitarian needs of disadvantaged children in Asian countries where there has been or continues to be a heavy presence of United States military and related personnel in recent years. Moreover, the Congress finds that inadequate provision has been made for the care and welfare of such disadvantaged children, particularly those fathered by the 1 United States citizens.

(b) Authority of President Accordingly, the President is authorized to expend up to $3,000,000 of funds made available under part I of this subchapter, in addition to funds otherwise available for such purposes, to help meet the needs of these disadvantaged children in Asia by assisting in the expansion and improvement of orphanages, hostels, day care centers, school feeding programs, and health, education, and welfare programs. Assistance provided under this section shall be furnished under the auspices of and by international organizations or private voluntary agencies operating within, and in cooperation with, the countries of Asia where these disadvantaged children reside.

§ 2211 Findings and policy

Congress finds and declares the following: Access to financial services and the development of micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises are vital factors in the stable growth of developing countries, in the development of free, open, and equitable international economic systems, and in the economic empowerment of the poor, especially women. It is therefore in the best interest of the United States to facilitate access to financial services and assist the development of micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises in developing countries, particularly enterprises owned, managed, and controlled by women. Access to financial services and the development of micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises can be supported by programs providing credit, savings, training, technical assistance, business development services, and other financial services. Given the relatively high percentage of populations living in rural areas of developing countries, and the combined high incidence of poverty in rural areas and growing income inequality between rural and urban markets, micro, small, and medium-sized enterprise programs should target both rural and urban poor. Microenterprise programs have been successful and should continue and be expanded to empower vulnerable women in the developing world. The Agency should work to ensure that recipients of development assistance for micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises under this subpart communicate and work with nongovernmental organizations and government organizations to identify and assist victims of trafficking as provided for in section 7104(a)(1) of this title and women who are victims of or susceptible to other forms of exploitation and violence. Given that microenterprise programs have had some success in empowering disenfranchised groups such as women, development assistance for micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises should also target populations disenfranchised due to race or ethnicity in countries where a strong relationship between poverty and race or ethnicity has been demonstrated. ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. I, § 251, as added Pub. L. 108–484, § 3 , Dec. 23, 2004 , 118 Stat. 3923 ; amended Pub. L. 115–428, § 4(a) , Jan. 9, 2019 , 132 Stat. 5512 .)

§ 2211a Authorization; implementation; targeted assistance

(a) Authorization The President is authorized to provide assistance on a non-reimbursable basis for programs in developing countries to increase the availability of credit, including the use of innovative credit scoring models, savings, financial technology, financial literacy, education, insurance, property rights, and other services to micro, small, and medium-sized enterprise clients lacking full access to capital, training, technical assistance, and business development services, through— assistance for the purpose of expanding the availability of credit, savings, and other financial and non-financial services to micro, small, and medium-sized enterprise clients, particularly clients owned, managed, and controlled by women; assistance for the purpose of training, technical assistance, and business development services for micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises to enable them to make better use of credit, to better manage their enterprises, to conduct market analysis and product development for expanding domestic and international sales, particularly to United States markets, and to increase their income and build their assets; capacity-building for financial intermediaries in order to enable them to better meet the credit, savings, and training needs of micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises; policy, regulatory programs, and research at the country level that improve the environment for micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises, financial intermediaries, and capital markets and institutions that serve the poor and very poor, especially women; assistance for the purpose of promoting the economic empowerment of women, including through increased access to financial resources and improving property rights, inheritance rights, and other legal protections; and assistance for the purpose of scaling up evidence-based graduation approaches, which include targeting the very poor and households in ultra-poverty, consumption support, promotion of savings, financial literacy, skills training, and asset transfers.

(b) Implementation There is authorized to be established within the Agency an office to support the Agency’s efforts to broaden and deepen local financial markets, expand access to appropriate financial products and services, and support the development of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises. The Office shall be headed by a Director who shall possess technical expertise and ability to offer leadership in the field of financial sector development. Assistance under this section shall emphasize the use of implementing partner organizations that best meet the requirements of subparagraph (C). In order to ensure that assistance under this subpart is distributed effectively and efficiently, the office shall provide coordination and support for field-implemented programs, including through targeted core support for micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises and local financial markets. Assistance under this section shall meet high standards of efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and sustainability, particularly by protecting the use and funding of local organizations in countries in which the Agency invests, and shall especially provide the greatest possible resources to the poor and very poor, especially women. When administering assistance under this section, the Administrator shall— take into consideration the percentage of funds a provider of assistance intends to expend on administrative costs; take all appropriate steps to ensure that the provider of assistance keeps administrative costs as low as practicable to ensure the maximum amount of funds are used for directly assisting microfinance and microenterprise clients, for establishing sustainable microfinance and microenterprise institutions, or for advancing the microenterprise development field; and give preference to proposals from providers of assistance that are the most technically competitive and have a reasonable allocation to overhead and administrative costs.

(c) Targeted assistance In carrying out sustainable poverty-focused programs under subsection (a)— 50 percent of all micro, small, and medium-sized enterprise resources shall be targeted to activities that reach the very poor; and 50 percent of all small and medium-sized enterprise resources shall be targeted to activities that reach enterprises owned, managed, and controlled by women.

§ 2211b Monitoring system

(a) In general In order to maximize the sustainable development impact of assistance authorized under section 2211a(a) of this title , the Administrator of the Agency, acting through the Director of the office, shall strengthen its monitoring system to meet the requirements of subsection (b).

(b) Requirements The requirements referred to in subsection (a) are the following: The monitoring system shall include performance goals, including goals on a gender disaggregated basis, such as improvements in employment, access to financial services, education, enterprise development, earnings and control over income, and property and land rights, for the assistance and expresses such goals in an objective and quantifiable form, to the extent feasible. The monitoring system shall incorporate Agency planning and reporting processes and indicators to measure or assess the achievement of the performance goals described in paragraph (1) and the objectives of the assistance authorized under section 2211a of this title . The monitoring system provides a basis for recommendations for adjustments to the assistance to enhance the sustainability and the impact of the assistance, particularly the impact of such assistance on the very poor, particularly poor women.

§ 2211c Poverty measurement methods

The Administrator of the Agency, in consultation with financial intermediaries and other appropriate organizations, should have in place at least 1 method for implementing partners to use to assess poverty levels of their current incoming or prospective clients. ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. I, § 254, as added Pub. L. 108–484, § 3 , Dec. 23, 2004 , 118 Stat. 3926 ; amended Pub. L. 115–428, § 4(d) , Jan. 9, 2019 , 132 Stat. 5514 .)

§ 2211d Additional authorities

Notwithstanding any other provision of law, amounts made available for development assistance for micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises under any provision of law other than this subpart may be provided to further the purposes of this subpart. To the extent assistance described in the preceding sentence is provided in accordance with such sentence, the Administrator of the Agency shall include, as part of the report required under section 2214 of this title , a detailed description of such assistance. ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. I, § 255, as added Pub. L. 108–484, § 3 , Dec. 23, 2004 , 118 Stat. 3926 ; amended Pub. L. 115–428, § 4(e) , Jan. 9, 2019 , 132 Stat. 5514 .)

§ 2212 Development credits for micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises

(a) Findings and policy Congress finds and declares that— the development of micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises is a vital factor in the stable growth of developing countries and in the development and stability of a free, open, and equitable international economic system; and it is, therefore, in the best interests of the United States to assist the access to financial services and the development of micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises in developing countries and to engage the United States private sector in that process.

(b) Program To carry out the policy set forth in subsection (a), the President is authorized to provide assistance to increase the availability of financial services to micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises and households lacking full access to credit and other financial services, including through— loans and guarantees to financial intermediaries for the purpose of expanding the availability of savings and credit to poor and low-income households; training programs for financial intermediaries in order to enable them to better meet the financial services needs of their clients; and training programs for clients in order to enable them to make better use of credit, increase their financial literacy, and to better manage their enterprises to improve their quality of life.

(c) Eligibility criteria The Administrator of the Agency shall establish criteria for determining which financial intermediaries described in subsection (b)(1) are eligible to carry out activities, with respect to micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises and households, assisted under this section. Such criteria may include the following: The extent to which the recipients of financial services from the entity do not have access to the local formal financial sector. The extent to which the recipients of financial services from the entity are among the poorest people in the country. The extent to which the entity is oriented toward working directly with poor women. The extent to which the entity recovers its cost of lending. The extent to which the entity implements a plan to become financially sustainable.

(d) Additional requirement Assistance provided under this section may only be used to support programs for micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises and households and may not be used to support programs not directly related to the purposes described in subsection (b).

(e) Procurement provision Assistance may be provided under this section without regard to section 2354(a) of this title .

(f) Availability of funds Of the amounts authorized to be available to carry out subchapter I of this chapter, there are authorized to be available such sums as may be necessary for each of the fiscal years 2005 through 2009 to carry out this section. Amounts authorized to be available under paragraph (1) shall be made available to cover the subsidy cost, as defined in section 661a(5) of title 2 , for activities under this section.

§ 2213 United States Microfinance Loan Facility

(a) Establishment The President is authorized to establish a United States Microfinance Loan Facility (in this section referred to as the “Facility”) to pool and manage the risk from natural disasters, war or civil conflict, national financial crisis, or short-term financial movements that threaten the long-term development of United States-supported financial intermediaries.

(b) Disbursements The Administrator shall make disbursements from the Facility to United States-supported financial intermediaries to prevent the bankruptcy of such institutions caused by— natural disasters; national wars or civil conflict; or national financial crisis or other short-term financial movements that threaten the long-term development of United States-supported financial intermediaries. Assistance under this section shall be in the form of loans or loan guarantees for financial intermediaries that demonstrate the capacity to resume self-sustained operations within a reasonable time period. During each of the fiscal years 2005 through 2009, funds may not be made available from the Facility until 15 days after notification of the proposed availability of the funds has been provided to the congressional committees specified in section 2394–1 of this title in accordance with the procedures applicable to reprogramming notifications under that section.

(c) General provisions In providing the credit assistance authorized by this section, the Administrator should apply, as appropriate, the policy provisions in subchapter I of this chapter that are applicable to development assistance activities. The provisions of section 2370(q) of this title , or any comparable provision of law, shall not be construed to prohibit assistance to a country in the event that a private sector recipient of assistance furnished under this section is in default in its payment to the United States for the period specified in such section. Assistance may be provided under this section without regard to section 2354(a) of this title . Credit assistance provided under this section shall be offered on such terms and conditions, including fees charged, as the Administrator may determine. The principal amount of loans made or guaranteed under this section in any fiscal year, with respect to any single event, may not exceed $30,000,000. No payment may be made under any guarantee issued under this section for any loss arising out of fraud or misrepresentation for which the party seeking payment is responsible. All guarantees issued under this section shall constitute obligations, in accordance with the terms of such guarantees, of the United States of America, and the full faith and credit of the United States of America is hereby pledged for the full payment and performance of such obligations to the extent of the guarantee.

(d) Funding Of the amounts made available to carry out subchapter I of this chapter for each of the fiscal years 2005 through 2009, such sums as may be necessary may be made available for— the subsidy cost, as defined in section 661a(5) of title 2 , to carry out this section; and the administrative costs to carry out this section. Amounts made available under paragraph (1) are in addition to amounts available under any other provision of law to carry out this section.

§ 2214 Report

(a) In general Not later than June 30, 2006 , and each June 30 thereafter, the Administrator of the Agency, acting through the Director of the office, shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report that contains a detailed description of the implementation of this subpart for the previous fiscal year.

(b) Contents To the extent practicable, the report submitted under subsection (a) should contain the following: Information about assistance provided under section 2211a of this title , including— the amount of each grant or other form of assistance; the name and type of each intermediary and implementing partner organization receiving assistance; the name of each country receiving assistance; and the methodology used to ensure compliance with the targeted assistance requirements under subsection (c) of such section. The percentage of assistance provided under section 2211a of this title , disaggregated by income level, including for the very poor, and by gender. The estimated number of individuals that received assistance under section 2211a of this title , disaggregated by income level (or an appropriate proxy for income level, including for the very poor), by gender, and by type of assistance. The results of the monitoring system required under section 2211b of this title . Information about any method in place to assess poverty levels under section 2211c of this title .

(c) Availability to public The report required by this section shall be made available to the public on the Internet website of the Agency.

§ 2214a Definitions

In this subpart: The term “Administrator” means the Administrator of the Agency. The term “Agency” means the United States Agency for International Development. The term “appropriate congressional committees” means the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate. The term “business development services” means support for the growth of micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises through training, technical assistance, marketing assistance, improved production technologies, and other related services. The term “Director” means the Director of the office. The term “implementing partner organization” means an entity eligible to receive assistance under this subpart which is— a United States or an indigenous private voluntary organization; a United States or an indigenous credit union; a United States or an indigenous cooperative organization; an indigenous governmental or nongovernmental organization; a micro, small, or medium-sized enterprise institution; a financial intermediary; or a practitioner institution. The term “micro, small, and medium-sized enterprise institution” means an entity that provides services, including finance, training, or business development services, for micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises in foreign countries. The term “financial intermediary” means the entity that acts as the intermediary between parties in a financial transaction, such as a bank, credit union, investment fund, a village savings and loan group, or an institution that provides financial services to a micro, small, or medium-sized enterprise. The term “office” means the office established under section 2211a(b)(1) of this title . The term “practitioner institution” means a not-for-profit entity, a financial intermediary, an information and communications technology firm with a mobile money platform, a village and savings loan group, or any other entity that provides financial or business development services authorized under section 252 that benefits micro, small, and medium-sized enterprise clients. The term “private voluntary organization” means a not-for-profit entity that— engages in and supports activities of an economic or social development or humanitarian nature for citizens in foreign countries; and is incorporated as such under the laws of the United States, including any of its states, territories or the District of Columbia, or of a foreign country. The term “United States-supported financial intermediary” means a financial intermediary that has received funds made available under subchapter I of this chapter for fiscal year 1980 or any subsequent fiscal year. The term “very poor” means those individuals— living in the bottom 50 percent below the poverty line established by the national government of the country in which those individuals live; or living below the international poverty line (as defined by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the International Development Association (collectively referred to as the ‘World Bank’)). ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. I, § 259, as added Pub. L. 108–484, § 6 , Dec. 23, 2004 , 118 Stat. 3929 ; amended Pub. L. 115–428, § 4(i) , Jan. 9, 2019 , 132 Stat. 5515 .)

§ 2216 Repealed. Pub. L. 95–424, title I, § 102(g)(1)(A), Oct. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 942

§§ 2217, 2217a Repealed. Pub. L. 95–424, title I, § 102(g)(1)(A), Oct. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 942

§ 2217b Repealed. Pub. L. 90–137, pt. I, § 107, Nov. 14, 1967, 81 Stat. 452

§ 2218 Utilization of democratic institutions in development

(a) Popular participation through encouragement of democratic institutions In carrying out programs authorized in this part and part I of this subchapter, emphasis shall be placed on assuring maximum participation in the task of economic development on the part of the people of the developing countries, through the encouragement of democratic private and local governmental institutions.

(b) Human and intellectual resources; self-government through civic education and training in requisite skills In order to carry out the purposes of this section programs under this part and part I of this subchapter shall— recognize the differing needs, desires, and capacities of the people of the respective developing countries and areas; use the intellectual resources of such countries and areas in conjunction with assistance provided under this chapter so as to encourage the development of indigenous institutions that meet their particular requirements for sustained economic and social progress; and support civic education and training in skills required for effective participation in governmental and political processes essential to self-government.

(c) Political, social, and related obstacles to development; democratic social and political trends In the allocation of funds for research under this part and part I of this subchapter, emphasis shall be given to research designed to examine the political, social, and related obstacles to development in countries receiving assistance under subchapter I of this chapter. In particular, emphasis should be given to research designed to increase understanding of the ways in which development assistance can support democratic social and political trends in recipient countries.

(d) Implementation of objectives through application of experience gained from program evaluation Emphasis shall also be given to the evaluation of relevant past and current programs under subchapter I of this chapter and to applying this experience so as to strengthen their effectiveness in implementing the objectives of this section.

(e) Inservice training programs In order to carry out the purposes of this section, the agency primarily responsible for administering subchapter I of this chapter shall develop systematic programs of inservice training to familiarize its personnel with the objectives of this section and to increase their knowledge of the political and social aspects of development. In addition to other funds available for such purposes, not to exceed 1 per centum of the funds authorized to be appropriated for grant assistance under this part and part I of this subchapter may be used for carrying out the objectives of this subsection.

§§ 2219, 2219a Repealed. Pub. L. 95–424, title I, § 104(b), Oct. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 947

§ 2220 Repealed. Pub. L. 95–424, title V, § 502(d)(1), Oct. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 959

§ 2220a General provisions

(a) Congressional objectives and findings The Congress declares that, in order to achieve the mutual goals among nations of ensuring food security, human health, agricultural growth, trade expansion, and the wise and sustainable use of natural resources, the United States should mobilize the capacities of the United States land-grant universities, other eligible universities, and public and private partners of universities in the United States and other countries, consistent with sections 2151a and 2151a–1 of this title, for: (1) global research on problems affecting food, agriculture, forestry, and fisheries; (2) improved human capacity and institutional resource development for the global application of agricultural and related environmental sciences; (3) agricultural development and trade research and extension services in the United States and other countries to support the entry of rural industries into world markets; and (4) providing for the application of agricultural sciences to solving food, health, nutrition, rural income, and environmental problems, especially such problems in low-income, food deficit countries. The Congress so declares because it finds— that the establishment, endowment, and continuing support of land-grant universities in the United States by Federal, State, and county governments has led to agricultural progress with and through the private sector in this country and to understanding processes of economic development; that land-grant and other universities in the United States have demonstrated over many years their ability to cooperate with international agencies, educational and research institutions in other countries, the private sector, and nongovernmental organizations worldwide, in expanding global agricultural production, processing, business and trade, to the benefit of aid recipient countries and of the United States; that, in a world of growing populations with rising expectations, increased food production and improved distribution, storage, and marketing in the developing countries is necessary not only to prevent hunger and ensure human health and child survival, but to build the basis for economic growth and trade, and the social security in which democracy and a market economy can thrive, and moreover, that the greatest potential for increasing world food supplies and incomes to purchase food is in the developing countries where the gap between food need and food supply is the greatest and current incomes are lowest; that increasing and making more secure the supply of food is of greatest benefit to the poorest majority in the developing world; that, with expanding global markets and increasing imports into many countries, including the United States, food safety and quality, as well as secure supply, have emerged as mutual concerns of all countries; that research, teaching, and extension activities, and appropriate institutional and policy development therefore are prime factors in improving agricultural production, food distribution, processing, storage, and marketing abroad (as well as in the United States); moreover, that agricultural research abroad has in the past and will continue in the future to provide benefits for agriculture and the broader economy of the United States and that increasing the availability of food of higher nutritional quality is of benefit to all; that there is a need to responsibly manage the world’s agricultural and natural resources for sustained productivity, health and resilience to climate variability; and that universities and public and private partners of universities need a dependable source of funding in order to increase the impact of their own investments and those of their State governments and constituencies, in order to continue and expand their efforts to advance agricultural development in cooperating countries, to translate development into economic growth and trade for the United States and cooperating countries, and to prepare future teachers, researchers, extension specialists, entrepreneurs, managers, and decisionmakers for the world economy.

(b) Congressional declaration for collation of components to increase world food production Accordingly, the Congress declares that, in order to prevent famine and establish freedom from hunger, the following components must be brought together in a coordinated program to increase world food and fiber production, agricultural trade, and responsible management of natural resources, including— continued efforts by the international agricultural research centers and other international research entities to provide a global network, including United States universities, for international scientific collaboration on crops, livestock, forests, fisheries, farming resources, and food systems of worldwide importance; contract research and the implementation of collaborative research support programs and other research collaboration led by United States universities, and involving research systems in other countries focused on crops, livestock, forests, fisheries, farming resources, and food systems, with benefits to the United States and partner countries; broadly disseminating the benefits of global agricultural research and development including increased benefits for United States agriculturally related industries through establishment of development and trade information and service centers, for rural as well as urban communities, through extension, cooperatively with, and supportive of, existing public and private trade and development related organizations; facilitation of participation by universities and public and private partners of universities in programs of multilateral banks and agencies which receive United States funds; expanding learning opportunities about global agriculture for students, teachers, community leaders, entrepreneurs, and the general public through international internships and exchanges, graduate assistantships, faculty positions, and other means of education and extension through long-term recurring Federal funds matched by State funds; and competitive grants through universities to United States agriculturalists and public and private partners of universities from other countries for research, institution and policy development, extension, training, and other programs for global agricultural development, trade, and responsible management of natural resources.

(c) University involvement, participation, and cooperation The United States should— effectively involve the United States land-grant and other eligible universities more extensively in each of the program components described in paragraphs (1) through (6) of subsection (b); provide mechanisms for the universities and public and private partners of universities to participate and advise in the planning, development, implementation, and administration of each component; assist such universities and public and private partners of universities in cooperative joint efforts with— agricultural institutions in developing nations; regional and international agricultural research centers; multilateral banks and agencies receiving United States funds; development agencies of other countries; and United States Government foreign assistance and economic cooperation programs; generally engage the United States university community more extensively in the agricultural research, trade, and development initiatives undertaken outside the United States, with the objectives of strengthening its capacity to carry out research, teaching, and extension activities for solving problems in food production, processing, marketing, and consumption in agriculturally developing nations, and for transforming progress in global agricultural research and development into economic growth, trade, and trade benefits for aid recipient countries and United States communities and industries, and for the wise use of natural resources; and ensure that all federally funded support to universities and public and private partners of universities relating to the goals of this subpart is periodically reviewed for its performance.

(d) Universities As used in this subpart, the term “universities” means those colleges or universities in each State, territory, or possession of the United States, or the District of Columbia, now receiving, or which may hereafter receive, benefits under the Act of July 2, 1862 (known as the First Morrill Act) [ 7 U.S.C. 301 et seq.], or the Act of August 30, 1890 (known as the Second Morrill Act) [ 7 U.S.C. 321 et seq.], which are commonly known as “land-grant” universities; institutions now designated or which may hereafter be designated as sea-grant colleges under the Act of October 15, 1966 (known as the National Sea Grant College and Program Act) [ 33 U.S.C. 1121 et seq.], which are commonly known as sea-grant colleges; Native American land-grant colleges as authorized under the Equity in Educational Land-Grant Status Act of 1994 ( 7 U.S.C. 301 note); and other United States colleges and universities which— have demonstrable capacity in teaching, research, and extension (including outreach) activities in the agricultural sciences; and can contribute effectively to the attainment of the objectives of this subpart.

(e) Administrator As used in this subpart, the term “Administrator” means the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development.

(f) Public and private partners of universities As used in this subpart, the term “public and private partners of universities” includes entities that have cooperative or contractual agreements with universities, which may include formal or informal associations of universities, other education institutions, United States Government and State agencies, private voluntary organizations, nongovernmental organizations, firms operated for profit, nonprofit organizations, multinational banks, and, as designated by the Administrator, any organization, institution, or agency incorporated in other countries.

(g) Agriculture As used in this subpart, the term “agriculture” includes the science and practice of activity related to food, feed, and fiber production, processing, marketing, distribution, utilization, and trade, and also includes family and consumer sciences, nutrition, food science and engineering, agricultural economics and other social sciences, forestry, wildlife, fisheries, aquaculture, floraculture, veterinary medicine, and other environmental and natural resources sciences.

(h) Agriculturists As used in this subpart, the term “agriculturists” includes farmers, herders, and livestock producers, individuals who fish and others employed in cultivating and harvesting food resources from salt and fresh waters, individuals who cultivate trees and shrubs and harvest nontimber forest products, as well as the processors, managers, teachers, extension specialists, researchers, policymakers, and others who are engaged in the food, feed, and fiber system and its relationships to natural resources.

§ 2220b General authority

(a) Programs and activities affecting universities, agriculturally developing countries, and research To carry out the purposes of this subpart, the President is authorized to provide assistance on such terms and conditions as he shall determine— to implement program components through United States universities as authorized by paragraphs (2) through (5) of this subsection; to build and strengthen the institutional capacity and human resource skills of agriculturally developing countries so that these countries may participate more fully in the international agricultural problem-solving effort and to introduce and adapt new solutions to local circumstances; to provide long-term program support for United States university global agricultural and related environmental collaborative research and learning opportunities for students, teachers, extension specialists, researchers, and the general public; to involve United States universities more fully in the international network of agricultural science, including the international agricultural research centers, the activities of international organizations such as the United Nations Development Program and the Food and Agriculture Organization, multilateral banks, the institutions of agriculturally developing nations, and United States and foreign nongovernmental organizations supporting extension and other productivity-enhancing programs; and to provide program support for international agricultural research centers, to provide support for research projects identified for specific problem-solving needs, and to develop and strengthen national research systems in the developing countries.

(b) Programs and activities respecting university capabilities, benefiting domestic and nondomestic agriculture, and based on existing programs and institutions Programs under this subpart shall be carried out so as to— utilize and strengthen the capabilities of United States universities with public and private partners of universities in— developing capacity in the cooperating nation for classroom teaching in agriculture, plant and animal sciences, human nutrition, and vocational and domestic arts and other relevant fields appropriate to local needs; agricultural research to be conducted in the cooperating nations, at international agricultural research centers, or in the United States; the planning, initiation, and development of extension services through which information concerning agriculture, environment, and related subjects will be made available directly to agriculturalists in the agriculturally developing nations by means of education and demonstration; or the exchange of educators, scientists, and students for the purpose of assisting in successful development in the cooperating nations; take into account the value to United States agriculture of such programs, integrating to the extent practicable the programs and financing authorized under this subpart with those supported by other Federal or State resources, including resources of the private sector, so as to maximize the contribution to the development of agriculture in the United States and in agriculturally developing nations; and whenever practicable, build on existing programs and institutions including those of the universities, the Department of Agriculture, State agricultural agencies, the Department of Commerce, the Department of the Interior, the Environmental Protection Agency, the Office of the United States Trade Representative, the Food and Drug Administration, other appropriate Federal agencies, and appropriate nongovernmental and business organizations.

(c) Activity objectives To the maximum extent practicable, activities under this section shall— be directly related to the food and agricultural needs of developing countries; focus primarily on the needs of agricultural producers, rural families, processors, traders, consumers, and natural resources managers; be adapted to local circumstances; be carried out within the developing countries and transition countries comprising newly emerging democracies and newly liberalized economies; and emphasize the improvement of local systems for delivering the best available knowledge to the small farmers of such countries.

(d) Function of Administrator The President shall exercise his authority under this section through the Administrator.

(e) Special programs The Administrator shall establish and carry out special programs under this subpart as part of ongoing programs for child survival, democratization, development of free enterprise, environmental and natural resource management, and other related programs.

§ 2220c Board for International Food and Agricultural Development

(a) Establishment; terms and expenses of members To assist in the administration of the programs authorized by this subpart, the President shall establish a permanent Board for International Food and Agricultural Development (hereafter in this subpart referred to as the “Board”) consisting of seven members, not less than four to be selected from the universities. Terms of members shall be set by the President at the time of appointment. Members of the Board shall be entitled to such reimbursement for expenses incurred in the performance of their duties (including per diem in lieu of subsistence while away from their homes or regular place of business) as the President deems appropriate on a case-by-case basis.

(b) General areas of responsibility The Board’s general areas of responsibility shall include participating in the planning, development, and implementation of, initiating recommendations for, and monitoring, the activities described in section 2220b of this title .

(c) Specific, but not exclusive, duties The Board’s duties shall include, but not necessarily be limited to— participating in the formulation of basic policy, procedures, and criteria for project proposal review, selection, and monitoring; developing and keeping current a roster of universities— interested in exploring their potential for collaborative relationships with agricultural institutions, and with scientists working on significant programs designed to improve agricultural production, trade, and natural resource management in developing countries, and with private organizations seeking to increase agricultural production and trade, natural resources management, and household food security in developing and transition countries; 1 having capacity in the agricultural, environmental, and related social sciences, able to maintain an appropriate balance of teaching, research, and extension functions, having capacity, experience, and commitment with respect to international agricultural efforts, and able to contribute to solving the problems addressed by this subpart; recommending which developing nations could benefit from programs carried out under this subpart, and identifying those nations which have an interest in establishing or developing agricultural institutions which engage in teaching, research, or extension activities; reviewing and evaluating memorandums of understanding or other documents that detail the terms and conditions between the Administrator and universities and their partners participating in programs under this subpart; reviewing and evaluating agreements and activities authorized by this subpart and undertaken by universities and public and private partners of universities to assure compliance with the purposes of this subpart; recommending to the Administrator the apportionment of funds under section 2220b of this title ; assessing the impact of programs carried out under this subpart in solving agricultural problems and natural resource issues in the developing nations, assuring efficiency in use of Federal resources, including in accordance with the Governmental Performance and Results Act of 1993 ( Public Law 103–62 ; 107 Stat. 285 ), and the amendments made by that Act; developing information exchanges and consulting regularly with nongovernmental organizations, consumer groups, producers, agribusinesses and associations, agricultural cooperatives and commodity groups, State departments of agriculture, State agricultural research and extension agencies, and academic institutions; investigating and resolving issues concerning implementation of this subpart as requested by universities; and advising the Administrator on any and all issues as requested.

(d) Subordinate units; creation of Joint Policy Committee, Joint Operations Committee, and other units The President may authorize the Board to create such subordinate units as may be necessary for the performance of its duties, including but not limited to the following: a Joint Policy Committee to participate in the design and development of the collaborative activities described in section 2220b of this title ; and a Joint Operations Committee which shall assist in and advise on the mechanisms and processes for implementation of activities described in section 2220b of this title .

(e) Consultations in preparation of annual report and on agricultural development activities In addition to any other functions assigned to and agreed to by the Board, the Board shall be consulted in the preparation of the annual report required by section 2220e of this title and on other agricultural development activities related to programs under this subpart.

§ 2220d Funds for programs and activities

(a) Funds available under section 2151a of this title unaffected by other provisions The President is authorized to use any of the funds hereafter made available under section 2151a of this title to carry out the purposes of this subpart. Funds made available for such purposes may be used without regard to the provisions of sections 2151h(b) and 2151t(d) of this title.

(b) Foreign currencies Foreign currencies owned by the United States and determined by the Secretary of the Treasury to be excess to the needs of the United States shall be used to the maximum extent possible in lieu of dollars in carrying out the provisions of this subpart.

(c) Other authorizations Assistance authorized under this subpart shall be in addition to any allotments or grants that may be made under other authorizations.

(d) Disclosure of funds to Administrator; annual report Universities may accept and expend funds from other sources, public and private, in order to carry out the purposes of this subpart. All such funds, both prospective and inhand, shall be periodically disclosed to the Administrator as he shall by regulation require, but no less often than in an annual report.

§ 2220e Presidential report to Congress

The President shall transmit to the Congress, not later than September 1 of each year, a report detailing the activities carried out pursuant to this subpart during the preceding fiscal year and containing a projection of programs and activities to be conducted during the subsequent five fiscal years. Each report shall contain a summary of the activities of the Board established pursuant to section 2220c of this title and may include the separate views of the Board with respect to any aspect of the programs conducted or proposed to be conducted under this subpart. ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. I, § 300, as added Pub. L. 94–161, title III, § 312 , Dec. 20, 1975 , 89 Stat. 866 ; amended Pub. L. 106–373, § 5 , Oct. 27, 2000 , 114 Stat. 1433 .)

§ 2221 General authority

(a) Voluntary contributions; grants and loans in case of the Indus Basin Development Fund When he determines it to be in the national interest, the President is authorized to make voluntary contributions on a grant basis to international organizations and to programs administered by such organizations, and in the case of the Indus Basin Development Fund administered by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development to make grants and loans payable as to principal and interest in United States dollars and subject to the provisions of section 2151t(b) of this title , on such terms and conditions as he may determine, in order to further the purposes of subchapter I of this chapter.

(b) Repealed. Pub. L. 97–113, title VII, § 734(a)(1), Dec. 29, 1981, 95 Stat. 1560

(c) Palestine refugees; considerations and conditions for furnishing assistance No contributions by the United States shall be made to the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East except on the condition that the United Nations Relief and Works Agency take all possible measures to assure that no part of the United States contribution shall be used to furnish assistance to any refugee who is receiving military training as a member of the so-called Palestine Liberation Army or any other guerrilla type organization or who has engaged in any act of terrorism.

(d) Audit of funds; report to Congress and the President In any case in which a fund established solely by United States contributions under this chapter or any other Act is administered by an international organization under the terms of an agreement between the United States and such international organization, such agreement shall provide that the Comptroller General of the United States shall conduct such audits as are necessary to assure that such fund is administered in accordance with such agreement. The President shall undertake to modify any existing agreement entered into before November 14, 1967 , to conform to the requirements of the preceding sentence. The Comptroller General shall report simultaneously to the Congress and the President the results of the audits conducted under this subsection.

(e) Evaluation of United Nations and its affiliated organizations; International Bank for Reconstruction and Development; Asian Development Bank In the case of the United Nations and its affiliated organizations, including the International Atomic Energy Agency, the President shall, acting through the United States representative to such organizations, propose and actively seek the establishment by the governing authorities of such organizations of external, professionally qualified groups of appropriate size for the purpose of providing an independent and continuous program of selective examination, review, evaluation, and audits of the programs and activities of such organizations. Such proposal shall provide that such groups shall be established in accordance with such terms of reference as such governing authority may prescribe and that the reports of such groups on each examination, review, evaluation, or audit shall be submitted directly to such governing authority for transmittal to the representative of each individual member nation. Such proposal shall further include a statement of auditing and reporting standards, as prepared by the Comptroller General of the United States, for the consideration of the governing authority of the international organization concerned to assist in formulating terms of reference for such review and evaluation groups. In the case of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the Asian Development Bank, the President shall, acting through the United States representative to such organizations, propose and actively seek the establishment by the governing authorities of such organizations professionally qualified groups of appropriate size for the purpose of providing an independent and continuous program of selective examination, review, evaluation, and audit of the programs and activities of such organizations. Such proposal shall provide that such groups shall be established in accordance with such terms of reference as such governing authorities may prescribe, and that the reports of such groups on each examination, review, evaluation, or audit shall be submitted directly to such governing authority for transmittal to the representative of each individual member nation. Such proposal shall further include a statement of auditing and reporting standards, as prepared by the Comptroller General of the United States, for the consideration of the governing authority of the international organization concerned to assist in formulating terms of reference for such review and evaluation groups.

(f) International Fertilizer Development Center; United States participation and assistance The President is hereby authorized to permit United States participation in the International Fertilizer Development Center and is authorized to use any of the funds made available under this part for the purpose of furnishing assistance to the Center on such terms and conditions as he may determine.

(g) Transfer of funding of technological assistance programs to United Nations Development Program It is the sense of the Congress that the President should instruct the appropriate representatives of the United States to the United Nations to encourage the specialized agencies of the United Nations to transfer the funding of technical assistance programs carried out by such agencies to the United Nations Development Program.

(h) International Food Policy Research Institute; availability of funds, etc. The President is authorized to permit the United States to participate in and to use any of the funds made available under subchapter I of this chapter after December 29, 1981 , for the purpose of furnishing assistance (on such terms and conditions as the President may determine) to the International Food Policy Research Institute.

§ 2222 Authorization of appropriations

(a) Grants There are authorized to be appropriated to the President $270,000,000forfiscalyear1986and$236,084,000 for fiscal year 1987 for grants to carry out the purposes of this part, in addition to funds available under other Acts for such purposes. Of the amount appropriated for each of the fiscal years 1986 and 1987 pursuant to these authorizations— 59.65 percent shall be for the United Nations Development Program; 19.30 percent shall be for the United Nations Children’s Fund; 7.20 percent shall be for the International Atomic Energy Agency, except that these funds may be contributed to that Agency only if the Secretary of State determines (and so reports to the Congress) that Israel is not being denied its right to participate in the activities of that Agency; 5.44 percent shall be for Organization of American States development assistance programs; 3.51 percent shall be for the United Nations Environment Program; 0.70 percent shall be for the World Meteorological Organization; 0.70 percent shall be for the United Nations Capital Development Fund; 0.35 percent shall be for the United Nations Education and Training Program for Southern Africa; 0.18 percent shall be for the United Nations Voluntary Fund for the Decade for Women; 0.07 percent shall be for the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species; 0.70 percent shall be for the World Food Program; 0.18 percent shall be for the United Nations Institute for Namibia; 0.12 percent shall be for the United Nations Trust Fund for South Africa; 0.04 percent shall be for the United Nations Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture; 0.07 percent shall be for the United Nations Industrial Development Organization; 0.55 percent shall be for the United Nations Development Program Trust Fund to Combat Poverty and Hunger in Africa; 0.97 percent shall be for contributions to international conventions and scientific organizations; 0.18 percent for the United Nations Centre on Human Settlements (Habitat); and 0.09 percent shall be for the World Heritage Fund. The Congress reaffirms its support for the work of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. To permit such Commission to better fulfill its function of insuring observance and respect for human rights within this hemisphere, not less than $357,000oftheamountappropriatedforfiscalyear1976and$358,000 of the amount appropriated for fiscal year 1977, for contributions to the Organization of American States, shall be used only for budgetary support for the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights.

(b) Indus Basin Development There is authorized to be appropriated to the President for loans for Indus Basin Development to carry out the purposes of this section, in addition to funds available under this chapter or any other Act for such purposes, for use beginning in the fiscal year 1969, $61,220,000.Suchamountsareauthorizedtoremainavailableuntilexpended.ThereisauthorizedtobeappropriatedtothePresidentforgrantsforIndusBasinDevelopment,inadditiontoanyotherfundsavailableforsuchpurposes,foruseinthefiscalyear1974,$14,500,000, and for use in the fiscal year 1975, $14,500,000,andforusebeginninginthefiscalyear1976,$27,000,000, which amounts shall remain available until expended. The President shall not exercise any special authority granted to him under section 2360(a) or 2364(a) of this title to transfer any amount appropriated under this paragraph to, and to consolidate such amount with, any funds made available under any other provision of this chapter.

(c) Prohibition against contributions for volunteer manpower programs None of the funds available to carry out this part shall be contributed to any international organization or to any foreign government or agency thereof to pay the costs of developing or operating any volunteer program of such organization, government, or agency relating to the selection, training, and programing of volunteer manpower.

(d) Tuberculosis vaccine development programs In addition to amounts otherwise available under this section, there are authorized to be appropriated to the President such sums as may be necessary for each of the fiscal years 2009 through 2013, which shall be used for United States contributions to tuberculosis vaccine development programs, which may include the Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation.

(e) to (h) Repealed. Pub. L. 95–424, title VI, § 604, Oct. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 961

(i) International Atomic Energy Agency; safeguards and inspections of nuclear fissile facilities and materials In addition to amounts otherwise available under this section, there are authorized to be appropriated for fiscal year 1976 $1,000,000andforfiscalyear1977$2,000,000 to be available only for the International Atomic Energy Agency to be used for the purpose of strengthening safeguards and inspections relating to nuclear fissile facilities and materials. Amounts appropriated under this subsection are authorized to remain available until expended.

(j) Authorization of appropriations for multilateral and regional drug abuse control programs In addition to amounts otherwise available under this section for such purposes, there are authorized to be appropriated to the President $3,000,000forfiscalyear1989tobeavailableonlyforUnitedStatescontributionstomultilateralandregionaldrugabusecontrolprograms.Oftheamountauthorizedtobeappropriatedbythissubsection—$2,000,000 shall be for a United States contribution to the United Nations Fund for Drug Abuse Control; $600,000shallbefortheOrganizationofAmericanStates(OAS)Inter-AmericanDrugAbuseControlCommission(CICAD)LegalDevelopmentProject,exceptthattheproportionwhichsuchamountbearstothetotalamountofcontributionstothisspecificprojectmaynotexceedtheproportionwhichtheUnitedStatescontributiontothebudgetoftheOrganizationofAmericanStatesforthatfiscalyearbearstothetotalcontributionstothebudgetoftheOrganizationofAmericanStatesforthatfiscalyear;and$400,000 shall be for the Organization of American States (OAS) Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission (CICAD) Law Enforcement Training Project, except that the proportion which such amount bears to the total amount of contributions to this specific project may not exceed the proportion which the United States contribution to the budget of the Organization of American States for that fiscal year bears to the total contributions to the budget of the Organization of American States for that fiscal year.

(k) Authorization of appropriations for Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunizations In addition to amounts otherwise available under this section, there is authorized to be appropriated to the President such sums as may be necessary for each of the fiscal years 2009 through 2013 to be available only for United States contributions to the GAVI Fund.

(l) Authorization of appropriations for International AIDS Vaccine Initiative In addition to amounts otherwise available under this section, there is authorized to be appropriated to the President such sums as may be necessary for each of the fiscal years 2009 through 2013 to be available only for United States contributions to the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative.

(m) Authorization of appropriations for malaria vaccine development programs In addition to amounts otherwise available under this section, there are authorized to be appropriated to the President such sums as may be necessary for each of the fiscal years 2009 through 2013 to be available for United States contributions to malaria vaccine development programs, including the Malaria Vaccine Initiative of the Program for Appropriate Technologies in Health (PATH).

§ 2223 Indus Basin development

In the event that funds made available under this chapter (other than subchapter II of this chapter) are used by or under the supervision of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development in furtherance of the development of the Indus Basin through the program of cooperation among South Asian and other countries of the free world, which is designed to promote economic growth and political stability in South Asia, such funds may be used in accordance with requirements, standards, or procedures established by the Bank concerning completion of plans and cost estimates and determination of feasibility, rather than with requirements, standards, or procedures, concerning such matters set forth in this chapter or other Acts; and such funds may also be used without regard to the provisions of section 55305 of title 46 , whenever the President determines that such provisions cannot be fully satisfied without seriously impeding or preventing accomplishment of the purposes of such programs: Provided , That compensating allowances are made in the administration of other programs to the same or other areas to which the requirements of said section 55305 of title 46 are applicable. ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. I, § 303, Sept. 4, 1961 , 75 Stat. 433 .)

§ 2224 Repealed. Pub. L. 95–424, title VI, § 604, Oct. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 961

§ 2225 Integration of women

The President is requested to instruct each representative of the United States to each international organization of which the United States is a member (including but not limited to the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the Asian Development Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the United Nations, and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) to carry out their duties with respect to such organizations in such a manner as to encourage and promote the integration of women into the national economies of member and recipient countries and into professional and policy-making positions within such organizations, thereby improving the status of women. The President is further requested, in making United States contributions to such organizations, to take into account the progress, or lack of progress, of such organizations in adopting and implementing policies and practices which encourage and promote the integration of women into the national economies of member and recipient countries, and into professional and policy-making positions within such organizations, in accordance with the World Plan of Action of the Decade for Women. ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. I, § 305, as added Pub. L. 93–559, § 54 , Dec. 30, 1974 , 88 Stat. 1818 ; amended Pub. L. 94–161, title III, § 313(b) , Dec. 20, 1975 , 89 Stat. 866 ; Pub. L. 95–88, title I, § 118(b) , Aug. 3, 1977 , 91 Stat. 540 .)

§ 2226 Reports on international organizations

The annual reports to the Congress under section 262a of this title , shall be submitted within nine months after the end of the fiscal year to which they relate. ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. I, § 306, as added Pub. L. 96–533, title VII, § 703 , Dec. 16, 1980 , 94 Stat. 3157 ; amended Pub. L. 105–362, title XIII, § 1301(b) , Nov. 10, 1998 , 112 Stat. 3293 .)

§ 2227 Withholding of United States proportionate share for certain programs of international organizations

(a) Covered programs Notwithstanding any other provision of law, none of the funds authorized to be appropriated by this part shall be available for the United States proportionate share for programs for Burma, North Korea, Syria, Iran, Cuba, or the Palestine Liberation Organization or for projects whose purpose is to provide benefits to the Palestine Liberation Organization or entities associated with it, or at the discretion of the President, Communist countries listed in section 2370(f) of this title .

(b) Review and report by Secretary of State The Secretary of State— shall review, at least annually, the budgets and accounts of all international organizations receiving payments of any funds authorized to be appropriated by this part; and shall report to the appropriate committees of the Congress the amounts of funds expended by each such organization for the purposes described in subsection (a) and the amount contributed by the United States to each such organization.

(c) Exceptions Subject to paragraph (2), the limitations of subsection (a) shall not apply to contributions to the International Atomic Energy Agency or the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). Except as provided in subparagraph (B), with respect to funds authorized to be appropriated by this part and available for the International Atomic Energy Agency, the limitations of subsection (a) shall apply to programs or projects of such Agency in Cuba. Subparagraph (A) shall not apply with respect to programs or projects of the International Atomic Energy Agency that provide for the discontinuation, dismantling, or safety inspection of nuclear facilities or related materials, or for inspections and similar activities designed to prevent the development of nuclear weapons by a country described in subsection (a). Clause (i) shall not apply with respect to the Juragua Nuclear Power Plant near Cienfuegos, Cuba, or the Pedro Pi Nuclear Research Center unless Cuba— ratifies the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (21 UST 483) or the Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America (commonly known as the Treaty of Tlatelolco); negotiates full-scope safeguards of the International Atomic Energy Agency not later than two years after ratification by Cuba of such Treaty; and incorporates internationally accepted nuclear safety standards.

(d) Programs and projects of the International Atomic Energy Agency in Iran Notwithstanding subsection (c), if the Secretary of State determines that programs and projects of the International Atomic Energy Agency in Iran are inconsistent with United States nuclear nonproliferation and safety goals, will provide Iran with training or expertise relevant to the development of nuclear weapons, or are being used as a cover for the acquisition of sensitive nuclear technology, the limitations of subsection (a) shall apply to such programs and projects, and the Secretary of State shall so notify the appropriate congressional committees (as defined in section 3 of the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 2003). A determination made by the Secretary of State under paragraph (1) shall be effective for the 1-year period beginning on the date of the determination.

§ 2228 International Muslim Youth Opportunity Fund

(a) Purpose The purpose of this section is to strengthen the public educational systems in predominantly Muslim countries by— authorizing the establishment of an International Muslim Youth Educational Fund through which the United States dedicates resources, either through a separate fund or through an international organization, to assist those countries that commit to education reform; and providing resources for the Fund and to the President to help strengthen the public educational systems in those countries.

(b) Establishment of Fund The President is authorized to establish an International Muslim Youth Opportunity Fund and to carry out programs consistent with paragraph (4) under existing authorities, including the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961 (commonly referred to as the “Fulbright-Hays Act”) [ 22 U.S.C. 2451 et seq.]. The Fund may be established— as a separate fund in the Treasury; or through an international organization or international financial institution, such as the United Nations Educational, Science and Cultural Organization, the United Nations Development Program, or the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. The head of any department, agency, or instrumentality of the United States Government may transfer any amount to the Fund, and the Fund may receive funds from private enterprises, foreign countries, or other entities. The Fund shall support programs described in this paragraph to improve the education environment in predominantly Muslim countries. The establishment in predominantly Muslim countries of a program of reform to create a modern education curriculum in the public educational systems in such countries. The establishment or modernization of educational materials to advance a modern educational curriculum in such systems. Teaching English to adults and children. The enhancement in predominantly Muslim countries of community, family, and student participation in the formulation and implementation of education strategies and programs in such countries. The establishment of training programs for teachers and educational administrators to enhance skills, including the establishment of regional centers to train individuals who can transfer such skills upon return to their countries. The establishment of exchange programs for teachers and administrators in predominantly Muslim countries and with other countries to stimulate additional ideas and reform throughout the world, including teacher training exchange programs focused on primary school teachers in such countries. The establishment of exchange programs for primary and secondary students in predominantly Muslim countries and with other countries to foster understanding and tolerance and to stimulate long-standing relationships. The establishment in predominantly Muslim countries of after-school programs, civic education programs, and education programs focusing on life skills, such as inter-personal skills and social relations and skills for healthy living, such as nutrition and physical fitness. The establishment in predominantly Muslim countries of programs to improve the proficiency of primary and secondary students in information technology skills. The establishment of programs in predominantly Muslim countries to improve vocational training in trades to help strengthen participation of Muslims and Arabs in the economic development of their countries. The establishment of programs in predominantly Muslim countries that target older Muslim youths not in school in such areas as entrepreneurial skills, accounting, micro-finance activities, work training, financial literacy, and information technology. The translation of foreign books, newspapers, reference guides, and other reading materials into local languages. The construction and equipping of modern community and university libraries. There is authorized to be appropriated to the President to carry out this section such sums as may be necessary for fiscal years 2008, 2009, and 2010. Amounts appropriated pursuant to the authorization of appropriations under subsection (a) 1 are authorized to remain available until expended. Amounts authorized to be appropriated under subsection (a) 1 shall be in addition to amounts otherwise available for such purposes. Not later than 180 days after August 3, 2007 , and annually thereafter until January 30, 2010 , the President shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report on United States efforts to assist in the improvement of educational opportunities for predominantly Muslim children and youths, including the progress made toward establishing the International Muslim Youth Opportunity Fund. In this subsection, the term “appropriate congressional committees” means the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate.

§§ 2241 to 2243 Repealed. Pub. L. 92–226, pt. II, § 202(b), Feb. 7, 1972, 86 Stat. 27

§ 2261 Authorization of appropriations

(a) Emergency assistance; reports to Speaker of House and committees of Senate Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the President is authorized to use funds made available to carry out any provision of this chapter (other than the provisions of part I of this subchapter) in order to provide, for any unanticipated contingencies, assistance authorized by subchapter I of this chapter in accordance with the provisions applicable to the furnishing of such assistance, except that the authority of this subsection may not be used to authorize the use of more than $25,000,000 during any fiscal year. The President shall report promptly to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and to the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate each time he exercises the authority contained in this subsection.

(b) Repealed. Pub. L. 97–113, title VII, § 734(a)(1), Dec. 29, 1981, 95 Stat. 1560

(c) Prohibition against payment of gifts to foreign officials No part of this fund shall be used to pay for any gifts to any officials of any foreign government made heretofore or hereafter.

§ 2262 Transferred

§ 2271 Statement of policy

(a) Congressional findings The Congress finds that— the building of democracy, the restoration of peace, the improvement of living conditions, and the application of equal justice under law in Central America are important to the interests of the United States and the community of American States; and the interrelated issues of social and human progress, economic growth, political reform, and regional security must be effectively dealt with to assure a democratic and economically and politically secure Central America.

(b) Policy requirements The achievement of democracy, respect for human rights, peace, and equitable economic growth depends primarily on the cooperation and the human and economic resources of the people and governments of Central America. The Congress recognizes that the United States can make a significant contribution to such peaceful and democratic development through a consistent and coherent policy which includes a long-term commitment of assistance. This policy should be designed to support actively— democracy and political reform, including opening the political process to all members of society; full observance of internationally recognized human rights, including free elections, freedom of the press, freedom of association, and the elimination of all human rights abuses; leadership development, including training and educational programs to improve public administration and the administration of justice; land reform, reform in tax systems, encouragement of private enterprise and individual initiative, creation of favorable investment climates, curbing corruption where it exists, and spurring balanced trade; the establishment of the rule of law and an effective judicial system; and the termination of extremist violence by both the left and the right as well as vigorous action to prosecute those guilty of crimes and the prosecution to the extent possible of past offenders. The policy described in paragraph (1) should also promote equitable economic growth and development, including controlling the flight of capital and the effective use of foreign assistance and adhering to approved programs for economic stabilization and fiscal responsibility. Finally, this policy should foster dialog and negotiations— to achieve peace based upon the objectives of democratization, reduction of armament, an end to subversion, and the withdrawal of foreign military forces and advisers; and to provide a security shield against violence and intimidation. It is the purpose of this part to establish the statutory framework and to authorize the appropriations and financing necessary to carry out the policy described in this section.

(c) Additional Congressional findings The Congress finds, therefore, that the people of the United States are willing to sustain and expand a program of economic and military assistance in Central America if the recipient countries can demonstrate progress toward and a commitment to these goals.

§ 2272 Conditions on furnishing assistance

The President shall ensure that assistance authorized by this chapter and the Arms Export Control Act [ 22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.] to Central American countries is furnished in a manner which fosters demonstrated progress toward and commitment to the objectives set forth in section 2271 of this title . Where necessary to achieve this purpose, the President shall impose conditions on the furnishing of such assistance. In carrying out this section, the President shall consult with the Congress in regard to progress toward the objectives set forth in section 2271 of this title , and any conditions imposed on the furnishing of assistance in furtherance of those objectives. ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. I, § 462, as added Pub. L. 99–83, title VII, § 701 , Aug. 8, 1985 , 99 Stat. 235 .)

§ 2273 Peace process in Central America

The Congress— strongly supports the initiatives taken by the Contadora group and the resulting Document of Objectives which has been agreed to by Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua and which sets forth a framework for negotiating a peaceful settlement to the conflict and turmoil in the region; and finds that the United States should provide such assistance and support as may be appropriate in helping to reach comprehensive and verifiable final agreements, based on the Document of Objectives, which will ensure peaceful and enduring solutions to the Central American conflicts. ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. I, § 463, as added Pub. L. 99–83, title VII, § 701 , Aug. 8, 1985 , 99 Stat. 235 .)

§ 2274 Economic assistance coordination

(a) Congressional findings The Congress finds that participation by Central American countries in an effective forum for dialog on, and the continuous review and advancement of, Central America’s political, economic, and social development would foster cooperation between the United States and Central American countries.

(b) Sense of Congress; Central American Development Organization; establishment, etc. It is the sense of the Congress that— the President should enter into negotiations with the countries of Central America to establish a Central American Development Organization (hereafter in this section referred to as the “Organization”) to help provide a continuous and coherent approach to the development of the Central American region; and the establishment of the Organization should be based upon the following principles: Participation in the Organization should be open to the United States, other donors, and those Central American countries that commit themselves to, among other things, respecting internationally recognized human rights, building democracy, and encouraging equitable economic growth through policy reforms. The Organization should be structured to include representatives from both the public and private sectors, including representatives from the labor, agriculture, and business communities. The Organization should meet periodically to carry out the functions described in subparagraphs (D) and (E) of this paragraph and should be supported by a limited professional secretariat. The Organization should make recommendations affecting Central American countries on such matters as— political, economic, and social development objectives, including the strengthening of democratic pluralism and the safeguarding of internationally recognized human rights; mobilization of resources and external assistance needs; and reform of economic policies and structures. The Organization should have the capacity for monitoring country performance on recommendations issued in accordance with subparagraph (D) of this paragraph and for evaluating progress toward meeting such country objectives. To the maximum extent practicable, the United States should follow the recommendations of the Organization in disbursing bilateral economic assistance for any Central American country. No more than 75 percent of such United States assistance in any fiscal year should be disbursed until the recommendations of the Organization for that fiscal year have been made final and communicated to the donor countries. The limitation on disbursements contained in the preceding sentence should apply only to recommendations made final and communicated to donor countries prior to the fourth quarter of such fiscal year. The United States representative to the Organization should urge other donor countries to similarly implement the recommendations of the Organization. The administrator of the agency primarily responsible for administering subchapter I of this chapter, or his designee, should represent the United States Government in the Organization and should carry out his functions in that capacity under the continuous supervision and general direction of the Secretary of State.

(c) Participation of President in Organization Subject to subsection (d)(2), the President is authorized to participate in the Organization.

(d) Preparation and transmission of proposal for implementation of provisions The administrator of the agency primarily responsible for administering subchapter I of this chapter, under the supervision and direction of the Secretary of State, shall prepare a detailed proposal to carry out this section and shall keep the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate fully and currently informed concerning the development of this proposal. The President shall transmit to the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate a copy of the text of any agreement, which he proposes to sign, that would provide for the establishment of and United States participation in the Organization no less than sixty days prior to his signature. During that sixty-day period there shall be full and formal consultations with and review by those committees in accordance with procedures applicable to reprogramming notifications pursuant to section 2394–1 of this title .

§ 2275 Authorization of appropriations

(a) Fiscal years 1988 and 1989 In addition to amounts otherwise available for such purposes, there are authorized to be appropriated to the President, for the purpose of furnishing nonmilitary assistance for Central American countries, $1,200,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 1988 and 1989, which are authorized to remain available until expended.

(b) Transfer of funds For the purpose of providing the assistance described in subsection (a), funds appropriated pursuant to the authorizations in that subsection may be transferred by the President for obligation in accordance with the authorities of subchapter I of this chapter (including part IV of subchapter II of this chapter), the Peace Corps Act [ 22 U.S.C. 2501 et seq.], the Migration and Refugee Assistance Act of 1962 [ 22 U.S.C. 2601 et seq.], the United States Information and Education Exchange Act of 1948 [ 22 U.S.C. 1431 et seq.], the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961 [ 22 U.S.C. 2451 et seq.], the National Endowment for Democracy Act [ 22 U.S.C. 4411 et seq.], and the State Department Basic Authorities Act of 1956.

§ 2276 “Central American countries” defined

For the purposes of this part, the term “Central American countries” includes Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, and regional programs which benefit such countries. ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. I, § 466, as added Pub. L. 99–83, title VII, § 701 , Aug. 8, 1985 , 99 Stat. 237 .)

§ 2277 Strategy to advance prosperity, combat corruption, strengthen democratic governance, and improve civilian security in El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras

(a) Elements Not later than 180 days after December 27, 2020 , the Secretary of State, in coordination with the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, and the heads of other relevant Federal agencies, shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a 5-year strategy to advance economic prosperity, combat corruption, strengthen democratic governance, and improve civilian security in El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras and to curb irregular migration from the region.

(b) Consideration In developing the strategy required under this section, the Secretary of State should consider the following priorities: Promoting economic prosperity, including by— supporting market-based solutions to eliminate constraints to inclusive economic growth; addressing the underlying causes of poverty and inequality; responding to immediate humanitarian needs by improving humanitarian outcomes, including through access to sanitation, hygiene, and shelter, and by enabling the provision of health resources; supporting conservation and community resilience and strengthening community preparedness for natural disasters; identifying, as appropriate, a role for relevant United States agencies and the United States private sector in supporting efforts to increase private sector investment and advance economic prosperity; and improving domestic resource mobilization, including by strengthening tax collection and enforcement and legal arbitration mechanisms. Combating corruption, including by— strengthening the capacity of national justice systems and attorneys generals 1 to identify and prosecute money laundering and other financial crimes and breaking up financial holdings of organized criminal syndicates, including illegally acquired lands and proceeds from illegal activities; strengthening special prosecutorial offices and financial institutions to conduct asset forfeitures and criminal analysis, and to combat corruption, money laundering, financial crimes, extortion, and human rights crimes; implementing transparent, merit-based selection processes for prosecutors and judges and the development of professional and merit-based civil services; establishing or strengthening methods, procedures for internal and external control mechanisms for the security and police services and judiciary; and supporting anticorruption efforts through bilateral assistance and complementary support through multilateral anticorruption mechanisms when necessary. Advancing democratic governance, including by— strengthening government institutions at the local and national levels to provide services and respond to citizen needs through transparent, inclusive, and democratic processes; strengthening access to information laws and reforming laws that currently limit access to information; building the capacity of independent media to engage in professional investigative journalism; ensuring that threats and attacks on journalists, labor leaders, human rights defenders, and other members of civil society are fully investigated and perpetrators are held accountable; and strengthening electoral institutions and processes to ensure free, fair, and transparent elections. Improving security conditions, including by— implementing the Central America Regional Security Initiative; increasing the professionalization of security services, including the civilian police and military units; combating the illicit activities of transnational criminal organizations through support to fully vetted elements of attorneys general offices, appropriate government institutions, and security services; and enhancing the capacity of relevant security services and attorneys general to support counternarcotics efforts and combat human trafficking, forcible recruitment of children and youth by gangs, gender-based violence, and other illicit activities, including trafficking of wildlife, and natural resources.

(c) Consultation In developing the strategy required under this section, the Secretary of State may consult with civil society and the private sector in the United States, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras.

(d) Benchmarks The strategy required under this section shall include annual benchmarks to track the strategy’s progress in curbing irregular migration from the region to the United States and improving conditions in El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras by measuring progress in key areas, including— reducing poverty and unemployment, increasing private sector investment, responding to immediate humanitarian needs, sustainably reintegrating returnees, supporting conservation and community resilience, and addressing forced displacement in accordance with the priorities outlined in subsection (b)(1); strengthening national justice systems and attorneys generals, 1 supporting multilateral anticorruption mechanisms, identifying and prosecuting money laundering and other financial crimes, breaking up financial holdings of organized criminal syndicates, and advancing judicial integrity and investigative capacity of local authorities in accordance with the priorities outlined in subsection (b)(2); strengthening government institutions at the local and national levels to provide services and respond to citizen needs through transparent, inclusive, and democratic processes, promoting human rights, building the capacity of independent media, developing the capacity of civil society to conduct oversight, affording legal protections for human rights defenders and members of civil society, and strengthening electoral institutions in accordance with priorities outlined in subsection (b)(3); and implementing the objectives stated under the Central America Regional Security Initiative and building the capacity of civilian security services in accordance with the priorities outlined in subsection (b)(4).

(e) Public diplomacy The strategy required under this section shall include a public diplomacy strategy for educating citizens of the region about United States assistance and its benefits to them, and informing such citizens of the dangers of irregular migration to the United States.

(f) Annual progress updates Not later than 1 year after the submission of the strategy required under this section and annually thereafter for 4 years, the Secretary of State shall provide the appropriate congressional committees with a written description of progress made in meeting the benchmarks established in the strategy.

(g) Public availability The strategy required under this section shall be made publicly available on the website of the Department of State. If appropriate, a classified annex may be submitted to the appropriate congressional committees.

(h) Definition In this section, the term “appropriate congressional committees” means— the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate; and the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives.

§ 2277a Targeted sanctions to fight corruption in El Salvador, Guatemala,,11 So in original. Honduras, and Nicaragua

(a) Sense of Congress It is the sense of Congress that— corruption in El Salvador, Guatemala,, 1 Honduras, and Nicaragua by private citizens and select officials in local, regional, and Federal governments significantly damages the economies of such countries and deprives citizens of opportunities; corruption in El Salvador, Guatemala,, 1 Honduras, and Nicaragua is facilitated and carried out not only by private citizens and select officials from those countries but also in many instances by individuals from third countries; and imposing targeted sanctions on individuals from throughout the world and particularly in the Western Hemisphere who are engaged in acts of significant corruption that impact El Salvador, Guatemala,, 1 Honduras, and Nicaragua or obstruction of investigations into such acts of corruption will benefit the citizens and governments of such countries.

(b) Report required Not later than 180 days after December 27, 2020 , and not less frequently than annually thereafter, the President shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees an unclassified report with classified annex if necessary that identifies each foreign person who the President determines to have knowingly engaged in actions that undermine democratic processes or institutions, or in significant corruption or obstruction of investigations into such acts of corruption in El Salvador, Guatemala,, 1 Honduras, and Nicaragua, including the following: Corruption related to government contracts. Bribery and extortion. The facilitation or transfer of the proceeds of corruption, including through money laundering. Acts of violence, harassment, or intimidation directed at governmental and nongovernmental corruption investigators.

(c) Imposition of sanctions The President shall impose the sanctions described in subsection (d) with respect to each foreign person identified in the report required under subsection (b).

(d) Sanctions described The sanctions described in this subsection are the following: In the case of a foreign person who is an individual, such foreign person is— inadmissible to the United States; ineligible to receive a visa or other documentation to enter the United States; and otherwise ineligible to be admitted or paroled into the United States or to receive any other benefit under the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1101 et seq.). The issuing consular officer or the Secretary of State, (or a designee of the Secretary of State) shall, in accordance with section 221(i) of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1201(i) ), revoke any visa or other entry documentation issued to a foreign person regardless of when the visa or other entry documentation is issued. A revocation under clause (i) shall— take effect immediately; and automatically cancel any other valid visa or entry documentation that is in the foreign person’s possession. Sanctions under subparagraph (B) and (C) 2 of paragraph (1) shall not apply with respect to a foreign person if admitting or paroling such person into the United States is necessary to permit the United States to comply with the Agreement regarding the Headquarters of the United Nations, signed at Lake Success June 26, 1947 , and entered into force November 21, 1947 , between the United Nations and the United States, or other applicable international obligations.

(e) National security waiver The President may waive the application of the sanctions under subsection (c) 3 if the President— determines that such a waiver is in the national security interest of the United States; and submits to the appropriate congressional committees within 15 days after such determination a notice of and justification for the waiver.

(f) Termination The authority to impose sanctions under subsection (b), 4 and any sanctions imposed pursuant to such authority, shall expire on the date that is 3 years after December 27, 2020 .

(g) Public availability The unclassified portion of the report required by subsection (b) shall be made available to the public, including through publication in the Federal Register. In any case in which the President concludes that such publication would be harmful to the national security of the United States, only a statement that a determination or finding has been made by the President, including the name and section of the Act under which it was made, shall be published.

(h) Definitions In this section, the term “appropriate congressional committees” means— the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate; the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives.

§ 2281 “Debt-for-nature exchange” defined

For purpose of this part, the term “debt-for-nature exchange” means the cancellation or redemption of the foreign debt of the government of a country in exchange for— that government’s making available local currencies (including through the issuance of bonds) which are used only for eligible projects involving the conservation or protection of the environment in that country (as described in section 2283 of this title ); or that government’s financial resource or policy commitment to take certain specified actions to ensure the restoration, protection, or sustainable use of natural resources within that country; or a combination of assets and actions under both paragraphs (1) and (2). ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. I, § 461 [471], as added Pub. L. 101–240, title VII, § 711 , Dec. 19, 1989 , 103 Stat. 2521 .)

§ 2282 Assistance for commercial debt exchanges

(a) The Administrator of the Agency for International Development is authorized to furnish assistance, in the form of grants on such terms and conditions as may be necessary, to nongovernmental organizations for the purchase on the open market of discounted commercial debt of a foreign government of an eligible country which will be canceled or redeemed under the terms of an agreement with that government as part of a debt-for-nature exchange.

(b) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, a grantee (or any subgrantee) of the grants referred to in subsection (a) may retain, without deposit in the Treasury of the United States and without further appropriation by Congress, interest earned on the proceeds of any resulting debt-for-nature exchange pending the disbursements of such proceeds and interest for approved program purposes, which may include the establishment of an endowment, the income of which is used for such purposes.

§ 2283 Eligible projects

(a) The Administrator of the Agency for International Development shall seek to ensure that debt-for-nature exchanges under this part support one or more of the following activities by either the host government, a local private conservation group, or a combination thereof: restoration, protection, or sustainable use of the world’s oceans and atmosphere; restoration, protection, or sustainable use of diverse animal and plant species; establishment, restoration, protection, and maintenance of parks and reserves; development and implementation of sound systems of natural resource management; development and support of local conservation programs; training programs to strengthen conservation institutions and increase scientific, technical, and managerial capabilities of individuals and organizations involved in conservation efforts; efforts to generate knowledge, increase understanding, and enhance public commitment to conservation; design and implementation of sound programs of land and ecosystem management; and promotion of regenerative approaches in farming, forestry, fishing, and watershed management.

(b) In cooperation with nongovernmental organizations, the Administrator of the Agency for International Development shall seek to identify those areas, which because of an imminent threat, are in particular need of immediate attention to prevent the loss of unique biological life or valuable ecosystem. The Administrator of the Agency for International Development shall encourage as many eligible countries as possible to propose such exchanges with the purpose of demonstrating to a large number of governments the feasibility and benefits of sustainable development.

§ 2284 Eligible countries

In order for a foreign country to be eligible to participate in a debt-for-nature exchange under this part, the Administrator of the Agency for International Development shall determine that— the host country is fully committed to the long-term viability of the program or project that is to be undertaken through the debt-for-nature exchange; a long-term plan has been prepared by the host country, or private conservation group, which adequately provides for the long-term viability of the program or project that is to be undertaken through the debt-for-nature exchange or that such a plan will be prepared in a timely manner; and there is a government agency or a local nongovernmental organization, or combination thereof, in the host country with the capability, commitment, and record of environmental concern to oversee the long-term viability of the program or project that is to be undertaken through the debt-for-nature exchange. ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. I, § 464 [474], as added Pub. L. 101–240, title VII, § 711 , Dec. 19, 1989 , 103 Stat. 2522 .)

§ 2285 Terms and conditions

(a) Fulfillment upon final approval by Administrator The terms and conditions for making grants under this part shall be deemed to be fulfilled upon final approval by the Administrator of the Agency for International Development of the debt-for-nature exchange, a certification by the nongovernmental organization that the host government has accepted the terms of the exchange, and that an agreement has been reached to cancel the commercial debt in an agreed upon fashion.

(b) Grants intended to complement assistance otherwise available Grants made under this section are intended to complement, and not substitute for, assistance otherwise available to a foreign country under this chapter or any other provision of law.

(c) Prohibition against acceptance of title or interest in land as condition on debt exchange The United States Government is prohibited from accepting title or interest in any land in a foreign country as a condition on the debt exchange.

§ 2286 Pilot program for sub-Saharan Africa

(a) List of areas of severely degraded national resources or of biological or ecological importance The Administrator of the Agency for International Development, in cooperation with nongovernmental conservation organizations, shall invite the government of each country in sub-Saharan Africa to submit a list of those areas of severely degraded national resources which threaten human survival and well-being and the opportunity for future economic growth or those areas of biological or ecological importance within the territory of that country.

(b) Assessment of list; agreement for future use of areas The Administrator of the Agency for International Development shall assess the list submitted by each country under subsection (a) and shall seek to reach agreement with the host country for the restoration and future sustainable use of those areas.

(c) Grants for purchase of discounted commercial debt on open market; retention of interest by grantee The Administrator of the Agency for International Development is authorized to make grants, on such terms and conditions as may be necessary, to nongovernmental organizations for the purchase on the open market of discounted commercial debt of a foreign government of an eligible sub-Saharan country in exchange for commitments by that government to restore natural resources identified by the host country under subsection (a) or for commitments to develop plans for sustainable use of such resources. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, a grantee (or any subgrantee) of the grants referred to in section (a) 1 may retain, without deposit in the Treasury of the United States and without further appropriation by Congress, interest earned on the proceeds of any resulting debt-for-nature exchange pending the disbursements of such proceeds and interest for approved program purposes, which may include the establishment of an endowment, the income of which is used for such purposes.

§ 2291 Policy, general authorities, coordination, foreign police actions, definitions, and other provisions

(a) Policy and general authorities International narcotics trafficking poses an unparalleled transnational threat in today’s world, and its suppression is among the most important foreign policy objectives of the United States. Under the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961, and under the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, the parties are required to criminalize certain drug-related activities, provide appropriately severe penalties, and cooperate in the extradition of accused offenders. International narcotics control programs should include, as priority goals, the suppression of the illicit manufacture of and trafficking in narcotic and psychotropic drugs, money laundering, and precursor chemical diversion, and the progressive elimination of the illicit cultivation of the crops from which narcotic and psychotropic drugs are derived. International criminal activities, particularly international narcotics trafficking, money laundering, and corruption, endanger political and economic stability and democratic development, and assistance for the prevention and suppression of international criminal activities should be a priority for the United States. The international community should provide assistance, where appropriate, to those producer and transit countries which require assistance in discharging these primary obligations. The objective of the United States in dealing with the problem of international money laundering is to ensure that countries adopt comprehensive domestic measures against money laundering and cooperate with each other in narcotics money laundering investigations, prosecutions, and related forfeiture actions. Effective international cooperation is necessary to control the illicit cultivation, production, and smuggling of, trafficking in, and abuse of narcotic and psychotropic drugs. In order to promote such cooperation, the President is authorized to conclude agreements, including reciprocal maritime agreements, with other countries to facilitate control of the production, processing, transportation, and distribution of narcotics analgesics, including opium and its derivatives, other narcotic and psychotropic drugs, and other controlled substances. In order to promote international cooperation in combatting international trafficking in illicit narcotics, it shall be the policy of the United States to use its voice and vote in multilateral development banks to promote the development and implementation in the major illicit drug producing countries of programs for the reduction and eventual eradication of narcotic drugs and other controlled substances, including appropriate assistance in conjunction with effective programs of illicit crop eradication. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the President is authorized to furnish assistance to any country or international organization, on such terms and conditions as he may determine, for the control of narcotic and psychotropic drugs and other controlled substances, or for other anticrime purposes.

(b) Coordination of all United States antinarcotics assistance to foreign countries Consistent with chapter 1 of the National Narcotics Leadership Act of 1988, 1 the Secretary of State shall be responsible for coordinating all assistance provided by the United States Government to support international efforts to combat illicit narcotics production or trafficking. Nothing contained in this subsection or section 2291h(b) of this title shall be construed to limit or impair the authority or responsibility of any other Federal agency with respect to law enforcement, domestic security operations, or intelligence activities as defined in Executive Order 12333.

(c) Participation in foreign police actions No officer or employee of the United States may directly effect an arrest in any foreign country as part of any foreign police action with respect to narcotics control efforts, notwithstanding any other provision of law. Paragraph (1) does not prohibit an officer or employee of the United States, with the approval of the United States chief of mission, from being present when foreign officers are effecting an arrest or from assisting foreign officers who are effecting an arrest. Paragraph (1) does not prohibit an officer or employee from taking direct action to protect life or safety if exigent circumstances arise which are unanticipated and which pose an immediate threat to United States officers or employees, officers or employees of a foreign government, or members of the public. With the agreement of a foreign country, paragraph (1) does not apply with respect to maritime law enforcement operations in the territorial sea or archipelagic waters of that country. No officer or employee of the United States may interrogate or be present during the interrogation of any United States person arrested in any foreign country with respect to narcotics control efforts without the written consent of such person. This subsection does not apply to the activities of the United States Armed Forces in carrying out their responsibilities under applicable Status of Forces arrangements.

(d) Use of herbicides for aerial eradication The President, with the assistance of appropriate Federal agencies, shall monitor any use under this part of a herbicide for aerial eradication in order to determine the impact of such use on the environment and on the health of individuals. In the annual report required by section 2291h(a) of this title , the President shall report on the impact on the environment and the health of individuals of the use under this part of a herbicide for aerial eradication. If the President determines that any such use is harmful to the environment or the health of individuals, the President shall immediately report that determination to the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate, together with such recommendations as the President deems appropriate.

(e) Definitions For purposes of this part and other provisions of this chapter relating specifically to international narcotics matters— the term “legal and law enforcement measures” means— the enactment and implementation of laws and regulations or the implementation of existing laws and regulations to provide for the progressive control, reduction, and gradual elimination of the illicit cultivation, production, processing, transportation, and distribution of narcotic drugs and other controlled substances; and the effective organization, staffing, equipping, funding, and activation of those governmental authorities responsible for narcotics control; the term “major illicit drug producing country” means a country— in which 1,000 hectares or more of illicit opium poppy is cultivated or harvested during a year; in which 1,000 hectares or more of illicit coca is cultivated or harvested during a year; in which 5,000 hectares or more of illicit cannabis is cultivated or harvested during a year, unless the President determines that such illicit cannabis production does not significantly affect the United States; that is a significant source of illicit synthetic opioids significantly affecting the United States; or that is a significant direct source of covered synthetic drugs or psychotropic drugs or other controlled substances, including precursor chemicals when those chemicals are used in the production of such drugs and substances, significantly affecting the United States; the term “narcotic and psychotropic drugs and other controlled substances” has the same meaning as is given by any applicable international narcotics control agreement or domestic law of the country or countries concerned; the term “United States assistance” means— any assistance under this chapter (and any support under subchapter II of chapter 103 of this title, relating to the United States International Development Finance Corporation), other than— assistance under this part, any other narcotics-related assistance under this subchapter (including part IV of subchapter II of this chapter), but any such assistance provided under this clause shall be subject to the prior notification procedures applicable to reprogrammings pursuant to section 2394–1 of this title , disaster relief assistance, including any assistance under part IX of this subchapter, assistance which involves the provision of food (including monetization of food) or medicine, and assistance for refugees; sales, or financing on any terms, under the Arms Export Control Act [ 22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.]; the provision of agricultural commodities, other than food, under the Food for Peace Act [ 7 U.S.C. 1691 et seq.]; financing under the Export-Import Bank Act of 1945 [ 12 U.S.C. 635 et seq.]; assistance that furthers the objectives set forth in paragraphs (1) through (4) of section 2151n–2(b) of this title ; assistance to combat trafficking authorized under the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 ( 22 U.S.C. 7101 et seq.)) 2 ; and global health assistance authorized under sections 2151b through 2151b–4 of this title. the term “major drug-transit country” means a country through which are transported covered synthetic drugs or psychotropic drugs or other controlled substances significantly affecting the United States; the term “precursor chemical” has the same meaning as the term “listed chemical” has under paragraph (33) of section 802 of title 21 ; the term “major money laundering country” means a country whose financial institutions engage in currency transactions involving significant amounts of proceeds from international narcotics trafficking; the term “appropriate congressional committees” means the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate; and the term “covered synthetic drug” has the meaning given that term in section 5558 of the FENTANYL Results Act.

§ 2291–1 Repealed. Pub. L. 102–583, § 6(e)(2), Nov. 2, 1992, 106 Stat. 4933

§ 2291–2 Repealed. Pub. L. 103–447, title I, § 103(b), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4693

§ 2291–3 Repealed. Pub. L. 102–583, § 6(e)(1), Nov. 2, 1992, 106 Stat. 4933

§ 2291–4 Official immunity for authorized employees and agents of United States and foreign countries engaged in interdiction of aircraft used in illicit drug trafficking

(a) Employees and agents of foreign countries Notwithstanding any other provision of law, it shall not be unlawful for authorized employees or agents of a foreign country (including members of the armed forces of that country) to interdict or attempt to interdict an aircraft in that country’s territory or airspace if— that aircraft is reasonably suspected to be primarily engaged in illicit drug trafficking; and the President of the United States has, during the 12-month period ending on the date of the interdiction, certified to Congress with respect to that country that— interdiction is necessary because of the extraordinary threat posed by illicit drug trafficking to the national security of that country; and the country has appropriate procedures in place to protect against innocent loss of life in the air and on the ground in connection with interdiction, which shall at a minimum include effective means to identify and warn an aircraft before the use of force directed against the aircraft.

(b) Employees and agents of United States Notwithstanding any other provision of law, it shall not be unlawful for authorized employees or agents of the United States (including members of the Armed Forces of the United States) to provide assistance for the interdiction actions of foreign countries authorized under subsection (a). The provision of such assistance shall not give rise to any civil action seeking money damages or any other form of relief against the United States or its employees or agents (including members of the Armed Forces of the United States).

(c) Annual report Except as provided in paragraph (2), not later than February 1 each year, the President shall submit to Congress a report on the assistance provided under subsection (b) during the preceding calendar year. Each report shall include for the calendar year covered by such report the following: A list specifying each country for which a certification referred to in subsection (a)(2) was in effect for purposes of that subsection during any portion of such calendar year, including the nature of the illicit drug trafficking threat to each such country. A detailed explanation of the procedures referred to in subsection (a)(2)(B) in effect for each country listed under subparagraph (A), including any training and other mechanisms in place to ensure adherence to such procedures. A complete description of any assistance provided under subsection (b). A summary description of the aircraft interception activity for which the United States Government provided any form of assistance under subsection (b). In the case of a report required to be submitted under paragraph (1) to the congressional intelligence committees (as defined in section 3003 of title 50 ), the submittal date for such report shall be as provided in section 3106 of title 50 . Each report under paragraph (1) shall be submitted in unclassified form, but may include a classified annex.

(d) Definitions For purposes of this section: The terms “interdict” and “interdiction”, with respect to an aircraft, mean to damage, render inoperative, or destroy the aircraft. The term “illicit drug trafficking” means illicit trafficking in narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, and other controlled substances, as such activities are described by any international narcotics control agreement to which the United States is a signatory, or by the domestic law of the country in whose territory or airspace the interdiction is occurring. The term “assistance” includes operational, training, intelligence, logistical, technical, and administrative assistance.

§ 2291–5 Provision of nonlethal equipment to foreign law enforcement organizations for cooperative illicit narcotics control activities

(a) In general Subject to paragraph (2), the Administrator of the Drug Enforcement Administration, in consultation with the Secretary of State, may transfer or lease each year nonlethal equipment to foreign law enforcement organizations for the purpose of establishing and carrying out cooperative illicit narcotics control activities. The Administrator may transfer or lease equipment under paragraph (1) only if the equipment is not designated as a munitions item or controlled on the United States Munitions List pursuant to section 2778 of this title . The value of each piece of equipment transferred or leased under paragraph (1) may not exceed $100,000.

(b) Additional requirement The Administrator shall provide for the maintenance and repair of any equipment transferred or leased under subsection (a).

(c) Notification requirement Before the export of any item authorized for transfer under subsection (a), the Administrator shall provide written notice to the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on International Relations of the House of Representatives in accordance with the procedures applicable to reprogramming notifications under section 2394–1 of this title .

(d) Sense of Congress It is the sense of Congress that— all United States law enforcement personnel serving in Mexico should be accredited the same status under the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Immunity as other diplomatic personnel serving at United States posts in Mexico; and all Mexican narcotics law enforcement personnel serving in the United States should be accorded the same diplomatic status as Drug Enforcement Administration personnel serving in Mexico.

§ 2291a Authorization of appropriations

(a) Fiscal year authorization; availability of funds To carry out the purposes of section 2291 of this title , there are authorized to be appropriated to the President $147,783,000forfiscalyear1993and$171,500,000 for fiscal year 1994. Amounts appropriated under this subsection are authorized to remain available until expended.

(b) Procurement of weapons and ammunition Except as provided in paragraph (2), funds made available to carry out this part shall not be made available for the procurement of weapons or ammunition. Paragraph (1) shall not apply with respect to funds for the procurement of— weapons or ammunition provided only for the defensive arming of aircraft used for narcotics-related purposes, or firearms and related ammunition provided only for defensive purposes to employees or contract personnel of the Department of State engaged in activities under this part, if, at least 15 days before obligating those funds, the President notifies the appropriate congressional committees in accordance with the procedures applicable to reprogramming notifications under section 2394–1 of this title .

(c) Contributions and reimbursement To ensure local commitment to the activities assisted under this part, a country receiving assistance under this part should bear an appropriate share of the costs of any narcotics control program, project, or activity for which such assistance is to be provided. A country may bear such costs on an “in kind” basis. The President is authorized to accept contributions from foreign governments to carry out the purposes of this part. Such contributions shall be deposited as an offsetting collection to the applicable appropriation account and may be used under the same terms and conditions as funds appropriated pursuant to this part. At the time of submission of the annual congressional presentation documents required by section 2394(a) of this title , the President shall provide a detailed report on any contributions received in the preceding fiscal year, the amount of such contributions, and the purposes for which such contributions were used. The President is authorized to provide assistance under this part on a reimbursable basis. Such reimbursements shall be deposited as an offsetting collection to the applicable appropriation and may be used under the same terms and conditions as funds appropriated pursuant to this part.

(d) Administrative assistance Except as provided in paragraph (2), personnel funded pursuant to this section are authorized to provide administrative assistance to personnel assigned to the bureau designated by the Secretary of State to replace the Bureau for International Narcotics Matters. Paragraph (1) shall not apply to the extent that it would result in a reduction in funds available for antinarcotics assistance to foreign countries.

(e) Advance notification of transfer of seized assets The President shall notify the appropriate congressional committees at least 10 days prior to any transfer by the United States Government to a foreign country for narcotics control purposes of any property or funds seized by or otherwise forfeited to the United States Government in connection with narcotics-related activity.

(f) Treatment of funds Funds transferred to and consolidated with funds appropriated pursuant to this part may be made available on such terms and conditions as are applicable to funds appropriated pursuant to this part. Funds so transferred or consolidated shall be apportioned directly to the bureau within the Department of State responsible for administering this part.

(g) Excess property For purposes of this part, the Secretary of State may use the authority of section 2358 of this title , without regard to the restrictions of such section, to receive nonlethal excess property from any agency of the United States Government for the purpose of providing such property to a foreign government under the same terms and conditions as funds authorized to be appropriated for the purposes of this part.

§ 2291b Prohibition on use of foreign assistance for reimbursements for drug crop eradications

Funds made available to carry out this chapter may not be used to reimburse persons whose illicit drug crops are eradicated. ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. I, § 483, as added Pub. L. 99–83, title VI, § 609 , Aug. 8, 1985 , 99 Stat. 230 .)

§ 2291c Requirements relating to aircraft and other equipment

(a) Retention of title to aircraft Except as provided in paragraph (2), any aircraft made available to a foreign country under this part, or made available to a foreign country primarily for narcotics-related purposes under any other provision of law, shall be provided only on a lease or loan basis. Subparagraph (A) applies to aircraft made available at any time after October 27, 1986 (which was the date of enactment of the International Narcotics Control Act of 1986). Paragraph (1) shall not apply to the extent that— the application of that paragraph with respect to particular aircraft would be contrary to the national interest of the United States; and the President notifies the appropriate congressional committees in accordance with the procedures applicable to reprogramming notifications under section 2394–1 of this title . Paragraph (1) does not apply with respect to aircraft made available to a foreign country under any provision of law that authorizes property that has been civilly or criminally forfeited to the United States to be made available to foreign countries. For purposes of satisfying the requirement of paragraph (1), funds made available for the “Foreign Military Financing Program” under section 23 of the Arms Export Control Act [ 22 U.S.C. 2763 ] may be used to finance the leasing of aircraft under chapter 6 of that Act [ 22 U.S.C. 2796 et seq.]. Section 61(a)(3) 1 of that Act [ 22 U.S.C. 2796(a)(3) ] shall not apply with respect to leases so financed; rather the entire cost of any such lease (including any renewals) shall be an initial, one time payment of the amount which would be the sales price for the aircraft if they were sold under section 21(a)(1)(B) or section 22 of that Act [ 22 U.S.C. 2761(a)(1)(B) , 2762] (as appropriate). To the extent that aircraft so leased were acquired under chapter 5 of that Act [ 22 U.S.C. 2795 et seq.], funds used pursuant to this paragraph to finance such leases shall be credited to the Special Defense Acquisition Fund under chapter 5 of that Act (excluding the amount of funds that reflects the charges described in section 21(e)(1) of that Act [ 22 U.S.C. 2761(e)(1) ]). The funds described in the parenthetical clause of the preceding sentence shall be available for payments consistent with sections 37(a) and 43(b) of that Act [ 22 U.S.C. 2777(a) , 2792(b)].

(b) Permissible uses of aircraft and other equipment The President shall take all reasonable steps to ensure that aircraft and other equipment made available to foreign countries under this part are used only in ways that are consistent with the purposes for which such equipment was made available.

(c) Reports In the reports submitted pursuant to section 2291h(a) of this title , the President shall discuss— any evidence indicating misuse by a foreign country of aircraft or other equipment made available under this part, and the actions taken by the United States Government to prevent future misuse of such equipment by that foreign country.

§ 2291d Records of aircraft use

(a) Requirement to maintain records The President shall maintain detailed records on the use of any aircraft made available to a foreign country under this part, including aircraft made available before October 27, 1986 .

(b) Congressional access to records The President shall make the records maintained pursuant to subsection (a) available to the Congress upon a request of the Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives or the Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate.

§ 2291e Reallocation of funds withheld from countries which fail to take adequate steps to halt illicit drug production or trafficking

If any funds authorized to be appropriated for any fiscal year for assistance under this chapter are not used for assistance for the country for which those funds were allocated because of the requirements of section 2291j of this title or any other provision of law requiring the withholding of assistance for countries that have not taken adequate steps to halt illicit drug production or trafficking, the President shall use those funds for additional assistance for those countries which have met their illicit drug eradication targets or have otherwise taken significant steps to halt illicit drug production or trafficking, as follows: Those funds may be transferred to and consolidated with the funds appropriated to carry out this part in order to provide additional narcotics control assistance for those countries. Funds transferred under this paragraph may only be used to provide increased funding for activities previously justified to the Congress. Transfers may be made under this paragraph without regard to the 20-percent increase limitation contained in section 2360(a) of this title . This paragraph does not apply with respect to funds made available for assistance under the Arms Export Control Act [ 22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.]. Any such funds not used under paragraph (1) shall be reprogrammed within the account for which they were appropriated (subject to the regular reprogramming procedures under section 2394–1 of this title ) in order to provide additional assistance for those countries. ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. I, § 486, as added Pub. L. 100–690, title IV, § 4206(a) , Nov. 18, 1988 , 102 Stat. 4270 ; amended Pub. L. 102–583, § 6(b)(5) , Nov. 2, 1992 , 106 Stat. 4932 ; Pub. L. 103–447, title I, § 101(d) , Nov. 2, 1994 , 108 Stat. 4692 .)

§ 2291f Prohibition on assistance to drug traffickers

(a) Prohibition The President shall take all reasonable steps to ensure that assistance under this chapter and the Arms Export Control Act [ 22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.] is not provided to or through any individual or entity that the President knows or has reason to believe— has been convicted of a violation of, or a conspiracy to violate, any law or regulation of the United States, a State or the District of Columbia, or a foreign country relating to narcotic or psychotropic drugs or other controlled substances; or is or has been an illicit trafficker in any such controlled substance or is or has been a knowing assistor, abettor, conspirator, or colluder with others in the illicit trafficking in any such substance.

(b) Regulations The President shall issue regulations specifying the steps to be taken in carrying out this section.

(c) Congressional review of regulations Regulations issued pursuant to subsection (b) shall be submitted to the Congress before they take effect.

§ 2291g Limitations on acquisition of real property and construction of facilities

(a) Acquisition of real property Funds made available to carry out this part may not be used to acquire (by purchase or other means) any land or other real property for use by foreign military, paramilitary, or law enforcement forces. Paragraph (1) shall not apply to the acquisition of real property by lease of a duration not to exceed 2 years.

(b) Construction of facilities Funds made available to carry out this part may not be used for construction of facilities for use by foreign military, paramilitary, or law enforcement forces unless, at least 15 days before obligating funds for such construction, the President notifies the appropriate congressional committees in accordance with procedures applicable to reprogramming notifications under section 2394–1 of this title . Paragraph (1) shall not apply to the construction of facilities which would require the obligation of less than $750,000 under this part.

§ 2291h Reporting requirements

(a) International narcotics control strategy report Not later than June 1 of each year, the President shall transmit to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, and to the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate, a report containing the following: For each country that received assistance under this part for either of the 2 preceding fiscal years, a report on the extent to which the country has— met the goals and objectives of the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, including action on such issues as illicit cultivation, production, distribution, sale, transport, and financing, and money laundering, asset seizure, extradition, mutual legal assistance, law enforcement and transit cooperation, precursor chemical control, and demand reduction; accomplished the goals described in an applicable bilateral narcotics agreement with the United States or a multilateral agreement; and taken legal and law enforcement measures to prevent and punish public corruption, especially by senior government officials, that facilitates the production, processing, or shipment of narcotic and psychotropic drugs and other controlled substances, or that discourages the investigation or prosecution of such acts. A description of the policies adopted, agreements concluded, and programs implemented by the Department of State in pursuit of its delegated responsibilities for international narcotics control, including appropriate information on the status of negotiations between the United States and other countries on updated extradition treaties, mutual legal assistance treaties, precursor chemical controls, money laundering, and agreements pursuant to section 2015 of the International Narcotics Act of 1986 (relating to interdiction procedures for vessels of foreign registry). Information on multilateral and bilateral strategies with respect to money laundering pursued by the Department of State, the Department of Justice, the Department of the Treasury, and other relevant United States Government agencies, either collectively or individually, to ensure the cooperation of foreign governments with respect to narcotics-related money laundering and to demonstrate that all United States Government agencies are pursuing a common strategy with respect to major money laundering countries. The report shall include specific detail to demonstrate that all United States Government agencies are pursuing a common strategy with respect to achieving international cooperation against money laundering and are pursuing a common strategy with respect to major money laundering countries, including a summary of United States objectives on a country-by-country basis. The identity of those countries which are— major illicit drug producing countries or major drug-transit countries as determined under section 2291j(h) of this title ; major sources of precursor chemicals used in the production of illicit narcotics; or major money laundering countries. In addition, for each country identified pursuant to paragraph (3), 1 the following: A description of the plans, programs, and timetables adopted by such country, including efforts to meet the objectives of the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, and a discussion of the adequacy of the legal and law enforcement measures taken and the accomplishments achieved in accord with those plans. Whether as a matter of government policy or practice, such country encourages or facilitates the illicit production or distribution of narcotic or psychotropic drugs or other controlled substances or the laundering of proceeds from illegal drug transactions; and whether any senior official of the government of such country engages in, encourages, or facilitates the illicit production or distribution of such drugs or substances, or the laundering of proceeds from illegal drug transactions. In addition, for each country identified pursuant to paragraph (3)(A) or (3)(B), 1 a detailed status report, with such information as can be reliably obtained, on the narcotic or psychotropic drugs or other controlled substances which are being cultivated, produced, or processed in or transported through such country, noting significant changes in conditions, such as increases or decreases in the illicit cultivation and manufacture of and traffic in such drugs and substances. In addition, for those countries identified pursuant to paragraph (3)(C)— 1 which countries are parties to international agreements on a method for maintaining records of transactions of an established list of precursor and essential chemicals; which countries have established a procedure by which such records may be made available to United States law enforcement authorities; and which countries have enacted national chemical control legislation which would impose specific recordkeeping and reporting requirements for listed chemicals, establish a system of permits or declarations for imports and exports of listed chemicals, and authorize government officials to seize or suspend shipments of listed chemicals. In addition, for those countries identified pursuant to paragraph (3)(C) the following: Which countries have financial institutions engaging in currency transactions involving international narcotics trafficking proceeds that include significant amounts of United States currency or currency derived from illegal drug sales in the United States or that otherwise significantly affect the United States; which countries identified pursuant to clause (i) have not reached agreement with the United States authorities on a mechanism for exchanging adequate records in connection with narcotics investigations and proceedings; and which countries identified pursuant to clause (ii)— are negotiating in good faith with the United States to establish such a record-exchange mechanism, or have adopted laws or regulations that ensure the availability to appropriate United States Government personnel and those of other governments of adequate records in connection with narcotics investigations and proceedings. Which countries— have ratified the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances and are taking steps to implement that Convention and other applicable agreements and conventions such as the recommendations of the Financial Action Task Force, the policy directive of the European Community, the legislative guidelines of the Organization of American States, and other similar declarations; and have entered into bilateral agreements for the exchange of information on money-laundering with countries other than the United States. Findings on each country’s adoption of law and regulations considered essential to prevent narcotics-related money laundering. Such findings shall include whether a country has— criminalized narcotics money laundering; required banks and other financial institutions to know and record the identity of customers engaging in significant transactions, including the recording of large currency transactions at thresholds appropriate to that country’s economic situation; required banks and other financial institutions to maintain, for an adequate time, records necessary to reconstruct significant transactions through financial institutions in order to be able to respond quickly to information requests from appropriate government authorities in narcotics-related money laundering cases; required or allowed financial institutions to report suspicious transactions; established systems for identifying, tracing, freezing, seizing, and forfeiting narcotics-related assets; enacted laws for the sharing of seized narcotics assets with other governments; cooperated, when requested, with appropriate law enforcement agencies of other governments investigating financial crimes related to narcotics; and addressed the problem on international transportation of illegal-source currency and monetary instruments. Where the information is available, examples of improvements in each country related to the findings described in each of clauses (i) through (viii) of subparagraph (C) including— actions taken by the country due to the adoption of law and regulations considered essential to prevent narcotics-related money laundering; enhanced enforcement actions taken by the country, such as regulatory penalties, criminal prosecutions and convictions, and asset seizures and forfeitures; status changes in financial crime-related evaluations by international standards-setting bodies; efforts to enhance the prevention of narcotics-related money laundering; and if applicable, bilateral, multilateral, and regional initiatives that have been undertaken to prevent narcotics-related money laundering. The report shall also detail instances of refusals to cooperate with foreign governments, and any actions taken by the United States Government and any international organization to address such obstacles, including the imposition of sanctions or penalties. A separate section that contains the following: An identification of the five countries that exported the largest amount of chemical precursors used in the production of methamphetamine that significantly affected the United States during the preceding calendar year. An identification of the five countries that imported the largest amount of the chemicals described in clause (i) during the preceding calendar year and have the highest rate of diversion of such chemicals for use in the illicit production of methamphetamine (either in that country or in another country). An economic analysis of the total worldwide production of the chemicals described in clause (i) as compared to the legitimate demand for such chemicals worldwide. The identification of countries that imported the largest amount of chemicals under subparagraph (A)(ii) shall be based on the following: An economic analysis that estimates the legitimate demand for such chemicals in such countries as compared to the actual or estimated amount of such chemicals that is imported into such countries. The best available data and other information regarding the production of methamphetamine in such countries and the diversion of such chemicals for use in the production of methamphetamine. An assessment conducted by the Secretary of State, in consultation with the Secretary of the Treasury and the Director of National Intelligence, of the extent to which any diplomatic efforts described in section 7217(a) of the Fentanyl Sanctions Act have been successful. Each assessment required by subparagraph (A) shall include an identification of— the countries the governments of which have agreed to undertake measures to apply economic or other financial sanctions to foreign traffickers of illicit opioids and a description of those measures; and the countries the governments of which have not agreed to measures described in clause (i), and, with respect to those countries, other measures the Secretary of State recommends that the United States take to apply economic and other financial sanctions to foreign traffickers of illicit opioids. A separate section that contains an identification of all United States Government-supported units funded by the Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs and any Bureau-funded operations by such units in which United States law enforcement personnel have been physically present. A separate section that contains the following: An identification of the countries, to the extent feasible, that are the most significant sources of illicit fentanyl, xylazine, and fentanyl analogues significantly affecting the United States during the preceding calendar year. A description of the extent to which each country identified pursuant to subparagraph (A) has cooperated with the United States to prevent the articles or chemicals described in subparagraph (A) from being exported from such country to the United States. A description of whether each country identified pursuant to subparagraph (A) has adopted and utilizes scheduling or other procedures for illicit drugs that are similar in effect to the procedures authorized under title II 1 of the Controlled Substances Act ( 21 U.S.C. 811 et seq.) for adding drugs and other substances to the controlled substances schedules; A description of whether each country identified pursuant to subparagraph (A) is following steps to prosecute individuals involved in the illicit manufacture or distribution of controlled substance analogues (as defined in section 102(32) of the Controlled Substances Act ( 21 U.S.C. 802(32) )); and A description of whether each country identified pursuant to subparagraph (A) requires the registration of tableting machines and encapsulating machines or other measures similar in effect to the registration requirements set forth in part 1310 of title 21, Code of Federal Regulations, and has not made good faith efforts, in the opinion of the Secretary, to improve regulation of tableting machines and encapsulating machines. Information that contains an assessment of the countries significantly involved in the manufacture, production, transshipment, or trafficking of covered synthetic drugs, to include the following: The scale of legal domestic production and any available information on the number of manufacturers and producers of such drugs in such countries. Information on any law enforcement assessments of the scale of illegal production of such drugs, including a description of the capacity of illegal laboratories to produce such drugs. The types of inputs used and a description of the primary methods of synthesis employed by illegal producers of such drugs. An assessment of the policies of such countries to regulate licit manufacture and interdict illicit manufacture, diversion, distribution, shipment, and trafficking of such drugs and an assessment of the effectiveness of the policies’ implementation. Information on, to the extent practicable, any policies of responding to new psychoactive substances, to include the following: Which governments have articulated policies on scheduling of such substances. Any data on impacts of such policies and other responses to such substances. An assessment of any policies the United States could adopt to improve its response to new psychoactive substances. In this paragraph, the terms “covered synthetic drug” and “new psychoactive substance” have the meaning given those terms in section 5558 of the FENTANYL Results Act.

(b) Annual reports on assistance At the time that the report required by subsection (a) is submitted each year, the Secretary of State, in consultation with appropriate United States Government agencies, shall report to the appropriate committees of the Congress on the assistance provided or proposed to be provided by the United States Government during the preceding fiscal year, the current fiscal year, and the next fiscal year to support international efforts to combat illicit narcotics production or trafficking. Each report pursuant to this subsection shall— specify the amount and nature of the assistance provided or to be provided; include, for each country identified in subsection (a)(3)(A), information from the Drug Enforcement Administration, the Customs Service, and the Coast Guard describing in detail— the assistance provided or to be provided to such country by that agency, and the assistance provided or to be provided to that agency by such country, with respect to narcotic control efforts during the preceding fiscal year, the current fiscal year, and the next fiscal year; and list all transfers, which were made by the United States Government during the preceding fiscal year, to a foreign country for narcotics control purposes of any property seized by or otherwise forfeited to the United States Government in connection with narcotics-related activity, including an estimate of the fair market value and physical condition of each item of property transferred.

§ 2291i Repealed. Pub. L. 104–66, title I, § 1112(a), Dec. 21, 1995, 109 Stat. 723

§ 2291j Annual certification procedures

(a) Withholding of bilateral assistance and opposition to multilateral development assistance Fifty percent of the United States assistance allocated each fiscal year in the report required by section 2413 of this title for each major illicit drug producing country, major drug-transit country, or country identified pursuant to clause (i) or (ii) of section 2291h(a)(8)(A) of this title shall be withheld from obligation and expenditure, except as provided in subsection (b). This paragraph shall not apply with respect to a country if the President determines that its application to that country would be contrary to the national interest of the United States, except that any such determination shall not take effect until at least 15 days after the President submits written notification of that determination to the appropriate congressional committees in accordance with the procedures applicable to reprogramming notifications under section 2394–1 of this title . The Secretary of the Treasury shall instruct the United States Executive Director of each multilateral development bank to vote, on and after March 1 of each year, against any loan or other utilization of the funds of their respective institution to or for any major illicit drug producing country or major drug-transit country (as determined under subsection (h)) or country identified pursuant to clause (i) or (ii) of section 2291h(a)(8)(A) of this title , except as provided in subsection (b). For purposes of this paragraph, the term “multilateral development bank” means the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the International Development Association, the Inter-American Development Bank, the Asian Development Bank, the African Development Bank, and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development.

(b) Certification procedures Subject to subsection (d), the assistance withheld from a country pursuant to subsection (a)(1) may be obligated and expended, and the requirement of subsection (a)(2) to vote against multilateral development bank assistance to a country shall not apply, if the President determines and certifies to the Congress, at the time of the submission of the report required by section 2291h(a) of this title , that— during the previous year the country has cooperated fully with the United States, or has taken adequate steps on its own, to achieve full compliance with the goals and objectives established by the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances; or for a country that would not otherwise qualify for certification under subparagraph (A), the vital national interests of the United States require that the assistance withheld pursuant to subsection (a)(1) be provided and that the United States not vote against multilateral development bank assistance for that country pursuant to subsection (a)(2). In making the determination described in paragraph (1)(A), the President shall consider the extent to which the country has— met the goals and objectives of the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, including action on such issues as illicit cultivation, production, distribution, sale, transport and financing, and money laundering, asset seizure, extradition, mutual legal assistance, law enforcement and transit cooperation, precursor chemical control, and demand reduction; accomplished the goals described in an applicable bilateral narcotics agreement with the United States or a multilateral agreement; and taken legal and law enforcement measures to prevent and punish public corruption, especially by senior government officials, that facilitates the production, processing, or shipment of narcotic and psychotropic drugs and other controlled substances, or that discourages the investigation or prosecution of such acts. If the President makes a certification with respect to a country pursuant to paragraph (1)(B), the President shall include in such certification— a full and complete description of the vital national interests placed at risk if United States bilateral assistance to that country is terminated pursuant to this section and multilateral development bank assistance is not provided to such country; and a statement weighing the risk described in subparagraph (A) against the risks posed to the vital national interests of the United States by the failure of such country to cooperate fully with the United States in combating narcotics or to take adequate steps to combat narcotics on its own.

(c) Licit opium producing countries The President may make a certification under subsection (b)(1)(A) with respect to a major illicit drug producing country, or major drug-transit country, that is a producer of licit opium only if the President determines that such country maintains licit production and stockpiles at levels no higher than those consistent with licit market demand, and has taken adequate steps to prevent significant diversion of its licit cultivation and production into the illicit markets and to prevent illicit cultivation and production.

(d) Congressional review Subsection (e) shall apply if, within 30 calendar days after receipt of a certification submitted under subsection (b) at the time of submission of the report required by section 2291h(a) of this title , the Congress enacts a joint resolution disapproving the determination of the President contained in such certification.

(e) Denial of assistance for countries decertified If the President does not make a certification under subsection (b) with respect to a country or the Congress enacts a joint resolution disapproving such certification, then until such time as the conditions specified in subsection (f) are satisfied— funds may not be obligated for United States assistance for that country, and funds previously obligated for United States assistance for that country may not be expended for the purpose of providing assistance for that country; and the requirement to vote against multilateral development bank assistance pursuant to subsection (a)(2) shall apply with respect to that country, without regard to the date specified in that subsection.

(f) Recertification Subsection (e) shall apply to a country described in that subsection until— the President, at the time of submission of the report required by section 2291h(a) of this title , makes a certification under subsection (b)(1)(A) or (b)(1)(B) with respect to that country, and the Congress does not enact a joint resolution under subsection (d) disapproving the determination of the President contained in that certification; or the President, at any other time, makes the certification described in subsection (b)(1)(B) with respect to that country, except that this paragraph applies only if either— the President also certifies that— that country has undergone a fundamental change in government, or there has been a fundamental change in the conditions that were the reason— why the President had not made a certification with respect to that country under subsection (b)(1)(A), or if he had made such a certification and the Congress enacted a joint resolution disapproving the determination contained in the certification, why the Congress enacted that joint resolution; or the Congress enacts a joint resolution approving the determination contained in the certification under subsection (b)(1)(B). Any certification under subparagraph (A) of paragraph (2) shall discuss the justification for the certification.

(g) Senate procedures Any joint resolution under this section shall be considered in the Senate in accordance with the provisions of section 601(b) of the International Security Assistance and Arms Export Control Act of 1976.

(h) Determining major drug-transit and major illicit drug producing countries Not later than November 1 of each year, the President shall notify the appropriate committees of the Congress of which countries have been determined to be major drug-transit countries, and which countries have been determined to be major illicit drug producing countries, for purposes of this chapter.

§ 2291j–1 International drug control certification procedures

During any fiscal year, funds that would otherwise be withheld from obligation or expenditure under section 2291j of this title may be obligated or expended beginning October 1 of such fiscal year provided that: Not later than September 15 of the previous fiscal year the President has submitted to the appropriate congressional committees a report identifying each country determined by the President to be a major drug transit country or major illicit drug producing country as defined in section 2291(e) of this title . In each report under paragraph (1), the President shall— designate each country, if any, identified in such report that has failed demonstrably, during the previous 12 months, to make substantial efforts— to adhere to its obligations under international counternarcotics agreements; and to take the counternarcotics measures set forth in section 2291h(a)(1) of this title ; designate each country, if any, identified under section 2291h(a)(10) of this title that has failed to adopt and utilize scheduling procedures for illicit drugs that are comparable to the procedures authorized under title II 1 of the Controlled Substances Act ( 21 U.S.C. 811 et seq.) for adding drugs and other substances to the controlled substances schedules; designate each country, if any, identified under section 2291h(a)(10) of this title that has not taken significant steps to prosecute individuals involved in the illicit manufacture or distribution of controlled substance analogues (as defined in section 102(32) of the Controlled Substances Act ( 21 U.S.C. 802(32) ) 2 ; include a justification for each country designated under subparagraph (A), (B), or (C). In the case of a country identified in a report under paragraph (1) that is designated in the report under paragraph (2)(A) or thrice designated during a 5-year period in the report under subparagraph (B) or (C) of paragraph (2), United States assistance may be provided to such country in the subsequent fiscal year only if the President determines and reports to the appropriate congressional committees that— provision of such assistance to the country in such fiscal year is vital to the national interests of the United States; or subsequent to the designation being made under paragraph (2)(A), the country has made substantial efforts— to adhere to its obligations under international counternarcotics agreements; and to take the counternarcotics measures set forth in section 2291h(a)(1) of this title . In this section, the term “international counternarcotics agreement” means— the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances; or any bilateral or multilateral agreement in force between the United States and another country or countries that addresses issues relating to the control of illicit drugs, such as— the production, distribution, and interdiction of illicit drugs; demand reduction; the activities of criminal organizations; international legal cooperation among courts, prosecutors, and law enforcement agencies (including the exchange of information and evidence); the extradition of nationals and individuals involved in drug-related criminal activity; the temporary transfer for prosecution of nationals and individuals involved in drug-related criminal activity; border security; money laundering; illicit firearms trafficking; corruption; control of precursor chemicals; asset forfeiture; and related training and technical assistance, and includes, where appropriate, timetables and objective and measurable standards to assess the progress made by participating countries with respect to such issues. Section 2291j(a) through (h) of this title shall not apply during any fiscal year with respect to any country identified in the report required by paragraph (1) of this section. Notwithstanding paragraphs (1) through (5)(A) of this section, the President may apply the procedures set forth in section 2291j(a) through (h) of this title during any fiscal year with respect to any country determined to be a major drug transit country or major illicit drug producing country as defined in section 2291(e) of this title . Notwithstanding paragraph (3), assistance to promote democracy (as described in section 2291(e)(4)(E) of this title ) shall be provided to countries identified in a report under paragraph (1) and designated under subparagraph (B) or (C) of paragraph (2), to the extent such countries are otherwise eligible for such assistance, regardless of whether the President reports to the appropriate congressional committees in accordance with such paragraph. Notwithstanding paragraph (3), assistance to combat trafficking (as described in section 2291(e)(4)(F) of this title ) shall be provided to countries identified in a report under paragraph (1) and designated under subparagraph (B) or (C) of paragraph (2), to the extent such countries are otherwise eligible for such assistance, regardless of whether the President reports to the appropriate congressional committees in accordance with such paragraph. Notwithstanding paragraph (3), global health assistance (as described in section 2291(e)(4)(G) of this title ) shall be provided to countries identified in a report under paragraph (1) and designated under subparagraph (B) or (C) of paragraph (2), to the extent such countries are otherwise eligible for such assistance, regardless of whether the President reports to the appropriate congressional committees in accordance with such paragraph Nothing in this section shall affect the requirements of section 2291j of this title with respect to countries identified pursuant to clause (i) or (ii) of section 2291h(a)(8)(A) of this title . Nothing in this section supersedes or modifies the requirement in section 2291h(a) of this title (with respect to the International Narcotics Control Strategy Report) for the transmittal of a report not later than March 1, each fiscal year under that section. For funds obligated or expended under this section in fiscal year 2003, the date for submission of the report required by paragraph (1) of this section shall be at least 15 days before funds are obligated or expended. This section shall take effect September 30, 2002 , and shall remain in effect thereafter unless Congress enacts subsequent legislation repealing such section. ( Pub. L. 107–228, div. A, title VI, § 706 , Sept. 30, 2002 , 116 Stat. 1424 ; Pub. L. 109–177, title VII, § 722(c) , Mar. 9, 2006 , 120 Stat. 269 ; Pub. L. 117–81, div. F, title LXVI, § 6610(d) , Dec. 27, 2021 , 135 Stat. 2448 .)

§ 2291k Repealed. Pub. L. 104–66, title I, § 1112(b), Dec. 21, 1995, 109 Stat. 724

§ 2291l Prioritization of efforts of the Department of State to combat international trafficking in covered synthetic drugs

(a) In general The Secretary of State shall prioritize efforts of the Department of State to combat international trafficking of covered synthetic drugs by carrying out programs and activities to include the following: Supporting increased data collection by the United States and foreign countries through increased drug use surveys among populations, increased use of wastewater testing where appropriate, and multilateral sharing of that data. Engaging in increased consultation and partnership with international drug agencies, including the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, regulatory agencies in foreign countries, and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Carrying out programs to provide technical assistance and equipment, as appropriate, to strengthen the capacity of foreign law enforcement agencies with respect to covered synthetic drugs, as required by section 2291m of this title . Carrying out exchange programs for governmental and nongovernmental personnel in the United States and in foreign countries to provide educational and professional development on demand reduction matters relating to the illicit use of covered synthetic drugs and other drugs, as required by section 2291n of this title .

(b) Report Not later than one year after December 23, 2022 , the Secretary of State shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report on the implementation of this section. In this subsection, the term “appropriate congressional committees” means— the Committee on Foreign Relations, the Committee on Appropriations, and the Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate; and the Committee on Foreign Affairs, the Committee on Appropriations, and the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives.

§ 2291m Program to provide assistance to build the capacity of foreign law enforcement agencies with respect to covered synthetic drugs

(a) In general Notwithstanding section 2420 of this title , the Secretary of State shall establish a program to provide assistance to strengthen the capacity of law enforcement agencies of the countries described in subsection (c) to help such agencies to identify, track, and improve their forensics detection capabilities with respect to covered synthetic drugs.

(b) Priority The Secretary of State shall prioritize technical assistance, and the provision of equipment, as appropriate, under subsection (a) among those countries described in subsection (c) in which such assistance and equipment would have the most impact in reducing illicit use of covered synthetic drugs in the United States.

(c) Countries described The foreign countries described in this subsection are— countries that are producers of covered synthetic drugs; countries whose pharmaceutical and chemical industries are known to be exploited for development or procurement of precursors of covered synthetic drugs; or major drug-transit countries for covered synthetic drugs as defined by the Secretary of State.

(d) Exception No assistance may be provided to the People’s Republic of China or to any of its law enforcement agencies pursuant to the program authorized by this section.

(e) Authorization of appropriations There is authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of State to carry out this section $4,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2023 through 2027.

§ 2291n Exchange program on demand reduction matters relating to illicit use of covered synthetic drugs

(a) In general The Secretary of State shall establish or continue and strengthen, as appropriate, an exchange program for governmental and nongovernmental personnel in the United States and in foreign countries to provide educational and professional development on demand reduction matters relating to the illicit use of covered synthetic drugs and other drugs.

(b) Program requirements The program required by subsection (a)— shall be limited to individuals who have expertise and experience in matters described in subsection (a); in the case of inbound exchanges, may be carried out as part of exchange programs and international visitor programs administered by the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of the Department of State, including the International Visitor Leadership Program, in coordination with the Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs; and shall include outbound exchanges for governmental or nongovernmental personnel in the United States.

(c) Authorization of appropriations There is authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of State to carry out this section $1,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2023 through 2027.

§ 2291o Fentanyl reporting and authorities

(a) Definitions In this section: The term “appropriate committees of Congress” means— the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate; the Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate; the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate; the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate; the Committee on Armed Services of the Senate; the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives; the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives; the Committee on Homeland Security of the House of Representatives; the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives; and the Committee on Armed Services of the House of Representatives. Except as provided in subparagraph (B), the term “beneficiary countries” means Colombia, Mexico, and Peru. The Secretary, in consultation with the Attorney General and the Secretary of Defense, may add or remove one or more countries from the list of beneficiary countries under subparagraph (A) after providing written notification of such changes to the appropriate committees of Congress. The term “listed chemical” has the meaning given such term in section 802 of title 21 .

(b) Establishment The Secretary, in coordination with the Secretary of Defense and the Attorney General, may carry out the “Precursor Chemical Destruction Initiative” in beneficiary countries to achieve the purposes described in subsection (c).

(c) Purposes The purposes of this section are— to improve and increase rates of seizure and destruction of listed chemicals in beneficiary countries; to alleviate the backlog of seized listed chemicals and dispose of the hazardous waste generated by illicit drug trafficking in beneficiary countries in an environmentally safe and effective manner; to ensure that seized listed chemicals are not reintroduced into the illicit drug production stream within beneficiary countries; to free up storage space for future listed chemical seizures within beneficiary countries; and to reduce the negative environmental impact of listed chemicals.

(d) Implementation plan Not later than 90 days after December 23, 2024 , the Secretary, in coordination with the Attorney General and the Secretary of Defense, shall submit an implementation plan to the appropriate committees of Congress that includes a timeline and stated objectives for actions to be taken in beneficiary countries in support of the Precursor Chemical Destruction Initiative.

(e) Elements The implementation plan required under subsection (d) shall include— a multi-year strategy with a timeline, overview of objectives, budgetary projections, and anticipated outcomes for the region and for each beneficiary country; specific, measurable benchmarks to track the progress of the Precursor Chemical Destruction Initiative towards accomplishing the outcomes referred to in paragraph (1); a plan for the delineation of the roles to be carried out by the Department of State, the Department of Justice, the Department of Defense, and any other Federal department or agency in carrying out the Precursor Chemical Destruction Initiative; and a plan for addressing security and government corruption and providing updates to the appropriate committees of Congress on the results of such efforts.

(f) Annual progress update Not later than one year after the submission of the implementation plan pursuant to subsection (d), and annually thereafter, the Secretary, in coordination with the Attorney General and the Secretary of Defense, shall submit to the appropriate committees of Congress a written description of the results achieved by the Precursor Chemical Destruction Initiative, including— the implementation of the strategy and plans described in subsections (d) and (e); compliance with, and progress related to, meeting the benchmarks referred to in subsection (e)(2); and the type and quantity of listed chemicals destroyed by each beneficiary country.

(g) Funding The Secretary shall use amounts otherwise appropriated for International Narcotics Control and Law Enforcement programs managed by the Department to carry out this section.

§ 2292 General provisions

(a) Congressional policy The Congress, recognizing that prompt United States assistance to alleviate human suffering caused by natural and manmade disasters is an important expression of the humanitarian concern and tradition of the people of the United States, affirms the willingness of the United States to provide assistance for the relief and rehabilitation of people and countries affected by such disasters.

(b) General authority Subject to limitations in section 2292a of this title , and notwithstanding any other provision of this chapter or any other Act, the President is authorized to furnish assistance to any foreign country, international organization, or private voluntary organization, on such terms and conditions as he may determine, for international disaster relief and rehabilitation, including assistance relating to disaster preparedness, and to the prediction of, and contingency planning for, natural disasters abroad.

(c) Emergency Food Security Program Subject to the limitations in section 2292a of this title , and notwithstanding any other provision of this chapter or any other Act, the President is authorized to make available emergency food assistance, including in the form of funds, transfers, vouchers, and agricultural commodities (including products derived from agricultural commodities) acquired through local or regional procurement, to meet emergency food needs arising from manmade and natural disasters. Funds made available under this subsection shall be known as the “International Disaster Assistance – Emergency Food Security Program”.

(d) Specific direction In carrying out the provisions of this section the President shall insure that the assistance provided by the United States shall, to the greatest extent possible, reach those most in need of relief and rehabilitation as a result of natural and manmade disasters.

§ 2292a Authorization of appropriations

(a) Fiscal year authorization There are authorized to be appropriated to the President to carry out section 2292 of this title , $3,905,460,000foreachofthefiscalyears2024through2028,ofwhichupto$1,757,457,000 should be made available to carry out section 2292(c) of this title . Amounts appropriated under this section are authorized to remain available until expended.

(b) Subsequent appropriations for reimbursement of additional fiscal year obligations charged against appropriation account In addition to amounts otherwise available to carry out this part, up to $50,000,000 in any fiscal year may be obligated against appropriations under subchapter I of this chapter (other than this part) for use in providing assistance in accordance with the authorities and general policies of section 2292 of this title . Amounts subsequently appropriated under this part with respect to a disaster may be used to reimburse any appropriation account against which obligations were incurred under this subsection with respect to that disaster.

(c) Amounts in addition to other amounts Amounts authorized to be appropriated pursuant to the authorizations of appropriations under section 2292(c) of this title are in addition to funds otherwise available for such purposes.

(d) Flexibility It is the policy of the United States that the funds made available to carry out section 2292 of this title are intended to provide the President with the greatest possible flexibility to address disaster-related needs as they arise and to prepare for and reduce the impact of natural and man-made disasters. It is the sense of Congress that any amendments to applicable legal provisions contained in this chapter are not intended to limit such authorities.

(e) Report Not later than March 1 of each fiscal year, the President shall submit to the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate and the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives a report that describes the activities undertaken by the President over the course of the prior fiscal year pursuant to section 2292(c) of this title , including the amounts of assistance provided, intended beneficiaries, monitoring and evaluation strategies, anticipated outcomes, and, as practicable, actual outcomes.

§ 2292a–1 Appropriated funds; Presidential reports to Committees on Appropriations of the Senate and the House

The President shall submit quarterly reports to the Committee on Appropriations of the United States Senate and to the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives on the programing and obligation of funds appropriated for International Disaster Assistance. ( Pub. L. 94–330, title I, § 100 , June 30, 1976 , 90 Stat. 773 .)

§ 2292b Disaster assistance coordination through a Special Coordinator for International Disaster Assistance; Presidential appointment and duties

The President is authorized to appoint a Special Coordinator for International Disaster Assistance whose responsibility shall be to promote maximum effectiveness and coordination in responses to foreign disasters by United States agencies and between the United States and other donors. Included among the Special Coordinator’s responsibilities shall be the formulation and updating of contingency plans for providing disaster relief. ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. I, § 493, as added Pub. L. 94–161, title I, § 101(3) , Dec. 20, 1975 , 89 Stat. 849 .)

§ 2292c Repealed. Pub. L. 112–74, div. I, title VII, § 7034(l), Dec. 23, 2011, 125 Stat. 1216

§ 2292d Repealed. Pub. L. 95–424, title VI, § 604, Oct. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 961

§ 2292e Transferred

§ 2292f Repealed. Pub. L. 112–74, div. I, title VII, § 7034(l), Dec. 23, 2011, 125 Stat. 1216

§ 2292g Repealed. Pub. L. 95–424, title VI, § 604, Oct. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 961

§§ 2292h to 2292q Repealed. Pub. L. 112–74, div. I, title VII, § 7034(l), Dec. 23, 2011, 125 Stat. 1216

§ 2293 Long-term development assistance for sub-Saharan Africa

(a) Findings The Congress finds that— drought and famine have caused countless deaths and untold suffering among the people of sub-Saharan Africa; drought and famine in combination with other factors such as desertification, government neglect of the agricultural sector, and inappropriate economic policies have severely affected long-term development in sub-Saharan Africa; and the most cost-effective and efficient way of overcoming Africa’s vulnerability to drought and famine is to address Africa’s long-term development needs through a process that builds upon the needs and capabilities of the African people, promotes sustained and equitable economic growth, preserves the environment, and protects the rights of the individual.

(b) Authority to furnish assistance The President is authorized to furnish project and program assistance, on such terms and conditions as he may determine in accordance with the policies contained in this section, for long-term development in sub-Saharan Africa.

(c) Purpose of assistance The purpose of assistance under this section shall be to help the poor majority of men and women in sub-Saharan Africa to participate in a process of long-term development through economic growth that is equitable, participatory, environmentally sustainable, and self-reliant. Assistance under this section should, in a manner consistent with paragraph (1), be used to promote sustained economic growth, encourage private sector development, promote individual initiatives, and help to reduce the role of central governments in areas more appropriate for the private sector.

(d) Application of development assistance general authorities and policies Except to the extent inconsistent with this section— any reference in any law to part I of this subchapter (including references to sections 2151a through 2151d of this title) shall be deemed to include a reference to this section; and assistance under this section shall be provided consistent with the policies contained in section 2151–1 of this title .

(e) Private and voluntary organizations The Agency for International Development shall take into account the local-level perspectives of the rural and urban poor in sub-Saharan Africa, including women, during the planning process for project and program assistance under this section. In order to gain that perspective the Agency for International Development should consult closely with African, United States, and other private and voluntary organizations that have demonstrated effectiveness in or commitment to the promotion of local, grassroots activities on behalf of long-term development in sub-Saharan Africa as described in subsection (c). For purposes of this section, the term “private and voluntary organization” includes (in addition to entities traditionally considered to be private and voluntary organizations) cooperatives, credit unions, trade unions, women’s groups, nonprofit development research institutions, and indigenous local organizations, which are private and nonprofit.

(f) Local involvement in project implementation Local people, including women, shall be closely consulted and involved in the implementation of every project under this section which as 1 a local focus.

(g) Participation of African women The Agency for International Development shall ensure that development activities assisted under this section incorporate a significant expansion of the participation (including decisionmaking) and integration of African women in each of the critical sectors described in subsection (i).

(h) Types of assistance Assistance under this section shall emphasize primarily projects and programs to address critical sectoral priorities for long-term development described in subsection (i). Assistance under this section may also include program assistance to promote reform of sectoral economic policies affecting long-term development in sub-Saharan Africa as described in subsection (c), with primary emphasis on reform of economic policies to support the critical sectoral priorities described in subsection (i). Assisted policy reforms shall also include provisions to protect vulnerable groups (especially poor, isolated, and female farmers, the urban poor, and children including displaced children) and long-term environmental interests from possible negative consequences of the reforms. Assistance under this section may also include program assistance— to promote democratization, good governance, and strong civil societies in sub-Saharan Africa; and to strengthen conflict resolution capabilities of governmental, intergovernmental, and nongovernmental entities in sub-Saharan Africa. Funds made available to carry out this section shall be used almost exclusively for assistance in accordance with paragraphs (1), (2), and (3). Assistance consistent with the purpose of subsection (c) may also be furnished under this section to carry out the provisions of sections 2151a through 2151d of this title.

(i) Critical sectoral priorities The critical sectoral priorities for long-term development, as described in subsection (c), are the following: Increasing agricultural production in ways which protect and restore the natural resource base, especially food production, through agricultural policy changes, agricultural research (including participatory research directly involving small farmers) and extension, development and promotion of agriculture marketing activities, credit facilities, and appropriate production packages, and the construction and improvement of needed production-related infrastructure such as farm-to-market roads, small-scale irrigation, and rural electrification. Within this process, emphasis shall be given to promoting increased equity in rural income distribution, recognizing the role of small farmers. Maintaining and restoring the renewable natural resource base primarily in ways which increase agricultural production, through the following: Small-scale, affordable, resource-conserving, low-risk local projects, using appropriate technologies (including traditional agricultural methods) suited to local environmental, resource, and climatic conditions, and featuring close consultation with and involvement of local people at all stages of project design and implementation. Emphasis shall be given to grants for African local government organizations, international or African nongovernmental organizations, and United States private and voluntary organizations. Support for efforts at national and regional levels to provide technical and other support for projects of the kinds described in clause (i) and to strengthen the capacities of African countries to provide effective extension and other services in support of environmentally sustainable increases in food production. Support for special training and education efforts to improve the capacity of countries in sub-Saharan Africa to manage their own environments and natural resources. Support for low-cost desalination activities in order to increase the availability of fresh water sources in sub-Saharan Africa. Improving health conditions, with special emphasis on meeting the health needs of mothers and children (including displaced children) through the establishment of primary health care systems that give priority to preventive health and that will be ultimately self-sustaining. In addition, providing training and training facilities, in sub-Saharan Africa, for doctors and other health care providers, notwithstanding any provision of law that restricts assistance to foreign countries. Providing increased access to voluntary family planning services, including encouragement of private, community, and local government initiatives. Improving the relevance, equity, and efficiency of education, with special emphasis on improving primary education. Developing income-generating opportunities for the unemployed and underemployed in urban and rural areas through, among other things, support for off-farm employment opportunities in micro- and small-scale labor-intensive enterprises.

(j) Minimum levels of assistance for certain critical sectors The Agency for International Development should target the equivalent of 10 percent of the amount authorized to be appropriated for each fiscal year to carry out this part for each of the following: The activities described in subsection (i)(1)(B), including identifiable components of agricultural production projects. The activities described in subsection (i)(2). The activities described in subsection (i)(3).

(k) Effective use of assistance Assistance provided under this section shall be concentrated in countries which will make the most effective use of such assistance in order to fulfill the purpose specified in subsection (c), especially those countries (including those of the Sahel region) having the greatest need for outside assistance.

(l) Promotion of regional integration Assistance under this section shall, to the extent consistent with this section, include assistance to promote the regional and sub­regional integration of African production structures, markets, and infrastructure.

(m) Donor coordination mechanism Funds made available to carry out this section may be used to assist the governments of countries in sub-Saharan Africa to increase their capacity to participate effectively in donor coordination mechanisms at the country, regional, and sector levels.

(n) Relation to other authorities The authority granted by this section to provide assistance for long-term development in sub-Saharan Africa is not intended to preclude the use of other authorities for that purpose. Centrally funded programs which benefit sub-Saharan Africa shall continue to be funded under part I of this subchapter. The transfer authority contained in section 2151g of this title shall not apply with respect to this section. The transfer authority contained in section 2360(a) of this title may not be used to transfer funds made available to carry out this section in order to allow them to be used in carrying out any other provision of this chapter. Section 2394–1 of this title does not apply with respect to funds made available to carry out this section. In order to allow the assistance authorized by this section to be furnished as effectively and expeditiously as possible, section 2354(a) of this title , and similar provisions relating to the procurement of goods and services, shall not apply with respect to goods and services procured for use in carrying out this section. The exemption provided by this paragraph shall not be construed to apply to the Comprehensive Anti/Apartheid Act of 1986.

(o) Support for SADCC projects To the extent funds are provided for such purpose in the annual Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, funds made available to carry out this part may be used to assist sector projects, in the sectors specified in paragraph (2), that are supported by the Southern Africa Development Coordination Conference (SADCC) to enhance the economic development of the member states forming that regional institution. The sectors with respect to which assistance may be provided under this subsection are the following: transportation; manpower development; agriculture and natural resources; energy (including the improved utilization of electrical power sources which already exist in the member states and offer the potential to swiftly reduce the dependence of those states on South Africa for electricity); and industrial development and trade (including private sector initiatives). To the maximum extent feasible, the assistance authorized by this subsection shall be provided consistent with the policies and authorities contained in the preceding subsection of this section.

“SECTION 1 SHORT TITLE.

“This Act may be cited as the ‘Electrify Africa Act of 2015’.

“SEC. 2 PURPOSE.

“The purpose of this Act is to encourage the efforts of countries in sub-Saharan Africa to improve access to affordable and reliable electricity in Africa in order to unlock the potential for inclusive economic growth, job creation, food security, improved health, education, and environmental outcomes, and poverty reduction.

“SEC. 3 STATEMENT OF POLICY.

“It is the policy of the United States to partner, consult, and coordinate with the governments of sub-Saharan African countries, international financial institutions, and African regional economic communities, cooperatives, and the private sector, in a concerted effort to— promote first-time access to power and power services for at least 50,000,000 people in sub-Saharan Africa by 2020 in both urban and rural areas; encourage the installation of at least 20,000 additional megawatts of electrical power in sub-Saharan Africa by 2020 using a broad mix of energy options to help reduce poverty, promote sustainable development, and drive inclusive economic growth; promote non-discriminatory reliable, affordable, and sustainable power in urban areas (including small urban areas) to promote economic growth and job creation; promote policies to facilitate public-private partnerships to provide non-discriminatory reliable, sustainable, and affordable electrical service to rural and underserved populations; encourage the necessary in-country reforms, including facilitating public-private partnerships specifically to support electricity access projects to make such expansion of power access possible; promote reforms of power production, delivery, and pricing, as well as regulatory reforms and transparency, to support long-term, market-based power generation and distribution; promote policies to displace kerosene lighting with other technologies; promote an all-of-the-above energy development strategy for sub-Saharan Africa that includes the use of oil, natural gas, coal, hydroelectric, wind, solar, and geothermal power, and other sources of energy; and promote and increase the use of private financing and seek ways to remove barriers to private financing and assistance for projects, including through charitable organizations.

“SEC. 4 DEVELOPMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE, MULTIYEAR STRATEGY.

(“(a) Strategy Required.— The President shall establish a comprehensive, integrated, multiyear strategy to encourage the efforts of countries in sub-Saharan Africa to implement national power strategies and develop an appropriate mix of power solutions to provide access to sufficient reliable, affordable, and sustainable power in order to reduce poverty and drive economic growth and job creation consistent with the policy stated in section 3. The President shall ensure that the strategy required under paragraph (1) maintains sufficient flexibility for and remains responsive to concerns and interests of affected local communities and technological innovation in the power sector.

(“(b) Report Required.— Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [ Feb. 8, 2016 ], the President shall transmit to the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives a report that contains the strategy required under subsection (a) and includes a discussion of the following elements: The objectives of the strategy and the criteria for determining the success of the strategy. A general description of efforts in sub-Saharan Africa to— increase power production; strengthen electrical transmission and distribution infrastructure; provide for regulatory reform and transparent and accountable governance and oversight; improve the reliability of power; maintain the affordability of power; maximize the financial sustainability of the power sector; and improve non-discriminatory access to power that is done in consultation with affected communities. A description of plans to support efforts of countries in sub-Saharan Africa to increase access to power in urban and rural areas, including a description of plans designed to address commercial, industrial, and residential needs. A description of plans to support efforts to reduce waste and corruption, ensure local community consultation, and improve existing power generation through the use of a broad power mix, including fossil fuel and renewable energy, distributed generation models, energy efficiency, and other technological innovations, as appropriate. An analysis of existing mechanisms for ensuring, and recommendations to promote— commercial cost recovery; commercialization of electric service through distribution service providers, including cooperatives, to consumers; improvements in revenue cycle management, power pricing, and fees assessed for service contracts and connections; reductions in technical losses and commercial losses; and non-discriminatory access to power, including recommendations on the creation of new service provider models that mobilize community participation in the provision of power services. A description of the reforms being undertaken or planned by countries in sub-Saharan Africa to ensure the long-term economic viability of power projects and to increase access to power, including— reforms designed to allow third parties to connect power generation to the grid; policies to ensure there is a viable and independent utility regulator; strategies to ensure utilities become or remain creditworthy; regulations that permit the participation of independent power producers and private-public partnerships; policies that encourage private sector and cooperative investment in power generation; policies that ensure compensation for power provided to the electrical grid by on-site producers; policies to unbundle power services; regulations to eliminate conflicts of interest in the utility sector; efforts to develop standardized power purchase agreements and other contracts to streamline project development; efforts to negotiate and monitor compliance with power purchase agreements and other contracts entered into with the private sector; and policies that promote local community consultation with respect to the development of power generation and transmission projects. A description of plans to ensure meaningful local consultation, as appropriate, in the planning, long-term maintenance, and management of investments designed to increase access to power in sub-Saharan Africa. A description of the mechanisms to be established for— selection of partner countries for focused engagement on the power sector; monitoring and evaluating increased access to, and reliability and affordability of, power in sub-Saharan Africa; maximizing the financial sustainability of power generation, transmission, and distribution in sub-Saharan Africa; establishing metrics to demonstrate progress on meeting goals relating to access to power, power generation, and distribution in sub-Saharan Africa; and terminating unsuccessful programs. A description of how the President intends to promote trade in electrical equipment with countries in sub-Saharan Africa, including a description of how the government of each country receiving assistance pursuant to the strategy— plans to lower or eliminate import tariffs or other taxes for energy and other power production and distribution technologies destined for sub-Saharan Africa, including equipment used to provide energy access, including solar lanterns, solar home systems, and micro and mini grids; and plans to protect the intellectual property of companies designing and manufacturing products that can be used to provide energy access in sub-Saharan Africa. A description of how the President intends to encourage the growth of distributed renewable energy markets in sub-Saharan Africa, including off-grid lighting and power, that includes— an analysis of the state of distributed renewable energy in sub-Saharan Africa; a description of market barriers to the deployment of distributed renewable energy technologies both on- and off-grid in sub-Saharan Africa; an analysis of the efficacy of efforts by the Overseas Private Investment Corporation [now the United States International Development Finance Corporation] and the United States Agency for International Development to facilitate the financing of the importation, distribution, sale, leasing, or marketing of distributed renewable energy technologies; and a description of how bolstering distributed renewable energy can enhance the overall effort to increase power access in sub-Saharan Africa. A description of plans to ensure that small and medium enterprises based in sub-Saharan Africa can fairly compete for energy development and energy access opportunities associated with this Act. A description of how United States investments to increase access to energy in sub-Saharan Africa may reduce the need for foreign aid and development assistance in the future. A description of policies or regulations, both domestically and internationally, that create barriers to private financing of the projects undertaken in this Act. A description of the specific national security benefits to the United States that will be derived from increased energy access in sub-Saharan Africa.

(“(c) Interagency Working Group.— The President may, as appropriate, establish an Interagency Working Group to coordinate the activities of relevant United States Government departments and agencies involved in carrying out the strategy required under this section. The Interagency Working Group may, among other things— seek to coordinate the activities of the United States Government departments and agencies involved in implementing the strategy required under this section; ensure efficient and effective coordination between participating departments and agencies; and facilitate information sharing, and coordinate partnerships between the United States Government, the private sector, and other development partners to achieve the goals of the strategy.

“SEC. 5 PRIORITIZATION OF EFFORTS AND ASSISTANCE FOR POWER PROJECTS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA BY KEY UNITED STATES INSTITUTIONS.

(“(a) In General.— In pursuing the policy goals described in section 3, the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, the Director of the Trade and Development Agency, the United States International Development Finance Corporation, and the Chief Executive Officer and Board of Directors of the Millennium Challenge Corporation should, as appropriate, prioritize and expedite institutional efforts and assistance to facilitate the involvement of such institutions in power projects and markets, both on- and off-grid, in sub-Saharan Africa and partner with other investors and local institutions in sub-Saharan Africa, including private sector actors, to specifically increase access to reliable, affordable, and sustainable power in sub-Saharan Africa, including through— maximizing the number of people with new access to power and power services; improving and expanding the generation, transmission and distribution of power; providing reliable power to people and businesses in urban and rural communities; addressing the energy needs of marginalized people living in areas where there is little or no access to a power grid and developing plans to systematically increase coverage in rural areas; reducing transmission and distribution losses and improving end-use efficiency and demand-side management; reducing energy-related impediments to business productivity and investment; and building the capacity of countries in sub-Saharan Africa to monitor and appropriately and transparently regulate the power sector and encourage private investment in power production and distribution.

(“(b) Effectiveness Measurement.— In prioritizing and expediting institutional efforts and assistance pursuant to this section, as appropriate, such institutions shall use clear, accountable, and metric-based targets to measure the effectiveness of such guarantees and assistance in achieving the goals described in section 3.

(“(c) Promotion of Use of Private Financing and Assistance.— In carrying out policies under this section, such institutions shall promote the use of private financing and assistance and seek ways to remove barriers to private financing for projects and programs under this Act, including through charitable organizations.

(“(d) Rule of Construction.— Nothing in this section may be construed to authorize modifying or limiting the portfolio of the institutions covered by subsection (a) in other developing regions.

“SEC. 6 LEVERAGING INTERNATIONAL SUPPORT.

“In implementing the strategy described in section 4, the President should direct the United States representatives to appropriate international bodies to use the influence of the United States, consistent with the broad development goals of the United States, to advocate that each such body— commit to significantly increase efforts to promote investment in well-designed power sector and electrification projects in sub-Saharan Africa that increase energy access, in partnership with the private sector and consistent with the host countries’ absorptive capacity; address energy needs of individuals and communities where access to an electricity grid is impractical or cost-prohibitive; enhance coordination with the private sector in sub-Saharan Africa to increase access to electricity; provide technical assistance to the regulatory authorities of sub-Saharan African governments to remove unnecessary barriers to investment in otherwise commercially viable projects; and utilize clear, accountable, and metric-based targets to measure the effectiveness of such projects.

“SEC. 7 PROGRESS REPORT.

(“(a) In General.— Not later than three years after the date of the enactment of this Act [ Feb. 8, 2016 ], the President shall transmit to the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate a report on progress made toward achieving the strategy described in section 4 that includes the following: A report on United States programs supporting implementation of policy and legislative changes leading to increased power generation and access in sub-Saharan Africa, including a description of the number, type, and status of policy, regulatory, and legislative changes initiated or implemented as a result of programs funded or supported by the United States in countries in sub-Saharan Africa to support increased power generation and access after the date of the enactment of this Act. A description of power projects receiving United States Government support and how such projects, including off-grid efforts, are intended to achieve the strategy described in section 4. For each project described in paragraph (2)— a description of how the project fits into, or encourages modifications of, the national energy plan of the country in which the project will be carried out, including encouraging regulatory reform in that county; an estimate of the total cost of the project to the consumer, the country in which the project will be carried out, and other investors; the amount of financing provided or guaranteed by the United States Government for the project; an estimate of United States Government resources for the project, itemized by funding source, including from the United States International Development Finance Corporation, the United States Agency for International Development, the Department of the Treasury, and other appropriate United States Government departments and agencies; an estimate of the number and regional locations of individuals, communities, businesses, schools, and health facilities that have gained power connections as a result of the project, with a description of how the reliability, affordability, and sustainability of power has been improved as of the date of the report; an assessment of the increase in the number of people and businesses with access to power, and in the operating electrical power capacity in megawatts as a result of the project between the date of the enactment of this Act and the date of the report; a description of efforts to gain meaningful local consultation for projects associated with this Act and any significant estimated noneconomic effects of the efforts carried out pursuant to this Act; and a description of the participation by small and medium enterprises based in sub-Saharan Africa on projects associated with this Act.”

“SEC. 101 AFRICA FOOD SECURITY INITIATIVE.

(“(a) Additional Requirements in Carrying Out the Initiative.— In providing development assistance under the Africa Food Security Initiative, or any comparable or successor program, the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development— shall emphasize programs and projects that improve the food security of infants, young children, school-age children, women and food-insecure households, or that improve the agricultural productivity, incomes, and marketing of the rural poor in Africa; shall solicit and take into consideration the views and needs of intended beneficiaries and program participants during the selection, planning, implementation, and evaluation phases of projects; shall favor countries that are implementing reforms of their trade and investment laws and regulations in order to enhance free market development in the food processing and agricultural sectors; and shall ensure that programs are designed and conducted in cooperation with African and United States organizations and institutions, such as private and voluntary organizations, cooperatives, land-grant and other appropriate universities, and local producer-owned cooperative marketing and buying associations, that have expertise in addressing the needs of the poor, small-scale farmers, entrepreneurs, and rural workers, including women.

(“(b) Sense of the Congress.— It is the sense of the Congress that, if there is an increase in funding for sub-Saharan programs, the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development should proportionately increase resources to the Africa Food Security Initiative, or any comparable or successor program, for fiscal year 2000 and subsequent fiscal years in order to meet the needs of the countries participating in such Initiative.

“SEC. 102 MICROENTERPRISE ASSISTANCE.

(“(a) Bilateral Assistance.— In providing microenterprise assistance for sub-Saharan Africa, the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development shall, to the extent practicable, use credit and microcredit assistance to improve the capacity and efficiency of agriculture production in sub-Saharan Africa of small-scale farmers and small rural entrepreneurs. In providing assistance, the Administrator should use the applied research and technical assistance capabilities of United States land-grant universities.

(“(b) Multilateral Assistance.— The Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development shall continue to work with other countries, international organizations (including multilateral development institutions), and entities assisting microenterprises and shall develop a comprehensive and coordinated strategy for providing microenterprise assistance for sub-Saharan Africa. In carrying out paragraph (1), the Administrator should encourage the World Bank Consultative Group to Assist the Poorest to coordinate the strategy described in such paragraph.

“SEC. 103 SUPPORT FOR PRODUCER-OWNED COOPERATIVE MARKETING ASSOCIATIONS.

(“(a) Purposes.— The purposes of this section are— to support producer-owned cooperative purchasing and marketing associations in sub-Saharan Africa; to strengthen the capacity of farmers in sub-Saharan Africa to participate in national and international private markets and to promote rural development in sub-Saharan Africa; to encourage the efforts of farmers in sub-Saharan Africa to increase their productivity and income through improved access to farm supplies, seasonal credit, technical expertise; and to support small businesses in sub-Saharan Africa as they grow beyond microenterprises.

(“(b) Support for Producer-Owned Cooperative Marketing Associations.— The Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development is authorized to utilize relevant foreign assistance programs and initiatives for sub-Saharan Africa to support private producer-owned cooperative marketing associations in sub-Saharan Africa, including rural business associations that are owned and controlled by farmer shareholders. In carrying out subparagraph (A), the Administrator— shall take into account small-scale farmers, small rural entrepreneurs, and rural workers and communities; and shall take into account the local-level perspectives of the rural and urban poor through close consultation with these groups, consistent with section 496(e)(1) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 ( 22 U.S.C. 2293(e)(1) ). In addition to carrying out paragraph (1), the Administrator is encouraged— to cooperate with governments of foreign countries, including governments of political subdivisions of such countries, their agricultural research universities, and particularly with United States nongovernmental organizations and United States land-grant universities, that have demonstrated expertise in the development and promotion of successful private producer-owned cooperative marketing associations; and to facilitate partnerships between United States and African cooperatives and private businesses to enhance the capacity and technical and marketing expertise of business associations in sub-Saharan Africa.

“SEC. 104 AGRICULTURAL AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES OF THE OVERSEAS PRIVATE INVESTMENT CORPORATION.

(“(a) Purpose.— The purpose of this section is to encourage the Overseas Private Investment Corporation [now the United States International Development Finance Corporation] to work with United States businesses and other United States entities to invest in rural sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in ways that will develop the capacities of small-scale farmers and small rural entrepreneurs, including women, in sub-Saharan Africa.

(“(b) Sense of the Congress.— It is the sense of the Congress that— the Overseas Private Investment Corporation should exercise its authority under law to undertake an initiative to support private agricultural and rural development in sub-Saharan Africa, including issuing loans, guaranties, and insurance, to support rural development in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly to support intermediary organizations that— directly serve the needs of small-scale farmers, small rural entrepreneurs, and rural producer-owned cooperative purchasing and marketing associations; have a clear track-record of support for sound business management practices; and have demonstrated experience with participatory development methods; and the Overseas Private Investment Corporation should utilize existing equity funds, loan and insurance funds, to the extent feasible and in accordance with existing contractual obligations, to support agriculture and rural development in sub-Saharan Africa.

“SEC. 105 AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND EXTENSION ACTIVITIES.

(“(a) Development of Plan.— The Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, in consultation with the Secretary of Agriculture and appropriate Department of Agriculture agencies, especially the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, shall develop a comprehensive plan to coordinate and build on the research and extension activities of United States land-grant universities, international agricultural research centers, and national agricultural research and extension centers in sub-Saharan Africa.

(“(b) Additional Requirements.— Such plan shall seek to ensure that— research and extension activities will respond to the needs of small-scale farmers while developing the potential and skills of researchers, extension agents, farmers, and agribusiness persons in sub-Saharan Africa; sustainable agricultural methods of farming will be considered together with new technologies in increasing agricultural productivity in sub-Saharan Africa; and research and extension efforts will focus on sustainable agricultural practices and will be adapted to widely varying climates within sub-Saharan Africa.”

§ 2294 Authorizations of appropriations for Development Fund for Africa

Funds appropriated to carry out this part are authorized to be made available until expended. It is the sense of the Congress that the authority of this subsection 1 should be used to extend the period of availability of those funds whenever appropriate to improve the quality of assistance provided under section 2293 of this title . ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. I, § 497, as added Pub. L. 101–513, title V, § 562(a) , Nov. 5, 1990 , 104 Stat. 2030 .)

§ 2295 Assistance for the independent states

The President is authorized to provide assistance to the independent states of the former Soviet Union under this part for the following activities: Meeting urgent humanitarian needs (including those arising from the health effects of exposure to radiation in the Chernobyl region), in particular— meeting needs for medicine, medical supplies and equipment, and food, including the nutritional needs of infants such as processed baby food; and continuing efforts to rebuild from the earthquake in Armenia. Establishing a democratic and free society by fostering— political, social, and economic pluralism; respect for internationally recognized human rights and the rule of law; the development of institutions of democratic governance, including electoral and legislative processes; the institution and improvement of public administration at the national, intergovernmental, regional, and local level; development and support of grass-roots and nongovernmental organizations promoting democracy, the rule of law, transparency, and accountability in the political process, including grants in small amounts to such organizations; international exchanges and other forms of public diplomacy to promote greater understanding on how democracy, the public policy process, market institutions, and an independent judiciary function in Western societies; political parties and coalitions committed to promoting democracy, human rights, and economic reforms; support for civic organizations committed to promoting human rights; the development of effective control by elected civilian officials over, and the development of a nonpolitical officer corps in, the military and security forces; and strengthened administration of justice through programs and activities carried out in accordance with section 2295b(e) of this title , including— support for nongovernmental organizations, civic organizations, and political parties that favor a strong and independent judiciary; support for local organizations that work with judges and law enforcement officials in efforts to achieve a reduction in the number of pretrial detainees; and support for the creation of legal associations or groups that provide training in human rights and advocacy, public education with respect to human rights-related laws and proposed legislation, and legal assistance to persons subject to improper government interference. Developing free and independent media, including— supporting all forms of independent media reporting, including print, radio, and television; providing special support for, and unrestricted public access to, nongovernmental Internet-based sources of information, dissemination and reporting, including providing technical and other support for web radio services, providing computers and other necessary resources for Internet connectivity and training new Internet users in nongovernmental civic organizations on methods and uses of Internet-based media; and training in journalism, including investigative journalism techniques that educate the public on the costs of corruption and act as a deterrent against corrupt officials. Creating and developing private enterprise and free market systems based on the principle of private ownership of property, including— the development of private cooperatives, credit unions, and labor unions; the improvement in the collection and analysis of statistical information; the reform and restructuring of banking and financial systems; and the protection of intellectual property. Creating conditions that promote trade and investment, and encouraging participation of the United States private sector in the development of the private sector in the independent states of the former Soviet Union. Promoting market-based mechanisms for the distribution of the inputs necessary to agricultural production and for the handling, marketing, storage, and processing of agricultural commodities; encouraging policies that provide incentives for agricultural production; and creating institutions that provide technical and financial support for the agricultural sector. Promoting programs to strengthen and build institutions that provide quality health care and voluntary family planning services, housing, and other services and policies that are components of a social safety net, particularly for infants, children, and people with disabilities. Promoting broad-based educational reform at all levels, in particular— by assisting the development of curricula and by making available textbooks, other educational materials, and appropriate telecommunications technologies for the delivery of educational and instructional programming; and by assisting the development of the skills necessary to produce educational television programs aimed at promoting basic skills and the human values associated with a democratic society and a free market economy. Promoting market-based pricing policies and the transfer of technologies that reduce energy wastage and harmful emissions; supporting developmentally sound capital energy projects that utilize United States advanced coal technologies; and promoting efficient production, use, and transportation of oil, gas, coal, and other sources of energy. Implementing— a program of short-term safety upgrade of civilian nuclear power plants, including the training of power plant personnel, implementation of improved procedures for nuclear power plant operation, the development of effective and independent regulatory authorities, and cost-effective hardware upgrades; and a program to retire those civilian nuclear power plants whose capacity could be more cost-effectively replaced through energy efficiency. Enhancing the human and natural environment and conserving environmental resources, including through— facilitation of the adoption of environmentally-sound policies and technologies, environmental restoration, and sustainable use of natural resources; promotion of the provision of environmental technology, education, and training by United States businesses, not-for-profit organizations, and institutions of higher education; and promotion of cooperative research efforts to validate and improve environmental monitoring of protracted radiation exposure. Improving transportation and telecommunications infrastructure and management, including intermodal transportation systems to ensure the safe and efficient movement of people, products, and materials. Promoting drug education, interdiction, and eradication programs. Protecting and caring for refugees, displaced persons, and other migrants; addressing the root causes of migration; and promoting the development of appropriate immigration and emigration laws and procedures. ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. I, § 498, as added Pub. L. 102–511, title II, § 201 , Oct. 24, 1992 , 106 Stat. 3324 ; amended Pub. L. 107–246, § 4(a) , Oct. 23, 2002 , 116 Stat. 1514 .)

§ 2295a Criteria for assistance to governments of the independent states

(a) In general In providing assistance under this part for the government of any independent state of the former Soviet Union, the President shall take into account not only relative need but also the extent to which that independent state is acting to— make significant progress toward, and is committed to the comprehensive implementation of, a democratic system based on principles of the rule of law, individual freedoms, and representative government determined by free and fair elections; make significant progress in, and is committed to the comprehensive implementation of, economic reform based on market principles, private ownership, and integration into the world economy, including implementation of the legal and policy frameworks necessary for such reform (including protection of intellectual property and respect for contracts); respect internationally recognized human rights, including the rights of minorities and the rights to freedom of religion and emigration; respect international law and obligations and adhere to the Helsinki Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe and the Charter of Paris, including the obligations to refrain from the threat or use of force and to settle disputes peacefully; cooperate in seeking peaceful resolution of ethnic and regional conflicts; implement responsible security policies, including— adhering to arms control obligations derived from agreements signed by the former Soviet Union; reducing military forces and expenditures to a level consistent with legitimate defense requirements; not proliferating nuclear, biological, or chemical weapons, their delivery systems, or related technologies; and restraining conventional weapons transfers; take constructive actions to protect the international environment, prevent significant transborder pollution, and promote sustainable use of natural resources; deny support for acts of international terrorism; accept responsibility for paying an equitable portion of the indebtedness to United States firms incurred by the former Soviet Union; cooperate with the United States Government in uncovering all evidence regarding Americans listed as prisoners-of-war, or otherwise missing during American operations, who were detained in the former Soviet Union during the Cold War; and terminate support for the communist regime in Cuba, including removal of troops, closing military and intelligence facilities, including the military and intelligence facilities at Lourdes and Cienfuegos, and ceasing trade subsidies and economic, nuclear, and other assistance.

(b) Ineligibility for assistance The President shall not provide assistance under this part— for the government of any independent state that the President determines is engaged in a consistent pattern of gross violations of internationally recognized human rights or of international law; for the government of any independent state that the President determines has failed to take constructive actions to facilitate the effective implementation of applicable arms control obligations derived from agreements signed by the former Soviet Union; for the government of any independent state that the President determines has, on or after October 24, 1992 , knowingly transferred to another country— missiles or missile technology inconsistent with the guidelines and parameters of the Missile Technology Control Regime; or any material, equipment, or technology that would contribute significantly to the ability of such country to manufacture any weapon of mass destruction (including nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons) if the President determines that the material, equipment, or technology was to be used by such country in the manufacture of such weapon; for the government of any independent state that is prohibited from receiving such assistance by section 2799aa or 2799aa–1 of this title or sections 5604(a)(1) and 5605 of this title; for the government of any independent state effective 30 days after the President has determined and certified to the appropriate congressional committees (and Congress has not enacted legislation disapproving the determination within that 30-day period) that such government is providing assistance for, or engaging in nonmarket based trade (as defined in section 2295b(k)(3) of this title ) with, the Cuban Government; or for the Government of Russia if it has failed to make significant progress on the removal of Russian or Commonwealth of Independent States troops from Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania or if it has failed to undertake good faith efforts, such as negotiations, to end other military practices that violate the sovereignty of the Baltics 1 states.

(c) Exceptions to ineligibility Assistance prohibited by subsection (b) or any similar provision of law, other than assistance prohibited by the provisions referred to in subsection (b)(4), may be furnished under any of the following circumstances: The President determines that furnishing such assistance is important to the national interest of the United States. The President determines that furnishing such assistance will foster respect for internationally recognized human rights and the rule of law or the development of institutions of democratic governance. The assistance is furnished for the alleviation of suffering resulting from a natural or man-made disaster. The assistance is provided under the secondary school exchange program administered by the United States Information Agency. The President shall immediately report to the Congress any determination under paragraph (1) or (2) or any decision to provide assistance under paragraph (3).

(d) Reduction in assistance for support of intelligence facilities in Cuba Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the President shall withhold from assistance provided, on or after March 12, 1996 , for an independent state of the former Soviet Union under this chapter an amount equal to the sum of assistance and credits, if any, provided on or after March 12, 1996 , by such state in support of intelligence facilities in Cuba, including the intelligence facility at Lourdes, Cuba. The President may waive the requirement of paragraph (1) to withhold assistance if the President certifies to the appropriate congressional committees that the provision of such assistance is important to the national security of the United States, and, in the case of such a certification made with respect to Russia, if the President certifies that the Russian Government has assured the United States Government that the Russian Government is not sharing intelligence data collected at the Lourdes facility with officials or agents of the Cuban Government. At the time of a certification made with respect to Russia under subparagraph (A), the President shall also submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report describing the intelligence activities of Russia in Cuba, including the purposes for which the Lourdes facility is used by the Russian Government and the extent to which the Russian Government provides payment or government credits to the Cuban Government for the continued use of the Lourdes facility. The report required by subparagraph (B) may be submitted in classified form. For purposes of this paragraph, the term “appropriate congressional committees” includes the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence of the House of Representatives and the Select Committee on Intelligence of the Senate. The requirement of paragraph (1) to withhold assistance shall not apply with respect to— assistance to meet urgent humanitarian needs, including disaster and refugee relief; democratic political reform or rule of law activities; technical assistance for safety upgrades of civilian nuclear power plants; the creation of private sector or nongovernmental organizations that are independent of government control; the development of a free market economic system; assistance under the secondary school exchange program administered by the United States Information Agency; or assistance for the purposes described in the Cooperative Threat Reduction Act of 1993 (title XII of Public Law 103–160 ) [ 22 U.S.C. 5951 et seq.].

§ 2295b Authorities relating to assistance and other provisions

(a) Assistance through governments and nongovernmental organizations Assistance under this part may be provided to governments or through nongovernmental organizations.

(b) Technical and managerial assistance Technical assistance under this part shall, to the maximum extent feasible, be provided on a long term, on-site basis and shall emphasize the provision of practical, management and other problem-solving advice, particularly advice on private enterprise provided by United States business volunteers.

(c) Enterprise funds Activities supported pursuant to this part may include the establishment of and the provision of support for one or more enterprise funds for the independent states of the former Soviet Union. If the President determines that an enterprise fund should be established and supported under this part, the provisions contained in section 201 of the Support for East European Democracy (SEED) Act of 1989 [ 22 U.S.C. 5421 ] (excluding the authorizations of appropriations provided in subsection (b) of that section) shall be deemed to apply with respect to such enterprise fund and to funds made available to such enterprise fund pursuant to this part.

(d) Cooperative development and research projects Assistance under this part may include support for cooperative development projects, including cooperative development research projects, among the United States, other countries, and independent states of the former Soviet Union.

(e) Administration of justice programs In order to strengthen the administration of justice in the independent states of the former Soviet Union under paragraph (2)(J) of section 2295 of this title , the President may exercise the same authorities as are available under section 2346c of this title , subject to the limitations and requirements of that section, other than subsection (c) and the last two sentences of subsection (e).

(f) Use of economic support funds Any funds that have been allocated under part 4 of subchapter II of this chapter for assistance for the independent states of the former Soviet Union may be used in accordance with the provisions of this part.

(g) Use of SEED agency funds and administrative authorities The President may authorize any agency of the United States Government that has authority to conduct activities under the Support for East European Democracy (SEED) Act of 1989 [ 22 U.S.C. 5401 et seq.] to use— any funds that are available to it for activities related to international affairs outside Eastern Europe, and any administrative authorities that are available to it for activities with respect to Eastern Europe, to conduct activities authorized by section 2295 of this title with respect to the independent states of the former Soviet Union.

(h) Procurement restrictions Funds made available for assistance under this part may be used for procurement— in the United States, the independent states of the former Soviet Union, or a developing country; or in any other country but only if— the provision of such assistance requires commodities or services of a type that are not produced in and available for purchase in any country specified in paragraph (1); or the President determines, on a case-by-case basis, that procurement in such other country is necessary— to meet unforseen 1 circumstances, such as emergency situations, where it is important to permit procurement in a country not specified in paragraph (1), or to promote efficiency in the use of United States foreign assistance resources, including to avoid impairment of foreign assistance objectives.

(i) Terms and conditions Assistance under this part shall be provided on such terms and conditions as the President may determine, consistent with applicable provisions of law (except as otherwise provided in subsection (j)).

(j) Waiver of certain provisions Funds authorized to be appropriated for fiscal year 1993 by this part, and any other funds appropriated for fiscal year 1993 that are used under the authority of subsection (f) or (g), may be used to provide assistance under this part notwithstanding any other provision of law, except for— this part; section 2394–1 of this title and comparable notification requirements contained in sections of the annual foreign operations, export financing, and related programs Act; sections 2799aa and 2799aa–1 of this title and sections 5604 and 5605 of this title, to the extent that they apply to assistance to governments; and section 1341 of title 31 (commonly referred to as the “Anti-Deficiency Act”), the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974, the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985, and the Budget Enforcement Act of 1990. Any provision that corresponds to section 510 of the Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 1991 (relating to the prohibition on financing exports of nuclear equipment, fuel, and technology) shall not apply with respect to funds used pursuant to this part.

(k) Definitions As used in this part, the term “appropriate congressional committees” means the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate. As used in this part, the terms “independent states of the former Soviet Union” and “independent states” have the meaning given those terms by section 5801 of this title . As used in section 2295a(b)(5) of this title , the term “nonmarket based trade” includes exports, imports, exchanges, or other arrangements that are provided for goods and services (including oil and other petroleum products) on terms more favorable than those generally available in applicable markets or for comparable commodities, including— exports to the Cuban Government on terms that involve a grant, concessional price, guaranty, insurance, or subsidy; imports from the Cuban Government at preferential tariff rates; exchange arrangements that include advance delivery of commodities, arrangements in which the Cuban Government is not held accountable for unfulfilled exchange contracts, and arrangements under which Cuba does not pay appropriate transportation, insurance, or finance costs; and the exchange, reduction, or forgiveness of debt of the Cuban Government in return for a grant by the Cuban Government of an equity interest in a property, investment, or operation of the Cuban Government or of a Cuban national. The term “Cuban Government” includes the government of any political subdivision of Cuba, and any agency or instrumentality of the Government of Cuba. For purposes of subparagraph (A), the term “agency or instrumentality of the Government of Cuba” means an agency or instrumentality of a foreign state as defined in section 1603(b) of title 28 , with each reference in such section to “a foreign state” deemed to be a reference to “Cuba”.

§ 2295c Authorization of appropriations

(a) In general To carry out this part, there are authorized to be appropriated to the President for fiscal year 1993 $410,000,000, in addition to amounts otherwise available for assistance for the independent states of the former Soviet Union. Amounts appropriated pursuant to this subsection are authorized to remain available until expended.

(b) Operating expenses Subject to paragraph (2), funds made available under subsection (a) may be transferred to, and merged with, funds appropriated for “Operating Expenses of the Agency for International Development”. Funds so transferred may be expended for administrative costs in carrying out this part, including reimbursement of the Department of State for its incremental costs associated with assistance provided under this part. Not more than 2 percent of the funds made available for a fiscal year under subsection (a) may be transferred pursuant to paragraph (1) unless, at least 15 days before transferring any additional amount, the President notifies the appropriate congressional committees in accordance with the procedures applicable to reprogramming notifications under section 2394–1 of this title .

§ 2296 United States assistance to promote reconciliation and recovery from regional conflicts

(a) Purpose of assistance The purposes of assistance under this section include— the creation of the basis for reconciliation between belligerents; the promotion of economic development in areas of the countries of the South Caucasus and Central Asia impacted by civil conflict and war; and the encouragement of broad regional cooperation among countries of the South Caucasus and Central Asia that have been destabilized by internal conflicts.

(b) Authorization for assistance To carry out the purposes of subsection (a), the President is authorized to provide humanitarian assistance and economic reconstruction assistance for the countries of the South Caucasus and Central Asia to support the activities described in subsection (c). In this subsection, the term “humanitarian assistance” means assistance to meet humanitarian needs, including needs for food, medicine, medical supplies and equipment, education, and clothing.

(c) Activities supported Activities that may be supported by assistance under subsection (b) include— providing for the humanitarian needs of victims of the conflicts; facilitating the return of refugees and internally displaced persons to their homes; and assisting in the reconstruction of residential and economic infrastructure destroyed by war.

§ 2296a Economic assistance

(a) Purpose of assistance The purpose of assistance under this section is to foster economic growth and development, including the conditions necessary for regional economic cooperation, in the South Caucasus and Central Asia.

(b) Authorization for assistance To carry out the purpose of subsection (a), the President is authorized to provide assistance for the countries of the South Caucasus and Central Asia to support the activities described in subsection (c).

(c) Activities supported In addition to the activities described in section 2295 of this title , activities supported by assistance under subsection (b) should support the development of the structures and means necessary for the growth of private sector economies based upon market principles.

§ 2296b Development of infrastructure

(a) Purpose of programs The purposes of programs under this section include— to develop the physical infrastructure necessary for regional cooperation among the countries of the South Caucasus and Central Asia; and to encourage closer economic relations and to facilitate the removal of impediments to cross-border commerce among those countries and the United States and other developed nations.

(b) Authorization for programs To carry out the purposes of subsection (a), the following types of programs for the countries of the South Caucasus and Central Asia may be used to support the activities described in subsection (c): Activities by the Export-Import Bank to complete the review process for eligibility for financing under the Export-Import Bank Act of 1945 [ 12 U.S.C. 635 et seq.]. The provision of insurance, reinsurance, financing, or other assistance by the United States International Development Finance Corporation. Assistance under section 2421 of this title (relating to the Trade and Development Agency).

(c) Activities supported Activities that may be supported by programs under subsection (b) include promoting actively the participation of United States companies and investors in the planning, financing, and construction of infrastructure for communications, transportation, including air transportation, and energy and trade including highways, railroads, port facilities, shipping, banking, insurance, telecommunications networks, and gas and oil pipelines.

§ 2296c Border control assistance

(a) Purpose of assistance The purpose of assistance under this section includes the assistance of the countries of the South Caucasus and Central Asia to secure their borders and implement effective controls necessary to prevent the trafficking of illegal narcotics and the proliferation of technology and materials related to weapons of mass destruction (as defined in section 2332a(c)(2) of title 18 ), and to contain and inhibit transnational organized criminal activities.

(b) Authorization for assistance To carry out the purpose of subsection (a), the President is authorized to provide assistance to the countries of the South Caucasus and Central Asia to support the activities described in subsection (c).

(c) Activities supported Activities that may be supported by assistance under subsection (b) include assisting those countries of the South Caucasus and Central Asia in developing capabilities to maintain national border guards, coast guard, and customs controls.

§ 2296d Strengthening democracy, tolerance, and the development of civil society

(a) Purpose of assistance The purpose of assistance under this section is to promote institutions of democratic government and to create the conditions for the growth of pluralistic societies, including religious tolerance and respect for internationally recognized human rights.

(b) Authorization for assistance To carry out the purpose of subsection (a), the President is authorized to provide the following types of assistance to the countries of the South Caucasus and Central Asia: Assistance for democracy building, including programs to strengthen parliamentary institutions and practices. Assistance for the development of nongovernmental organizations. Assistance for development of independent media. Assistance for the development of the rule of law, a strong independent judiciary, and transparency in political practice and commercial transactions. International exchanges and advanced professional training programs in skill areas central to the development of civil society. Assistance to promote increased adherence to civil and political rights under section 2151n(e) of this title .

(c) Activities supported Activities that may be supported by assistance under subsection (b) include activities that are designed to advance progress toward the development of democracy.

§ 2296e Administrative authorities

(a) Assistance through governments and nongovernmental organizations Assistance under this part may be provided to governments or through nongovernmental organizations.

(b) Use of economic support funds Except as otherwise provided, any funds that have been allocated under part IV of subchapter II of this chapter for assistance for the independent states of the former Soviet Union may be used in accordance with the provisions of this part.

(c) Terms and conditions Assistance under this part shall be provided on such terms and conditions as the President may determine.

(d) Available authorities The authority in this part to provide assistance for the countries of the South Caucasus and Central Asia is in addition to the authority to provide such assistance under the FREEDOM Support Act ( 22 U.S.C. 5801 et seq.) or any other Act, and the authorities applicable to the provision of assistance under part XI of this subchapter may be used to provide assistance under this part.

§ 2296f Definitions

In this part: The term “appropriate congressional committees” means the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on International Relations of the House of Representatives. The term “countries of the South Caucasus and Central Asia” means Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. I, § 499F, as added Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, § 1000(a)(2) [title V, § 596(b)] , Nov. 29, 1999 , 113 Stat. 1535 , 1501A–126.)

§ 2301 Congressional statement of policy

The Congress of the United States reaffirms the policy of the United States to achieve international peace and security through the United Nations so that armed force shall not be used except for individual or collective self-defense. The Congress finds that the efforts of the United States and other friendly countries to promote peace and security continue to require measures of support based upon the principle of effective self-help and mutual aid. It is the purpose of subchapter II of this chapter to authorize measures in the common defense against internal and external aggression, including the furnishing of military assistance, upon request, to friendly countries and international organizations. In furnishing such military assistance, it remains the policy of the United States to continue to exert maximum efforts to achieve universal control of weapons of mass destruction and universal regulation and reduction of armaments, including armed forces, under adequate safeguards to protect complying countries against violation and evasion. The Congress recognizes that the peace of the world and the security of the United States are endangered so long as hostile countries continue by threat of military action, by the use of economic pressure, and by internal subversion, or other means to attempt to bring under their domination peoples now free and independent and continue to deny the rights of freedom and self-government to peoples and countries once free but now subject to such domination. It is the sense of the Congress that an important contribution toward peace would be made by the establishment under the Organization of American States of an international military force. In enacting this legislation, it is therefore the intention of the Congress to promote the peace of the world and the foreign policy, security, and general welfare of the United States by fostering an improved climate of political independence and individual liberty, improving the ability of friendly countries and international organizations to deter or, if necessary, defeat aggression, facilitating arrangements for individual and collective security, assisting friendly countries to maintain internal security, and creating an environment of security and stability in the developing friendly countries essential to their more rapid social, economic, and political progress. The Congress urges that all other countries able to contribute join in a common undertaking to meet the goals stated in subchapter II of this chapter. It is the sense of the Congress that in the administration of subchapter II of this chapter priority shall be given to the needs of those countries in danger of becoming victims of aggression or in which the internal security is threatened by internal subversion inspired or supported by hostile countries. Finally, the Congress reaffirms its full support of the progress of the members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization toward increased cooperation in political, military, and economic affairs. In particular, the Congress welcomes the steps which have been taken to promote multilateral programs of coordinated procurement, research, development, and production of defense articles and urges that such programs be expanded to the fullest extent possible to further the defense of the North Atlantic Area. ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. II, § 501, formerly § 502, Sept. 4, 1961 , 75 Stat. 434 , renumbered § 501 and amended Pub. L. 90–137 , pt. II, § 201(a), Nov. 14, 1967 , 81 Stat. 455 ; Pub. L. 103–199, title VII, § 705(1) , Dec. 17, 1993 , 107 Stat. 2328 .)

§ 2302 Utilization of defense articles and defense services

Defense articles and defense services to any country shall be furnished solely for internal security (including for antiterrorism and nonproliferation purposes), for legitimate self-defense, to permit the recipient country to participate in regional or collective arrangements or measures consistent with the Charter of the United Nations, or otherwise to permit the recipient country to participate in collective measures requested by the United Nations for the purpose of maintaining or restoring international peace and security, or for the purpose of assisting foreign military forces in less developed friendly countries (or the voluntary efforts of personnel of the Armed Forces of the United States in such countries) to construct public works and to engage in other activities helpful to the economic and social development of such friendly countries. It is the sense of the Congress that such foreign military forces should not be maintained or established solely for civic action activities and that such civic action activities not significantly detract from the capability of the military forces to perform their military missions and be coordinated with and form part of the total economic and social development effort. ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. II, § 502, formerly § 505(a), Sept. 4, 1961 , 75 Stat. 436 ; Pub. L. 88–205 , pt. II, § 202(b), Dec. 16, 1963 , 77 Stat. 384 ; Pub. L. 89–171 , pt. II, § 201(c), Sept. 6, 1965 , 79 Stat. 656 ; renumbered and amended Pub. L. 90–137 , pt. II, § 201(d), Nov. 14, 1967 , 81 Stat. 456 ; Pub. L. 106–280, title VII, § 701 , Oct. 6, 2000 , 114 Stat. 861 .)

§ 2303 Repealed. Pub. L. 104–164, title I, § 104(b)(2)(A), July 21, 1996, 110 Stat. 1426

§ 2304 Human rights and security assistance

(a) Observance of human rights as principal goal of foreign policy; implementation requirements The United States shall, in accordance with its international obligations as set forth in the Charter of the United Nations and in keeping with the constitutional heritage and traditions of the United States, promote and encourage increased respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms throughout the world without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion. Accordingly, a principal goal of the foreign policy of the United States shall be to promote the increased observance of internationally recognized human rights by all countries. Except under circumstances specified in this section, no security assistance may be provided to any country the government of which engages in a consistent pattern of gross violations of internationally recognized human rights. Security assistance may not be provided to the police, domestic intelligence, or similar law enforcement forces of a country, and licenses may not be issued under the Export Administration Act of 1979 for the export of crime control and detection instruments and equipment to a country, the government of which engages in a consistent pattern of gross violations of internationally recognized human rights unless the President certifies in writing to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the chairman of the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs of the Senate (when licenses are to be issued pursuant to the Export Administration Act of 1979). 1 that extraordinary circumstances exist warranting provision of such assistance and issuance of such licenses. Assistance may not be provided under part V of this subchapter to a country the government of which engages in a consistent pattern of gross violations of internationally recognized human rights unless the President certifies in writing to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate that extraordinary circumstances exist warranting provision of such assistance. In furtherance of paragraphs (1) and (2), the President is directed to formulate and conduct international security assistance programs of the United States in a manner which will promote and advance human rights and avoid identification of the United States, through such programs, with governments which deny to their people internationally recognized human rights and fundamental freedoms, in violation of international law or in contravention of the policy of the United States as expressed in this section or otherwise. In determining whether the government of a country engages in a consistent pattern of gross violations of internationally recognized human rights, the President shall give particular consideration to whether the government— has engaged in or tolerated particularly severe violations of religious freedom, as defined in section 6402 of this title ; or has failed to undertake serious and sustained efforts to combat particularly severe violations of religious freedom when such efforts could have been reasonably undertaken.

(b) Report by Secretary of State on practices of proposed recipient countries; considerations The Secretary of State shall transmit to the Congress, as part of the presentation materials for security assistance programs proposed for each fiscal year, a full and complete report, prepared with the assistance of the Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor and with the assistance of the Ambassador at Large for International Religious Freedom, with respect to practices regarding the observance of and respect for internationally recognized human rights in each country proposed as a recipient of security assistance. Wherever applicable, such report shall include consolidated information regarding the commission of war crimes, crimes against humanity, and evidence of acts that may constitute genocide (as defined in article 2 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide and modified by the United States instrument of ratification to that convention and section 2(a) of the Genocide Convention Implementation Act of 1987). Wherever applicable, such report shall include information on practices regarding coercion in population control, including coerced abortion and involuntary sterilization. Such report shall also include, wherever applicable, information on violations of religious freedom, including particularly severe violations of religious freedom (as defined in section 6402 of this title ). Wherever applicable, such report shall include a description of the nature and extent of acts of anti-Semitism and anti-Semitic incitement that occur, including the descriptions of such acts required under section 2151n(d)(8) of this title . Such report shall also include, for each country with respect to which the report indicates that extrajudicial killings, torture, or other serious violations of human rights have occurred in the country, the extent to which the United States has taken or will take action to encourage an end to such practices in the country. Each report under this section shall list the votes of each member of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights on all country-specific and thematic resolutions voted on at the Commission’s annual session during the period covered during the preceding year. Each report under this section shall also include (i) wherever applicable, a description of the nature and extent of the compulsory recruitment and conscription of individuals under the age of 18 by armed forces of the government of the country, government-supported paramilitaries, or other armed groups, the participation of such individuals in such groups, and the nature and extent that such individuals take a direct part in hostilities, (ii) what steps, if any, taken by the government of the country to eliminate such practices, and (iii) such other information related to the use by such government of individuals under the age of 18 as soldiers, as determined to be appropriate by the Secretary of State. Each report under this section shall describe the extent to which each country has extended protection to refugees, including the provision of first asylum and resettlement. In determining whether a government falls within the provisions of subsection (a)(3) and in the preparation of any report or statement required under this section, consideration shall be given to— the relevant findings of appropriate international organizations, including nongovernmental organizations, such as the International Committee of the Red Cross; and the extent of cooperation by such government in permitting an unimpeded investigation by any such organization of alleged violations of internationally recognized human rights.

(c) Congressional request for information; information required; 30-day period; failure to supply information; termination or restriction of assistance Upon the request of the Senate or the House of Representatives by resolution of either such House, or upon the request of the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate or the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives, the Secretary of State shall, within thirty days after receipt of such request, transmit to both such committees a statement, prepared with the assistance of the Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, with respect to the country designated in such request, setting forth— all the available information about observance of and respect for human rights and fundamental freedom in that country, and a detailed description of practices by the recipient government with respect thereto; the steps the United States has taken to— promote respect for and observance of human rights in that country and discourage any practices which are inimical to internationally recognized human rights, and publicly or privately call attention to, and disassociate the United States and any security assistance provided for such country from, such practices; whether, in the opinion of the Secretary of State, notwithstanding any such practices— extraordinary circumstances exist which necessitate a continuation of security assistance for such country, and, if so, a description of such circumstances and the extent to which such assistance should be continued (subject to such conditions as Congress may impose under this section), and on all the facts it is in the national interest of the United States to provide such assistance; and such other information as such committee or such House may request. A resolution of request under paragraph (1) of this subsection shall be considered in the Senate in accordance with the provisions of section 601(b) of the International Security Assistance and Arms Export Control Act of 1976. The term “certification”, as used in section 601 of such Act, means, for the purposes of this subsection, a resolution of request of the Senate under paragraph (1) of this subsection. In the event a statement with respect to a country is requested pursuant to paragraph (1) of this subsection but is not transmitted in accordance therewith within thirty days after receipt of such request, no security assistance shall be delivered to such country except as may thereafter be specifically authorized by law from such country unless and until such statement is transmitted. In the event a statement with respect to a country is transmitted under paragraph (1) of this subsection, the Congress may at any time thereafter adopt a joint resolution terminating, restricting, or continuing security assistance for such country. In the event such a joint resolution is adopted, such assistance shall be so terminated, so restricted, or so continued, as the case may be. Any such resolution shall be considered in the Senate in accordance with the provisions of section 601(b) of the International Security Assistance and Arms Export Control Act of 1976. The term “certification”, as used in section 601 of such Act, means, for the purposes of this paragraph, a statement transmitted under paragraph (1) of this subsection.

(d) Definitions For the purposes of this section— the term “gross violations of internationally recognized human rights” includes torture or cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment, prolonged detention without charges and trial, causing the disappearance of persons by the abduction and clandestine detention of those persons, and other flagrant denial of the right to life, liberty, or the security of person; the term “security assistance” means— assistance under part II (military assistance) or part IV (economic support fund) or part V (military education and training) or part VI (peacekeeping operations) or part VIII (antiterrorism assistance) of this subchapter; sales of defense articles or services, extensions of credits (including participations in credits), and guaranties of loans under the Arms Export Control Act [ 22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.]; or any license in effect with respect to the export to or for the armed forces, police, intelligence, or other internal security forces of a foreign country of— defense articles or defense services under section 38 of the Armed 2 Export Control Act ( 22 U.S.C. 2778 ); or items listed under the 600 series of the Commerce Control List contained in Supplement No. 1 to part 774 of subtitle B of title 15, Code of Federal Regulations; 3

(e) Removal of prohibition on assistance Notwithstanding any other provision of law, funds authorized to be appropriated under subchapter I of this chapter may be made available for the furnishing of assistance to any country with respect to which the President finds that such a significant improvement in its human rights record has occurred as to warrant lifting the prohibition on furnishing such assistance in the national interest of the United States.

(f) Allocations concerned with performance record of recipient countries without contravention of other provisions In allocating the funds authorized to be appropriated by this chapter and the Arms Export Control Act [ 22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.], the President shall take into account significant improvements in the human rights records of recipient countries, except that such allocations may not contravene any other provision of law.

(g) Report to Congress on use of certain authorities relating to human rights conditions Whenever the provisions of subsection (e) or (f) of this section are applied, the President shall report to the Congress before making any funds available pursuant to those subsections. The report shall specify the country involved, the amount and kinds of assistance to be provided, and the justification for providing the assistance, including a description of the significant improvements which have occurred in the country’s human rights record.

(h) Report on practices of recipient countries relating to trafficking in persons The report required by subsection (b) shall include the following: A description of the nature and extent of severe forms of trafficking in persons, as defined in section 7102 of this title , in each foreign country. With respect to each country that is a country of origin, transit, or destination for victims of severe forms of trafficking in persons, an assessment of the efforts by the government of that country to combat such trafficking. The assessment shall address the following: Whether government authorities in that country participate in, facilitate, or condone such trafficking. Which government authorities in that country are involved in activities to combat such trafficking. What steps the government of that country has taken to prohibit government officials from participating in, facilitating, or condoning such trafficking, including the investigation, prosecution, and conviction of such officials. What steps the government of that country has taken to prohibit other individuals from participating in such trafficking, including the investigation, prosecution, and conviction of individuals involved in severe forms of trafficking in persons, the criminal and civil penalties for such trafficking, and the efficacy of those penalties in eliminating or reducing such trafficking. What steps the government of that country has taken to assist victims of such trafficking, including efforts to prevent victims from being further victimized by traffickers, government officials, or others, grants of relief from deportation, and provision of humanitarian relief, including provision of mental and physical health care and shelter. Whether the government of that country is cooperating with governments of other countries to extradite traffickers when requested, or, to the extent that such cooperation would be inconsistent with the laws of such country or with extradition treaties to which such country is a party, whether the government of that country is taking all appropriate measures to modify or replace such laws and treaties so as to permit such cooperation. Whether the government of that country is assisting in international investigations of transnational trafficking networks and in other cooperative efforts to combat severe forms of trafficking in persons. Whether the government of that country refrains from prosecuting victims of severe forms of trafficking in persons due to such victims having been trafficked, and refrains from other discriminatory treatment of such victims. Whether the government of that country recognizes the rights of victims of severe forms of trafficking in persons and ensures their access to justice. Such other information relating to trafficking in persons as the Secretary of State considers appropriate. In compiling data and making assessments for the purposes of paragraph (1), United States diplomatic mission personnel shall consult with human rights organizations and other appropriate nongovernmental organizations.

(i) 44 So in original. Two subsecs. (i) have been enacted. Report on status of freedom of the press in recipient countries The report required by subsection (b) shall include, wherever applicable— a description of the status of freedom of the press, including initiatives in favor of freedom of the press and efforts to improve or preserve, as appropriate, the independence of the media, together with an assessment of progress made as a result of those efforts; an identification of countries in which there were violations of freedom of the press, including direct physical attacks, imprisonment, indirect sources of pressure, and censorship by governments, military, intelligence, or police forces, criminal groups, or armed extremist or rebel groups; and in countries where there are particularly severe violations of freedom of the press— whether government authorities of each such country participate in, facilitate, or condone such violations of the freedom of the press; and what steps the government of each such country has taken to preserve the safety and independence of the media, and to ensure the prosecution of those individuals who attack or murder journalists.

(i) 4 Child marriage status The report required under subsection (b) shall include, for each country in which child marriage is prevalent, a description of the status of the practice of child marriage in such country. In this subsection, the term “child marriage” means the marriage of a girl or boy who is— younger than the minimum age for marriage under the laws of the country in which such girl or boy is a resident; or younger than 18 years of age, if no such law exists.

§ 2305 National Security Assistance Strategy

(a) Multiyear plan Not later than 180 days after October 6, 2000 , and annually thereafter at the time of submission of the congressional presentation materials of the foreign operations appropriations budget request, the Secretary of State should submit to the appropriate committees of Congress a plan setting forth a National Security Assistance Strategy for the United States.

(b) Elements of the Strategy The National Security Assistance Strategy should— set forth a multi-year plan for security assistance programs; be consistent with the National Security Strategy of the United States; be coordinated with the Secretary of Defense and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff; be prepared, in consultation with other agencies, as appropriate; identify overarching security assistance objectives, including identification of the role that specific security assistance programs will play in achieving such objectives; identify a primary security assistance objective, as well as specific secondary objectives, for individual countries; identify, on a country-by-country basis, how specific resources will be allocated to accomplish both primary and secondary objectives; discuss how specific types of assistance, such as foreign military financing and international military education and training, will be combined at the country level to achieve United States objectives; and detail, with respect to each of the paragraphs (1) through (8), how specific types of assistance provided pursuant to the Arms Export Control Act [ 22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.] and the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [ 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.] are coordinated with United States assistance programs managed by the Department of Defense and other agencies.

(c) Covered assistance The National Security Assistance Strategy should cover assistance provided under— section 23 of the Arms Export Control Act ( 22 U.S.C. 2763 ); chapter 5 of part II of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 ( 22 U.S.C. 2347 et seq.); and section 516 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [ 22 U.S.C. 2321j ].

§ 2311 General authority

(a) Defense articles and services; noncombatant personnel; transfer of funds The President is authorized to furnish military assistance, on such terms and conditions as he may determine, to any friendly country or international organization, the assisting of which the President finds will strengthen the security of the United States and promote world peace and which is otherwise eligible to receive such assistance, by— acquiring for any source and providing (by loan or grant) any defense article or defense service; assigning or detailing members of the Armed Forces of the United States and other personnel of the Department of Defense to perform duties of a noncombatant nature; or transferring such of the funds appropriated or otherwise made available under this part as the President may determine for assistance to a recipient country, to the account in which funds for the procurement of defense articles and defense services under section 21 and section 22 of the Arms Export Control Act [ 22 U.S.C. 2761 and 2762] have been deposited for such recipient, to be merged with such deposited funds, and to be used solely to meet obligations of the recipient for payment for sales under that Act [ 22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.]. Sales which are wholly paid from funds transferred under paragraph (3) or from funds made available on a non-repayable basis under section 23 of the Arms Export Control Act [ 22 U.S.C. 2763 ] shall be priced to exclude the costs of salaries of members of the Armed Forces of the United States (other than the Coast Guard).

(b) Terms and conditions In addition to such other terms and conditions as the President may determine pursuant to subsection (a), defense articles may be loaned thereunder only if— there is a bona fide reason, other than the shortage of funds, for providing such articles on a loan basis rather than on a grant basis; there is a reasonable expectation that such articles will be returned to the agency making the loan at the end of the loan period, unless the loan is then renewed; the loan period is of fixed duration not exceeding five years, during which such article may be recalled for any reason by the United States; the agency making the loan is reimbursed for the loan based on the amount charged to the appropriation for military assistance under subsection (c); and the loan agreement provides that (A) if the defense article is damaged while on loan, the country or international organization to which it was loaned will reimburse the United States for the cost of restoring or replacing the defense article, and (B) if the defense article is lost or destroyed while on loan, the country or international organization to which it was loaned will pay to the United States an amount equal to the replacement cost (less any depreciation in the value) of the defense article.

(c) Appropriation charges; exceptions In the case of any loan of a defense article or defense service made under this section, there shall be a charge to the appropriation for military assistance for any fiscal year while the article or service is on loan in an amount based on— the out-of-pocket expenses authorized to be incurred in connection with such loan during such fiscal year; and the depreciation which occurs during such year while such article is on loan. The provisions of this subsection shall not apply— to any particular defense article or defense service which the United States Government agreed, prior to December 17, 1973 , to lend; and to any defense article or defense service, or portion thereof, acquired with funds appropriated for military assistance under this chapter.

§ 2312 Authorization of appropriations

(a) Authorization and availability of amounts There are authorized to be appropriated to the President to carry out the purposes of this part $805,100,000forfiscalyear1986and$805,100,000 for fiscal year 1987. Amounts appropriated under this subsection are authorized to remain available until expended.

(b) Programing and budgeting procedures In order to make sure that a dollar spent on military assistance to foreign countries is as necessary as a dollar spent for the United States military establishment, the President shall establish procedures for programing and budgeting so that programs of military assistance come into direct competition for financial support with other activities and programs of the Department of Defense.

§ 2313 Transferred

§ 2314 Furnishing of defense articles or related training or other defense service on grant basis

(a) Conditions of eligibility In addition to such other provisions as the President may require, no defense articles or related training or other defense service shall be furnished to any country on a grant basis unless it shall have agreed that— it will not, without the consent of the President— permit any use of such articles or related training or other defense service by anyone not an officer, employee, or agent of that country, transfer, or permit any officer, employee, or agent of that country to transfer such articles or related training or other defense service by gift, sale, or otherwise, or use or permit the use of such articles or related training or other defense service for purposes other than those for which furnished; it will maintain the security of such articles or related training or other defense service, and will provide substantially the same degree of security protection afforded to such articles or related training or other defense service by the United States Government; it will, as the President may require, permit continuous observation and review by, and furnish necessary information to, representatives of the United States Government with regard to the use of such articles or related training or other defense service; and unless the President consents to other disposition, it will return to the United States Government for such use or disposition as the President considers in the best interests of the United States, such articles or related training or other defense service which are no longer needed for the purposes for which furnished.

(b) Limitation on amount; exceptions No defense articles shall be furnished on a grant basis to any country at a cost in excess of $3,000,000 in any fiscal year unless the President determines— that such country conforms to the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations; that such defense articles will be utilized by such country for the maintenance of its own defensive strength, or the defensive strength of the free world; that such country is taking all reasonable measures, consistent with its political and economic stability, which may be needed to develop its defense capacities; and that the increased ability of such country to defend itself is important to the security of the United States.

(c) Reduction and termination of grants to countries able to maintain adequate military forces without undue economic strain The President shall regularly reduce and, with such deliberate speed as orderly procedure and other relevant considerations, including prior commitments, will permit, shall terminate all further grants of military equipment and supplies to any country having sufficient wealth to enable it, in the judgment of the President, to maintain and equip its own military forces at adequate strength, without undue burden to its economy.

(d) Termination of assistance; report of violation by President; conditions for reinstatement Assistance and deliveries of assistance under this part to any country shall be terminated as hereinafter provided, if such country uses defense articles or defense services furnished under this chapter, the Mutual Security Act of 1954, or any predecessor Foreign Assistance Act, in substantial violation (either in terms of quantities or in terms of the gravity of the consequences regardless of the quantities involved) of any agreement entered into pursuant to any such Act (A) by using such articles or services for a purpose not authorized under section 2302 of this title or, if such agreement provides that such articles or services may only be used for purposes more limited than those authorized under section 2302 of this title , for a purpose not authorized under such agreement; (B) by transferring such articles or services to, or permitting any use of such articles or services by, anyone not an officer, employee, or agent of the recipient country without the consent of the President; or (C) by failing to maintain the security of such articles or services. Assistance and deliveries of assistance shall be terminated pursuant to paragraph (1) of this subsection if the President so determines and so states in writing to the Congress, or if the Congress so finds by joint resolution. The President shall report to the Congress promptly upon the receipt of information that a violation described in paragraph (1) of this subsection may have occurred. Assistance to a country shall remain terminated in accordance with paragraph (1) of this subsection until such time as— the President determines that the violation has ceased; and the country concerned has given assurances satisfactory to the President that such violation will not recur. The authority contained in section 2364(a) of this title may not be used to waive the provisions of this section with respect to further assistance under this part.

(e) Consent by President to transfer In considering a request for approval of any transfer of any weapon, weapons system, munitions, aircraft, military boat, military vessel, or other implement of war to another country, the President shall not give his consent under subsection (a)(1) or (a)(4) to the transfer unless the United States itself would transfer the defense article under consideration to that country. In addition, the President shall not give his consent under subsection (a)(1) or (a)(4) to the transfer of any significant defense articles on the United States Munitions List unless the foreign country requesting consent to transfer agrees to demilitarize such defense articles prior to transfer, or the proposed recipient foreign country provides a commitment in writing to the United States Government that it will not transfer such defense articles, if not demilitarized, to any other foreign country or person without first obtaining the consent of the President.

(f) Disposition of defense articles furnished on a grant basis; net proceeds to be paid over to the United States Effective July 1, 1974 , no defense article shall be furnished to any country on a grant basis unless such country shall have agreed that the net proceeds of sale received by such country in disposing of any weapon, weapons system, munition, aircraft, military boat, military vessel, or other implement of war received under this part will be paid to the United States Government and shall be available to pay all official costs of the United States Government payable in the currency of that country, including all costs relating to the financing of international educational and cultural exchange activities in which that country participates under the programs authorized by the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961 [ 22 U.S.C. 2451 et seq.]. In the case of items which were delivered prior to 1985, the President may waive the requirement that such net proceeds be paid to the United States Government if he determines that to do so is in the national interest of the United States.

(g) Discrimination on basis of race, religion, national origin, or sex prohibited It is the policy of the United States that no assistance under this part should be furnished to any foreign country, the laws, regulations, official policies, or governmental practices of which prevent any United States person (as defined in section 7701(a)(30) of title 26 ) from participating in the furnishing of defense articles or defense services under this part on the basis of race, religion, national origin, or sex. No agency performing functions under this part shall, in employing or assigning personnel to participate in the performance of any such function, whether in the United States or abroad, take into account the exclusionary policies or practices of any foreign government where such policies or practices are based upon race, religion, national origin, or sex. Each contract entered into by any such agency for the performance of any function under this part shall contain a provision to the effect that no person, partnership, corporation, or other entity performing functions pursuant to such contract, shall, in employing or assigning personnel to participate in the performance of any such function, whether in the United States or abroad, take into account the exclusionary policies or practices of any foreign government where such policies or practices are based upon race, religion, national origin, or sex. The President shall promptly transmit reports to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate concerning any transaction in which any United States person (as defined in section 7701(a)(30) of title 26 ) is prevented by a foreign government on the basis of race, religion, national origin, or sex, from participating in the furnishing of assistance under this part, or education and training under part V of this subchapter, to any foreign country. Such reports shall include (A) a description of the facts and circumstances of any such discrimination, (B) the response thereto on the part of the United States or any agency or employee thereof, and (C) the result of such response, if any. Upon the request of the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate or the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives, the President shall, within 60 days after receipt of such request, transmit to both such committees a statement, prepared with the assistance of the Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, with respect to the country designated in such request, setting forth— all the available information about the exclusionary policies or practices of the government of such country when such policies or practices are based upon race, religion, national origin, or sex and prevent any such person from participating in a transaction involving the furnishing of any assistance under this part or any education and training under part V of this subchapter; the response of the United States thereto and the results of such response; whether, in the opinion of the President, notwithstanding any such policies or practices— extraordinary circumstances exist which necessitate a continuation of such assistance or education and training transaction, and, if so, a description of such circumstances and the extent to which such assistance or education and training transaction should be continued (subject to such conditions as Congress may impose under this section), and on all the facts it is in the national interest of the United States to continue such assistance or education and training transaction; and such other information as such committee may request. In the event a statement with respect to an assistance or training transaction is requested pursuant to subparagraph (A) of this paragraph but is not transmitted in accordance therewith within 60 days after receipt of such request, such assistance or training transaction shall be suspended unless and until such statement is transmitted. In the event a statement with respect to an assistance or training transaction is transmitted under subparagraph (A) of this paragraph, the Congress may at any time thereafter adopt a joint resolution terminating or restricting such assistance or training transaction. Any such resolution shall be considered in the Senate in accordance with the provisions of section 601(b) of the International Security Assistance and Arms Export Control Act of 1976. The term “certification”, as used in section 601 of such Act, means, for the purposes of this paragraph, a statement transmitted under subparagraph (A) of this paragraph.

§ 2314a Repealed. Pub. L. 93–189, § 26(4), Dec. 17, 1973, 87 Stat. 731

§§ 2315 to 2317 Transferred

§ 2318 Special authority

(a) Unforeseen emergency; national interest; determinations and reports to Congress; limitation of defense articles, defense services, and military education and training furnished If the President determines and reports to the Congress in accordance with section 2411 of this title that— an unforeseen emergency exists which requires immediate military assistance to a foreign country or international organization; and the emergency requirement cannot be met under the authority of the Arms Export Control Act [ 22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.] or any other law except this section; he may direct, for the purposes of subchapter II of this chapter, the drawdown of defense articles from the stocks of the Department of Defense, defense services of the Department of Defense, and military education and training, of an aggregate value of not to exceed $100,000,000inanyfiscalyear.IfthePresidentdeterminesandreportstotheCongressinaccordancewithsection2411ofthistitlethatitisinthenationalinterestoftheUnitedStatestodrawdownarticlesandservicesfromtheinventoryandresourcesofanyagencyoftheUnitedStatesGovernmentandmilitaryeducationandtrainingfromtheDepartmentofDefense,thePresidentmaydirectthedrawdownofsucharticles,services,andmilitaryeducationandtraining—forthepurposesandundertheauthoritiesof—partVIIIofsubchapterIofthischapter(relatingtointernationalnarcoticscontrolassistance);partIXofsubchapterIofthischapter(relatingtointernationaldisasterassistance);partVIIIofsubchapterIIofthischapter(relatingtoantiterrorismassistance);partIXofsubchapterIIofthischapter(relatingtononproliferationassistance);ortheMigrationandRefugeeAssistanceActof1962[22U.S.C.2601etseq.];orforthepurposeofprovidingsucharticles,services,andmilitaryeducationandtrainingtoVietnam,Cambodia,andLaosasthePresidentdeterminesarenecessary—tosupportcooperativeeffortstolocateandrepatriatemembersoftheUnitedStatesArmedForcesandciviliansemployeddirectlyorindirectlybytheUnitedStatesGovernmentwhoremainunaccountedforfromtheVietnamWar;andtoensurethesafetyofUnitedStatesGovernmentpersonnelengagedinsuchcooperativeeffortsandtosupportDepartmentofDefense-sponsoredhumanitarianprojectsassociatedwithsuchefforts.Anaggregatevalueofnottoexceed$200,000,000 in any fiscal year of such articles, services, and military education and training may be provided pursuant to subparagraph (A) of this paragraph— not more than $75,000,000ofwhichmaybeprovidedfromthedrawdownfromtheinventoryandresourcesoftheDepartmentofDefense;notmorethan$75,000,000 of which may be provided pursuant to clause (i)(I) of such subparagraph; and not more than $15,000,000ofwhichmaybeprovidedtoVietnam,Cambodia,andLaospursuanttoclause(ii)ofsuchsubparagraph.Inadditiontoamountsalreadyspecifiedinthissection,thePresidentmaydirectthedrawdownofdefensearticlesfromthestocksoftheDepartmentofDefense,defenseservicesoftheDepartmentofDefense,andmilitaryeducationandtraining,ofanaggregatevalueofnottoexceed$1,000,000,000 per fiscal year, to be provided to Taiwan.

(b) Notification and information to Congress of assistance furnished The authority contained in this section shall be effective for any such emergency only upon prior notification to the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives, the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate, and the Committee on Appropriations of each House of Congress. In the case of drawdowns authorized by subclauses (I) and (III) of subsection (a)(2)(A)(i), notifications shall be provided to those committees at least 15 days in advance of the drawdowns in accordance with the procedures applicable to reprogramming notifications under section 2394–1 of this title . The President shall keep the Congress fully and currently informed of all defense articles, defense services, and military education and training provided under this section, including providing the Congress with a report detailing all defense articles, defense services, and military education and training delivered to the recipient country or international organization upon delivery of such articles or upon completion of such services or education and training. Such report shall also include whether any savings were realized by utilizing commercial transport services rather than acquiring those services from United States Government transport assets.

(c) Commercial transportation and related services For the purposes of any provision of law that authorizes the drawdown of defense or other articles or commodities, or defense or other services from an agency of the United States Government, such drawdown may include the supply of commercial transportation and related services that are acquired by contract for the purposes of the drawdown in question if the cost to acquire such commercial transportation and related services is less than the cost to the United States Government of providing such services from existing agency assets.

(d) Authorization of appropriations for reimbursement of applicable funds There are authorized to be appropriated to the President such sums as may be necessary to reimburse the applicable appropriation, fund, or account for defense articles, defense services, and military education and training provided under this section.

§§ 2319 to 2321 Repealed. Pub. L. 93–189, § 12(b)(5), Dec. 17, 1973, 87 Stat. 722

§ 2321a Repealed. Pub. L. 94–329, title I, § 106(b)(1), June 30, 1976, 90 Stat. 733

§ 2321b Excess defense article

(a) to (c) Repealed. Pub. L. 94–329, title II, § 210(c)(2), June 30, 1976, 90 Stat. 740

(d) Reports to Congress The President shall promptly and fully inform the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate of each decision to furnish on a grant basis to any country excess defense articles which are major weapons systems to the extent such major weapons system was not included in the presentation material previously submitted to the Congress. The annual presentation materials for security assistance programs shall include a table listing by country the total value of all deliveries of excess defense articles, disclosing both the aggregate original acquisition cost and the aggregate value at the time of delivery.

§ 2321c Definitions

For purposes of sections 2321b and 2314a 1 of this title— “defense article” and “excess defense articles” have the same meanings as given them in subsections (d) and (g), respectively, of section 2403 of this title ; and “foreign country” includes any department, agency, or independent establishment of the foreign country. ( Pub. L. 91–672, § 11 , Jan. 12, 1971 , 84 Stat. 2055 .)

§ 2321d Considerations in furnishing military assistance

Decisions to furnish military assistance made under subchapter II of this chapter shall take into account whether such assistance will— contribute to an arms race; increase the possibility of outbreak or escalation of conflict; or prejudice the development of bilateral or multilateral arms control arrangements. ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. II, § 511, as added Pub. L. 92–226 , pt. II, § 201(f), Feb. 7, 1972 , 86 Stat. 25 ; amended Pub. L. 94–141, title I, § 150(c) , Nov. 29, 1975 , 89 Stat. 760 ; Pub. L. 105–277, div. G , subdiv. A, title XII, § 1225(b), Oct. 21, 1998 , 112 Stat. 2681–773 .)

§ 2321e Repealed. Pub. L. 93–189, § 12(b)(5), Dec. 17, 1973, 87 Stat. 722

§ 2321f Repealed. Pub. L. 97–113, title VII, § 734(a)(1), Dec. 29, 1981, 95 Stat. 1560

§ 2321g Repealed. Pub. L. 93–189, § 12(b)(5), Dec. 17, 1973, 87 Stat. 722

§ 2321h Stockpiling of defense articles for foreign countries

(a) Transfer of defense articles No defense article in the inventory of the Department of Defense which is set aside, reserved, or in any way earmarked or intended for future use by any foreign country may be made available to or for use by any foreign country unless such transfer is authorized under this chapter or the Arms Export Control Act [ 22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.] or any subsequent corresponding legislation, and the value of such transfer is charged against funds authorized under such legislation or against the limitations specified in such legislation, as appropriate, for the fiscal period in which such defense article is transferred. For purposes of this subsection, “value” means the acquisition cost plus crating, packing, handling, and transportation costs incurred in carrying out this section.

(b) Fiscal year limits on new stockpiles or additions to existing stockpiles located in foreign countries The value of defense articles to be set aside, earmarked, reserved, or intended for use as war reserve stocks for allied or other foreign countries (other than for purposes of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization or in the implementation of agreements with Israel) in stockpiles located in foreign countries may not exceed in any fiscal year an amount that is specified in security assistance authorizing legislation for that fiscal year. The value of such additions to stockpiles of defense articles in foreign countries shall not exceed $500,000,000foranyofthefiscalyears2023through2027.Oftheamountspecifiedinsubparagraph(A)forafiscalyear,notmorethan$200,000,000 may be made available for stockpiles in the State of Israel.

(c) Location of stockpiles of defense articles Except as provided in paragraph (2), no stockpile of defense articles may be located outside the boundaries of a United States military base or a military base used primarily by the United States. Paragraph (1) shall not apply with respect to stockpiles of defense articles located in the Republic of Korea, Thailand, Taiwan, any country that is a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, any country that is a major non-NATO ally, or any other country the President may designate. At least 15 days before designating a country pursuant to the last clause of the preceding sentence, the President shall notify the congressional committees specified in section 2394–1(a) of this title in accordance with the procedures applicable to reprogramming notifications under that section.

(d) Transferred articles not to be considered excess articles in determining value No defense article transferred from any stockpile which is made available to or for use by any foreign country may be considered an excess defense article for the purpose of determining the value thereof.

§ 2321i Overseas management of assistance and sales programs

(a) Assignment of military personnel for performance of enumerated functions In order to carry out his responsibilities for the management of international security assistance programs conducted under this part, part V of this subchapter, and the Arms Export Control Act [ 22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.], the President may assign members of the Armed Forces of the United States to a foreign country to perform one or more of the following functions: equipment and services case management; training management; program monitoring; evaluation and planning of the host government’s military capabilities and requirements; administrative support; promoting rationalization, standardization, interoperability, and other defense cooperation measures; and liaison functions exclusive of advisory and training assistance.

(b) Furnishing of advisory and training assistance Advisory and training assistance conducted by military personnel assigned under this section shall be kept to an absolute minimum. It is the sense of the Congress that advising and training assistance in countries to which military personnel are assigned under this section shall be provided primarily by other personnel who are not assigned under this section and who are detailed for limited periods to perform specific tasks.

(c) Number of personnel assigned; waiver; procedures applicable The number of members of the Armed Forces assigned to a foreign country under this section may not exceed six unless specifically authorized by the Congress. The president may waive this limitation if he determines and reports to the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives, 30 days prior to the introduction of the additional military personnel, that United States national interests require that more than six members of the Armed Forces be assigned under this section to carry out international security assistance programs in a country not specified in this paragraph. Pakistan, Tunisia, El Salvador, Honduras, Colombia, Indonesia, the Republic of Korea, the Philippines, Thailand, Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Greece, Portugal, Spain, and Turkey are authorized to have military personnel strengths larger than six under this section to carry out international security assistance programs. The total number of members of the Armed Forces assigned under this section to a foreign country in a fiscal year may not exceed the number justified to the Congress for that country in the congressional presentation materials for that fiscal year, unless the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives are notified 30 days in advance of the introduction of the additional military personnel.

(d) Costs Effective October 1, 1989 , the entire costs (excluding salaries of the United States military personnel other than the Coast Guard) of overseas management of international security assistance programs under this section shall be charged to or reimbursed from funds made available to carry out this part or the Arms Export Control Act [ 22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.], other than any such costs which are either paid directly for such defense services under section 21(a) of the Arms Export Control Act [ 22 U.S.C. 2761(a) ] or reimbursed from charges for services collected from foreign governments pursuant to section 21(e) [ 22 U.S.C. 2761(e) ] and section 43(b) [ 22 U.S.C. 2792(b) ] of that Act.

(e) Direction and supervision of assigned personnel Members of the Armed Forces assigned to a foreign country under this section shall serve under the direction and supervision of the Chief of the United States Diplomatic Mission to that country.

(f) Presidential directive respecting purchase by foreign country of United States-made military equipment The President shall continue to instruct United States diplomatic and military personnel in the United States missions abroad that they should not encourage, promote, or influence the purchase by any foreign country of United States-made military equipment, unless they are specifically instructed to do so by an appropriate official of the executive branch.

§ 2321j Authority to transfer excess defense articles

(a) Authorization The President is authorized to transfer excess defense articles under this section to countries for which receipt of such articles was justified pursuant to the annual congressional presentation documents for military assistance programs, or for programs under part VIII of subchapter I of this chapter, submitted under section 2394 of this title , or for which receipt of such articles was separately justified to the Congress, for the fiscal year in which the transfer is authorized.

(b) Limitations on transfers The President may transfer excess defense articles under this section only if— such articles are drawn from existing stocks of the Department of Defense; funds available to the Department of Defense for the procurement of defense equipment are not expended in connection with the transfer; the transfer of such articles will not have an adverse impact on the military readiness of the United States; with respect to a proposed transfer of such articles on a grant basis, such a transfer is preferable to a transfer on a sales basis, after taking into account the potential proceeds from, and likelihood of, such sales, and the comparative foreign policy benefits that may accrue to the United States as the result of a transfer on either a grant or sales basis; the President determines that the transfer of such articles will not have an adverse impact on the national technology and industrial base and, particularly, will not reduce the opportunities of entities in the national technology and industrial base to sell new or used equipment to the countries to which such articles are transferred; and the transfer of such articles is consistent with the policy framework for the Eastern Mediterranean established under section 2373 of this title . Accordingly, for the four-year period beginning on October 1, 1996 , and thereafter for the four-period 1 beginning on October 1, 2000 , the President shall ensure that excess defense articles offered to Greece and Turkey under this section will be made available consistent with the manner in which the President made available such excess defense articles during the four-year period that began on October 1, 1992 , pursuant to section 573(e) of the Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 1990.

(c) Terms of transfers Excess defense articles may be transferred under this section without cost to the recipient country. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the delivery of excess defense articles under this section to member countries of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) on the southern and southeastern flank of NATO, to major non-NATO allies on such southern and southeastern flank, to Taiwan, and to the Philippines shall be given priority to the maximum extent feasible over the delivery of such excess defense articles to other countries.

(d) Waiver of requirement for reimbursement of Department of Defense expenses Section 2392(d) of this title shall not apply with respect to transfers of excess defense articles (including transportation and related costs) under this section.

(e) Transportation and related costs Except as provided in paragraph (2), funds available to the Department of Defense may not be expended for crating, packing, handling, and transportation of excess defense articles transferred under the authority of this section. The President may provide for the transportation of excess defense articles without charge to a country for the costs of such transportation if— it is determined that it is in the national interest of the United States to do so; the recipient is a developing country receiving less than $10,000,000 of assistance under part V of this subchapter (relating to international military education and training) or section 23 of the Arms Export Control Act ( 22 U.S.C. 2763 ; relating to the Foreign Military Financing program) in the fiscal year in which the transportation is provided; the total weight of the transfer does not exceed 50,000 pounds; and such transportation is accomplished on a space available basis.

(f) Advance notification to Congress for transfer of certain excess defense articles The President may not transfer excess defense articles that are significant military equipment (as defined in section 47(9) of the Arms Export Control Act [ 22 U.S.C. 2794(9) ]) or excess defense articles valued (in terms of original acquisition cost) at $7,000,000 or more, under this section or under the Arms Export Control Act ( 22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.) until 30 days after the date on which the President has provided notice of the proposed transfer to the congressional committees specified in section 2394–1(a) of this title in accordance with procedures applicable to reprogramming notifications under that section. Such notification shall include— a statement outlining the purposes for which the article is being provided to the country, including whether such article has been previously provided to such country; an assessment of the impact of the transfer on the military readiness of the United States; an assessment of the impact of the transfer on the national technology and industrial base and, particularly, the impact on opportunities of entities in the national technology and industrial base to sell new or used equipment to the countries to which such articles are to be transferred; and a statement describing the current value of such article and the value of such article at acquisition.

(g) Aggregate annual limitation The aggregate value of excess defense articles transferred to countries under this section in any fiscal year may not exceed $500,000,000. The limitation contained in paragraph (1) shall apply only with respect to fiscal years beginning after fiscal year 1996.

(h) Congressional presentation documents Documents described in subsection (a) justifying the transfer of excess defense articles shall include an explanation of the general purposes of providing excess defense articles as well as a table which provides an aggregate annual total of transfers of excess defense articles in the preceding year by country in terms of offers and actual deliveries and in terms of acquisition cost and current value. Such table shall indicate whether such excess defense articles were provided on a grant or sale basis.

(i) Excess Coast Guard property For purposes of this section, the term “excess defense articles” shall be deemed to include excess property of the Coast Guard, and the term “Department of Defense” shall be deemed, with respect to such excess property, to include the Coast Guard.

§ 2321k Designation of major non-NATO allies

(a) Notice to Congress The President shall notify the Congress in writing at least 30 days before— designating a country as a major non-NATO ally for purposes of this chapter and the Arms Export Control Act ( 22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.); or terminating such a designation.

(b) Initial designations Australia, Egypt, Israel, Japan, the Republic of Korea, and New Zealand shall be deemed to have been so designated by the President as of the effective date of this section, and the President is not required to notify the Congress of such designation of those countries.

§§ 2321l to 2321n Repealed. Pub. L. 104–164, title I, § 104(b)(2)(B), July 21, 1996, 110 Stat. 1427

§ 2322 Transferred

§ 2323 Transfer of defense articles or services

(a) Notice to Congress Notwithstanding any other provision of law, none of the funds available to the Department of Defense for the current fiscal year and hereafter may be obligated or expended to transfer to another nation or an international organization any defense articles or services (other than intelligence services) for use in the activities described in subsection (b) unless the congressional defense committees, the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives, and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate are notified 15 days in advance of such transfer.

(b) Activities affected This section applies to— any international peacekeeping or peace-enforcement operation under the authority of chapter VI or chapter VII of the United Nations Charter under the authority of a United Nations Security Council resolution; and any other international peacekeeping, peace-enforcement, or humanitarian assistance operation.

(c) Contents of notice A notice under subsection (a) shall include the following: A description of the equipment, supplies, or services to be transferred. A statement of the value of the equipment, supplies, or services to be transferred. In the case of a proposed transfer of equipment or supplies— a statement of whether the inventory requirements of all elements of the Armed Forces (including the reserve components) for the type of equipment or supplies to be transferred have been met; and a statement of whether the items proposed to be transferred will have to be replaced and, if so, how the President proposes to provide funds for such replacement.

§§ 2341 to 2343 Repealed. Pub. L. 90–629, ch. 4, § 45(a), Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1327

§ 2344 Reimbursements

(a) Separate fund account; transfers to such account Whenever funds made available for use under subchapter II of this chapter have been or are used to furnish military assistance on cash or credit terms, United States dollar repayments, including dollar proceeds derived from the sale of foreign currency repayments to any agency or program of the United States Government, receipts received from the disposition of evidences of indebtedness and charges (including fees and premiums) or interest collected shall be credited to a separate fund account, and shall be available until expended solely for the purpose of financing sales and guaranties, including the overhead costs thereof, and, notwithstanding any provision of law relating to receipts and credits accruing to the United States Government, repayments in foreign currency may be used to carry out subchapter II of this chapter. Such amounts of the appropriations made available under subchapter II of this chapter (including unliquidated balances of funds heretofore obligated for financing sales and guarantees) as may be determined by the President shall be transferred to, and merged with, the separate fund account.

(b) Termination of account; special account for discharge of Federal liabilities and obligations; general fund for excess moneys The special fund account established under subsection (a) of this section shall terminate as of the end of June 30, 1968 , or on such earlier date as may be selected by the President. Upon the termination of such fund account pursuant to paragraph (1), all of the assets of such fund account (including loans and other payments receivable) shall be transferred to a special account in the Treasury, which special account shall be available solely for the purpose of discharging outstanding liabilities and obligations of the United States arising out of credit sales agreements entered into, and guaranties issued, under subchapter II of this chapter prior to June 30, 1968 . Any moneys in such special account in excess of the aggregate United States dollar amount of such liabilities and obligations shall be transferred from time to time to the general fund of the Treasury.

§ 2345 Repealed. Pub. L. 90–629, ch. 4, § 45(a), Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1327

§ 2346 Authority

(a) Policy requirements for assistance The Congress recognizes that, under special economic, political, or security conditions, the national interests of the United States may require economic support for countries or in amounts which could not be justified solely under part I of subchapter I of this chapter or, in the case of countries in sub-Saharan Africa, part X of subchapter I of this chapter. In such cases, the President is authorized to furnish assistance to countries and organizations, on such terms and conditions as he may determine, in order to promote economic or political stability. To the maximum extent feasible, the President shall provide assistance under this part consistent with the policy directions, purposes, and programs of subchapter I of this chapter.

(b) Responsibility for policy decisions and justifications The Secretary of State shall be responsible for policy decisions and justifications for economic support programs under this part, including determinations of whether there will be an economic support program for a country and the amount of the program for each country. The Secretary shall exercise this responsibility in cooperation with the Administrator of the agency primarily responsible for administering subchapter I of this chapter.

(c) Detailed justification for uses and purposes of funds As part of the annual presentation materials for foreign assistance submitted to the Congress, the agency primarily responsible for administering subchapter II of this chapter shall provide a detailed justification for the uses and the purposes of the funds provided under this part. Such material shall include, but not be limited to, information concerning the amounts and kinds of cash grant transfers, the amounts and kinds of budgetary and balance-of-payments support provided, and the amounts and kinds of project assistance provided with funds made available under this part.

(d) Repealed. Pub. L. 105–277, div. A, § 101(d) [title V, § 533(a)(5)], Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–150, 2681–180

(e) Availability of funds Amounts appropriated to carry out this part shall be available for economic programs only and may not be used for military or paramilitary purposes.

§ 2346a Authorizations of appropriations

(a) Recipients and purposes of funds There are authorized to be appropriated to the President to carry out the purposes of this part— $2,015,000,000forthefiscalyear1986and$2,015,000,000 for the fiscal year 1987 for the following countries signing the Camp David agreement: Israel and Egypt; and $1,785,000,000forthefiscalyear1986and$1,785,000,000 for the fiscal year 1987 for assistance under this part for recipients or purposes other than the countries referred to in paragraph (1).

(b) Availability of amounts Amounts appropriated to carry out this part are authorized to remain available until expended.

§ 2346b Emergency assistance

(a) Of the funds appropriated to carry out this part, up to $75,000,000forthefiscalyear1986andupto$75,000,000 for the fiscal year 1987 may be made available for emergency use under this part when the national interests of the United States urgently require economic support to promote economic or political stability.

(b) Notwithstanding any provision of this part or of an appropriations Act (including a joint resolution making continuing appropriations) which earmarks funds available to carry out this part for a specific country or purpose, up to 5 percent of each amount so earmarked may be used to carry out this section.

§ 2346c Administration of justice

(a) Authorization of assistance; purposes The President may furnish assistance under this part to countries and organizations, including national and regional institutions, in order to strengthen the administration of justice in countries in Latin America and the Caribbean.

(b) Scope of assistance Assistance under this section may only include— support for specialized professional training, scholarships, and exchanges for continuing legal education; programs to enhance prosecutorial and judicial capabilities and protection for participants in judicial cases; notwithstanding section 2420 of this title — programs to enhance professional capabilities to carry out investigative and forensic functions conducted under judicial or prosecutorial control; programs to assist in the development of academic instruction and curricula for training law enforcement personnel; programs to improve the administrative and management capabilities of law enforcement agencies, especially their capabilities relating to career development, personnel evaluation, and internal discipline procedures; and programs, conducted through multilateral or regional institutions, to improve penal institutions and the rehabilitation of offenders; strengthening professional organizations in order to promote services to members and the role of the bar in judicial selection, enforcement of ethical standards, and legal reform; increasing the availability of legal materials and publications; seminars, conferences, and training and educational programs to improve the administration of justice and to strengthen respect for the rule of law and internationally recognized human rights; and revision and modernization of legal codes and procedures.

(c) Availability of funds Not more than $20,000,000 of the funds made available to carry out this part for any fiscal year shall be available to carry out this section, in addition to amounts otherwise available for such purposes.

(d) Obligation of funds Funds may not be obligated for assistance under this section unless the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate are notified of the amount and nature of the proposed assistance at least 15 days in advance in accordance with the procedures applicable to reprogrammings pursuant to section 2394–1 of this title .

(e) Participation of Defense personnel in training prohibited; availability of funds; expiration of authority Personnel of the Department of Defense and members of the United States Armed Forces may not participate in the provision of training under this section. Of the funds made available to carry out this section, not more than $10,000,000 may be made available in fiscal year 1991 to carry out the provisions of subsection (b)(3) of this section. The authority of this section shall expire on September 30, 1991 .

§ 2346d People-to-People Partnership for Peace Fund

(a) Establishment Beginning on the date that is one year after Dec. 27, 2020 , the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development is authorized to establish a program to provide funding for projects to help build the foundation for peaceful co-existence between Israelis and Palestinians and for a sustainable two-state solution. The program established under this subsection shall be known as the “People-to-People Partnership for Peace Fund” (referred to in this section as the “Fund”).

(b) Eligibility for support In providing funding for projects through the Fund, the Administrator may provide support for qualified organizations, prioritizing those organizations that seek to build better cooperation between Israelis and Palestinians, including Palestinian organizations, Israeli organizations, and international organizations that bring Israelis and Palestinians together.

(c) Additional eligibility for support In providing funding for projects through the Fund, the Administrator may additionally provide support to qualified organizations that further shared community building, peaceful co-existence, dialogue, and reconciliation between Arab and Jewish citizens of Israel.

(d) Contributions The Administrator— is encouraged to work with foreign governments and international organizations to leverage the impact of United States resources and achieve the objectives of this section; and is authorized to accept contributions for the purposes of the Fund, consistent with subsection (d) of section 2395 of this title .

(e) Advisory board The Administrator shall establish an advisory board to make recommendations to the Administrator regarding the types of projects that should be considered for funding through the Fund. Subject to subparagraph (B), the advisory board shall be composed of 13 members, none of whom may be Members of Congress, who shall be appointed for renewable periods of 3 years, as follows: One member to serve as chair, appointed by the Administrator, in consultation with the Secretary of State. One member appointed by the chair, and one member appointed by the ranking member, of the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate. One member appointed by the chair, and one member appointed by the ranking member, of the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives. One member appointed by the chair, and one member appointed by the ranking member, of the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate. One member appointed by the chair, and one member appointed by the ranking member, of the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives. One member appointed by the majority leader, and one member appointed by the minority leader, of the Senate. One member appointed by the Speaker, and one member appointed by the minority leader, of the House of Representatives. The Administrator may appoint up to two additional members to the advisory board who are representatives of foreign governments or international organizations for renewable periods of 3 years. Members of the advisory board shall have demonstrated regional expertise and experience and expertise in conflict mitigation and people-to-people programs, and shall not receive compensation on account of their service on the advisory board.

(f) USAID mission recommendations The Administrator shall consider the input and recommendations from missions of the United States Agency for International Development in the region and mission directors regarding projects that should be considered for funding through the Fund.

(g) Coordination The Administrator shall coordinate with the Secretary of State in carrying out the provisions of this section.

“Sec. 8001

This title may be cited as the ‘Nita M. Lowey Middle East Partnership for Peace Act of 2020’.

“Sec. 8002

Congress finds the following: Economic development in conflict settings has been shown to support stabilization by empowering entrepreneurs, growing the middle class, and mitigating unemployment. In 2018, unemployment in the Palestinian territories was 32.4 percent. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth in the Palestinian territories declined from 2017 to 2019, and it is projected to further decline in 2020. According to the World Bank Ad Hoc Liaison Committee’s April 2019 Economic Monitoring Report, ‘to achieve sustainable economic growth, in the Palestinian territories, growth and job creation going forward will need to be private sector driven’. According to the 2018 Joint Strategic Plan of the Department of State and the United States Agency for International Development, ‘assistance can help prevent new recruitment to terrorist organizations, reduce levels of violence, promote legitimate governance structures that strengthen inclusion, and reduce policies that marginalize communities’. Although economic development is an important tool for stabilizing conflict-prone settings and establishing connections between communities, economic development by itself will not lead to lasting peace. People-to-people peace-building programs further advance reconciliation efforts by promoting greater understanding, mutual trust, and cooperation between communities. While the United States and its international partners continue to support diplomatic and political negotiations between the representatives of the parties to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, such efforts require broad popular support among the people on the ground to succeed. Achieving sustainable, high-level agreements for lasting peace in the Middle East must come through, and with the support of, the people who live there, and the United States and its international partners can help the people of the region build popular support for sustainable agreements for lasting peace.

“Sec. 8003

It is the sense of Congress that— building a viable Palestinian economy is central to the effort to preserve the possibility of a negotiated settlement leading to a sustainable two-state solution with the democratic, Jewish state of Israel and a demilitarized, democratic Palestinian state living side-by-side in peace, security, and mutual recognition; United States and international support for grassroots, people-to-people efforts aimed at fostering tolerance, and building support for such solution, can help counter extremist propaganda and the growing issue of incitement; strengthening engagement between Palestinians and Israelis, including through people-to-people peace-building programs can increase the bonds of friendship and understanding; investing in the development of the Palestinian economy and in joint economic ventures can advance multiple sectors to the benefit of local, regional, and global parties; and Congress encourages cooperation between Palestinian, American, and Israeli business sectors in order to benefit the Palestinian, American, and Israeli peoples and economies.

“Sec. 8004 [Enacted this section.]

“Sec. 8005

(a) Establishment.— Beginning on the date that is 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [ Dec. 27, 2020 ], the Chief Executive Officer of the United States International Development Finance Corporation (referred to in this section as the ‘Chief Executive Officer’ and the ‘Corporation’, respectively) is authorized to establish a program to provide investments in, and support to, entities that carry out projects that contribute to the development of the Palestinian private sector economy in the West Bank and Gaza. The program established under this subsection shall be known as the ‘Joint Investment for Peace Initiative’ (referred to in this section as the ‘Initiative’) and shall be subject to all existing terms, conditions, restrictions, oversight requirements, and applicable provisions of law, including the Better Utilization of Investments Leading to Development Act of 2018 ( 22 U.S.C. 9611 et seq) [div. F of Pub. L. 115–254 , 22 U.S.C. 9601 et seq.], including through strict adherence to the less-developed country focus under section 1412(c) of such Act [ 22 U.S.C. 9612(c) ].

(“(b) Participation Requirement.— In carrying out the Initiative, the Chief Executive Officer shall ensure participation by small and medium-sized enterprises owned by Palestinians, which may include the technology sector, the agriculture sector, and other high value-added or emerging industries.

(“(c) Priority.— In carrying out the Initiative, the Chief Executive Officer shall prioritize support to projects that increase economic cooperation between Israelis and Palestinians.

(“(d) Use of Existing Authorities.— In carrying out the Initiative, the Chief Executive Officer shall utilize the authorities under section 1421 of the Better Utilization of Investments Leading to Development Act of 2018 ( 22 U.S.C. 9621 ), including to— select a manager of the Initiative; oversee and direct the operation of the Initiative consistent with such Act and other provisions of law; provide the Initiative with loans, guaranties, equity, and insurance, as appropriate, to enable the Initiative to attract private investment; support the private sector in entering into joint ventures between Palestinian and Israeli entities; and carry out the purposes of the Initiative consistent with the provisions of this section and other applicable provisions of law.

(“(e) Annual Report.— Not later than December 31, 2021 , and each December 31 thereafter until December 31, 2031 , the Chief Executive Officer shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report that describes the following: The extent to which the Initiative has contributed to promoting and supporting Palestinian economic development. The extent to which the Initiative has contributed to greater integration of the Palestinian economy into the international rules-based business system. The extent to which projects that increase economic cooperation between Palestinians and Israelis and between Palestinians and Americans have been prioritized, including through support to the private sector to enter into joint ventures. Information on the following: Investments received and provided through the Initiative. The mechanisms established for transparency and accountability of investments provided through the Initiative. The extent to which entities supported by the Initiative have impacted the efficacy of people-to-people programs. To the extent practicable, an assessment of the sustainability of commercial endeavors that receive support from the Initiative. A description of the process for vetting and oversight of entities eligible for support from the Initiative to ensure compliance with the requirements of section 8006(b) of this Act [probably means “this title”]. The reports required under this subsection shall be submitted in unclassified form, without the designation ‘For Official Use Only’ or any related or successor designation, but may be accompanied by a classified annex.

(“(f) Termination.— The Initiative shall terminate at the end of the fiscal year that is 10 years after the date on which the Chief Executive Officer makes the first investment under the Initiative. The Chief Executive Officer is authorized to continue to manage investments made under the Initiative on and after the date specified in paragraph (1).

(“(g) Coordination.— The Chief Executive Officer shall coordinate with the Secretary of State and the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development in carrying out the provisions of this section.

“Sec. 8006

(a) Limitations.— None of the funds made available to carry out this title, or any amendment made by this title, may be used to provide— financial assistance to the national government of any foreign country; assistance for— any individual or group the Secretary of State determines to be involved in, or advocating, terrorist activity; or any individual who is a member of a foreign terrorist organization (as designated pursuant to section 219 of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1189 )); or assistance for the Palestinian Authority or the Palestine Liberation Organization.

(“(b) Applicable Regulations.— Assistance made available under this title, and any amendment made by this title, shall adhere to the mission directives and vetting practices for assistance for the West Bank and Gaza, as set forth by the United States Agency for International Development.

(“(c) Coordination.— The Chief Executive Officer of the United States International Development Finance Corporation, acting through the Chief Development Officer of such Corporation, shall coordinate with the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development and the Secretary of State to ensure that all expenditures from the Joint Investment for Peace Initiative comply with this section. To the extent practicable, the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development and the Chief Executive Officer of the United States International Development Finance Corporation should coordinate and share information in advance of providing resources through the People-to-People Partnership for Peace Fund and the Joint Investment for Peace Initiative.

(“(d) Report.— Not later than 90 days after the end of the first fiscal year in which both the People-to-People Partnership for Peace Fund and the Joint Investment for Peace Initiative are in effect, and annually thereafter, the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development and the Chief Executive Officer of the United States International Development Finance Corporation shall, in coordination with the Secretary of State, jointly submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report in writing that describes— lessons learned and best practices developed from funding for projects under the People-to-People Partnership for Peace Fund during the prior fiscal year; and the extent to which such projects have contributed to the purposes of the People-to-People Partnership for Peace Fund; lessons learned and best practices developed from investments provided under the Joint Investment for Peace Initiative during the prior fiscal year; and the extent to which such investments have contributed to the purposes of the Joint Investment for Peace Initiative; and how the United States International Development Finance Corporation and the United States Agency for International Development coordinate and share information with respect to the People-to-People Partnership for Peace Fund and the Joint Investment for Peace Initiative. The Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, in consultation with the Secretary of State, shall consult with the advisory board established by subsection (e) of section 535 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [ 22 U.S.C. 2346d(e) ] (as added by section 8004 of this Act [probably means “this title”]) to inform the reports required by paragraph (1).

“Sec. 8007

In this title, the term ‘appropriate congressional committees’ has the meaning given that term in section 1402 of the Better Utilization of Investments Leading to Development Act of 2018 ( 22 U.S.C. 9601 ).

“Sec. 8008

(a) In General.— There is authorized to be appropriated to carry out this title, and the amendments made by this title, $50,000,000 for each of the first 5 fiscal years beginning after the date of the enactment of this Act [ Dec. 27, 2020 ].

(“(b) Consultation Requirement.— Not later than 90 days after enactment of this Act, and prior to the obligation of funds made available to implement this title, the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development and the Chief Executive Officer of the United States International Development Finance Corporation, in coordination with the Secretary of State, shall consult with the Committees on Appropriations on the proposed uses of funds.

(“(c) Administrative Expenses.— Not more than 5 percent of amounts authorized to be appropriated by subsection (a) for a fiscal year should be made available for administrative expenses to carry out section 535 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [ 22 U.S.C. 2346d ] (as added by section 8004 of this Act [probably means “this title”]).

(“(d) Availability.— Amounts authorized to be appropriated by subsection (a) for a fiscal year are authorized to remain available for such fiscal year and the subsequent 4 fiscal years.”

§§ 2346e to 2346i Repealed. Pub. L. 99–83, title II, § 201(a), Aug. 8, 1985, 99 Stat. 210

§ 2347 General authority

(a) The President is authorized to furnish, on such terms and conditions consistent with this chapter as the President may determine (but whenever feasible on a reimbursable basis), military education and training to military and related civilian personnel of foreign countries. Such civilian personnel shall include foreign governmental personnel of ministries other than ministries of defense, and may also include legislators and individuals who are not members of the government, if the military education and training would (i) contribute to responsible defense resource management, (ii) foster greater respect for and understanding of the principle of civilian control of the military, (iii) contribute to cooperation between military and law enforcement personnel with respect to counternarcotics law enforcement efforts, or (iv) improve military justice systems and procedures in accordance with internationally recognized human rights. Such training and education may be provided through— attendance at military educational and training facilities in the United States (other than Service academies) and abroad; attendance in special courses of instruction at schools and institutions of learning or research in the United States and abroad; and observation and orientation visits to military facilities and related activities in the United States and abroad.

(b) The President shall seek reimbursement for military education and training furnished under this part from countries using assistance under section 2763 of this title (relating to the Foreign Military Financing Program) to purchase such military education and training at a rate comparable to the rate charged to countries receiving grant assistance for military education and training under this part.

§ 2347a Authorization of appropriations

There are authorized to be appropriated to the President to carry out the purposes of this part $56,221,000forfiscalyear1986and$56,221,000 for fiscal year 1987. ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. II, § 542, as added Pub. L. 94–329, title I, § 106(a) , June 30, 1976 , 90 Stat. 732 ; amended Pub. L. 95–92, § 10 , Aug. 4, 1977 , 91 Stat. 619 ; Pub. L. 95–384, § 11(a) , Sept. 26, 1978 , 92 Stat. 736 ; Pub. L. 96–92, § 9 , Oct. 29, 1979 , 93 Stat. 705 ; Pub. L. 96–533, title I, § 115(a) , Dec. 16, 1980 , 94 Stat. 3140 ; Pub. L. 97–113, title I, § 113 , title VII, § 734(a)(1), Dec. 29, 1981 , 95 Stat. 1528 , 1560; Pub. L. 99–83, title I, § 104 , Aug. 8, 1985 , 99 Stat. 195 .)

§ 2347b Congressional declaration of purpose

Education and training activities conducted under this part shall be designed— to encourage effective and mutually beneficial relations and increased understanding between the United States and foreign countries in furtherance of the goals of international peace and security; to improve the ability of participating foreign countries to utilize their resources, including defense articles and defense services obtained by them from the United States, with maximum effectiveness, thereby contributing to greater self-reliance by such countries; and to increase the awareness of nationals of foreign countries participating in such activities of basic issues involving internationally recognized human rights. ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. II, § 543, as added Pub. L. 94–329, title I, § 106(a) , June 30, 1976 , 90 Stat. 733 ; amended Pub. L. 95–384, § 11(b) , Sept. 26, 1978 , 92 Stat. 736 .)

§ 2347c Exchange training; reciprocity agreement

(a) Attendance of foreign military personnel at professional military education institutions In carrying out this part, the President is authorized to provide for attendance of foreign military personnel at professional military education institutions in the United States (other than service academies) without charge, and without charge to funds available to carry out this part (notwithstanding section 2392(d) of this title ), if such attendance is pursuant to an agreement providing for the exchange of students on a one-for-one, reciprocal basis each fiscal year between those United States professional military education institutions and comparable institutions of foreign countries and international organizations.

(b) Attendance of foreign military and civilian defense personnel at flight training schools and programs The President may provide for the attendance of foreign military and civilian defense personnel at flight training schools and programs (including test pilot schools) in the United States without charge, and without charge to funds available to carry out this part (notwithstanding section 2392(d) of this title ), if such attendance is pursuant to an agreement providing for the exchange of students on a one-for-one basis each fiscal year between those United States flight training schools and programs (including test pilot schools) and comparable flight training schools and programs of foreign countries.

(c) Post-undergraduate flying training and tactical leadership programs at training locations in Southwest Asia The President is authorized to enter into cooperative arrangements providing for the participation of foreign and United States military and civilian defense personnel in post-undergraduate flying training and tactical leadership programs and integrated air and missile defense programs at training locations in Southwest Asia without charge to participating foreign countries, and without charge to funds available to carry out this part (notwithstanding section 2392(d) of this title ). Such training must satisfy common requirements with the United States for post-undergraduate flying and tactical leadership training and integrated air and missile defense training. Cooperative arrangements under this subsection shall require an equitable contribution of support and services from each participating country. The President may waive the requirement for an equitable contribution of a participating foreign country if he determines that to do so is important to the national security interests of the United States. Costs incurred by the United States shall be charged to the current applicable appropriations accounts or funds of the participating United States Government agencies. The President shall report to the appropriate congressional committees (as defined in section 2416(e) of this title ) annually on the activities undertaken in the programs authorized under this subsection.

§ 2347d Training in maritime skills

The President is encouraged to allocate a portion of the funds made available each fiscal year to carry out this part for use in providing education and training in maritime search and rescue, operation and maintenance of aids to navigation, port security, at-sea law enforcement, international maritime law, and general maritime skills. ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. II, § 545, as added Pub. L. 99–83, title I, § 127(a) , Aug. 8, 1985 , 99 Stat. 205 .)

§ 2347e Prohibition on grant assistance for certain high income foreign countries

(a) In general None of the funds made available for a fiscal year for assistance under this part may be made available for assistance on a grant basis for any of the high-income foreign countries described in subsection (b) for military education and training of military and related civilian personnel of such country.

(b) High-income foreign countries described The high-income foreign countries described in this subsection are Austria, Finland, the Republic of Korea, Singapore, and Spain.

§ 2347f Consultation requirement

The selection of foreign personnel for training under this part shall be made in consultation with the United States defense attache to the relevant country. ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. II, § 547, as added Pub. L. 106–280, title II, § 202 , Oct. 6, 2000 , 114 Stat. 851 .)

§ 2347g Records regarding foreign participants

(a) Development and maintenance of database In order to contribute most effectively to the development of military professionalism in foreign countries, the Secretary of Defense shall develop and maintain a database containing records on each foreign military or defense ministry civilian participant in education and training activities conducted under this part after December 31, 2000 . This record shall include the type of instruction received, the dates of such instruction, whether such instruction was completed successfully, and, to the extent practicable, a record of the person’s subsequent military or defense ministry career and current position and location.

(b) Annual list of foreign personnel For the purposes of preparing the report required pursuant to section 2347h of this title , the Secretary of State may annually request the Secretary of Defense to provide information contained in the database, with respect to a list submitted to the Secretary of Defense by the Secretary of State, that contains the names of foreign personnel or military units. To the extent practicable, the Secretary of Defense shall provide, and the Secretary of State may take into account, the information contained in the database, if any, relating to the Secretary of State’s submission.

(c) Updating of database If the Secretary of State determines and reports to Congress under section 2347h of this title that a foreign person identified in the database maintained pursuant to this section was involved in a violation of internationally recognized human rights, the Secretary of Defense shall ensure that the database is updated to contain such fact and all relevant information.

§ 2347h Human rights report

(a) In general Not later than March 1 of each year, the Secretary of State shall submit to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate a report describing, to the extent practicable, any involvement of a foreign military or defense ministry civilian participant in education and training activities under this part in a violation of internationally recognized human rights reported under section 2151n(d) of this title subsequent to such participation.

(b) Form The report described in subsection (a) shall be in unclassified form, but may include a classified annex.

§ 2348 General authorization

The President is authorized to furnish assistance to friendly countries and international organizations, on such terms and conditions as he may determine, for peacekeeping operations and other programs carried out in furtherance of the national security interests of the United States. Such assistance may include reimbursement to the Department of Defense for expenses incurred pursuant to section 287d–1 of this title , except that such reimbursements may not exceed $5,000,000 in any fiscal year unless a greater amount is specifically authorized by this section. ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. II, § 551, as added Pub. L. 95–384, § 12(a) , Sept. 26, 1978 , 92 Stat. 736 ; amended Pub. L. 96–92, § 10(b) , Oct. 29, 1979 , 93 Stat. 705 .)

§ 2348a Authorization of appropriations

(a) Fiscal years 1986 and 1987 There are authorized to be appropriated to the President to carry out the purposes of this part, in addition to amounts otherwise available for such purposes, $37,000,000forfiscalyear1986and$37,000,000 for fiscal year 1987.

(b) Availability of funds Amounts appropriated under this section are authorized to remain available until expended.

(c) Emergency transfer of funds If the President determines that, as the result of an unforeseen emergency, the provision of assistance under this part in amounts in excess of funds otherwise available for such assistance is important to the national interests of the United States, the President may (1) exercise the authority of section 2360(a) of this title to transfer funds available to carry out part IV of this subchapter for use under this part without regard to the 20-percent increase limitation contained in such section, except that the total amount so transferred in any fiscal year may not exceed $15,000,000;and(2)intheeventthePresidentalsodeterminesthatsuchunforeseenemergencyrequirestheimmediateprovisionofassistanceunderthispart,directthedrawdownofcommoditiesandservicesfromtheinventoryandresourcesofanyagencyoftheUnitedStatesGovernmentofanaggregatevaluenottoexceed$25,000,000 in any fiscal year. In addition to the aggregate value of $25,000,000authorizedinparagraph(2)oftheprecedingsentence,thePresidentmaydirectthedrawdownofcommoditiesandservicesfromtheinventoryandresourcesofanyagencyoftheUnitedStatesGovernmentforthepurposesofprovidingnecessaryandimmediateassistancetoTaiwanofavaluenottoexceed$25,000,000 in any fiscal year.

(d) Reimbursement of applicable appropriation, fund, or account There are authorized to be appropriated to the President such sums as may be necessary to reimburse the applicable appropriation, fund, or account for commodities and services provided under subsection (c)(2).

§ 2348b Repealed. Pub. L. 96–533, title I, § 116(b), Dec. 16, 1980, 94 Stat. 3140

§ 2348c Administrative authorities

Except where expressly provided to the contrary, any reference in any law to subchapter I of this chapter shall be deemed to include reference to this part and any reference in any law to subchapter II of this chapter shall be deemed to exclude reference to this part. ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. II, § 553, formerly § 554, as added Pub. L. 95–384, § 12(a) , Sept. 26, 1978 , 92 Stat. 737 ; renumbered § 553, Pub. L. 96–533, title I, § 116(b) , Dec. 16, 1980 , 94 Stat. 3140 .)

§ 2348d Data on costs incurred in support of United Nations peacekeeping operations

(a) United States costs The President shall annually provide to the Secretary General of the United Nations data regarding all costs incurred by the United States Department of Defense during the preceding year in support of all United Nations Security Council resolutions as reported to the Congress pursuant to section 8079 of the Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 1998.

(b) United Nations member costs The President shall request that the United Nations compile and publish information concerning costs incurred by United Nations members in support of such resolutions.

§ 2349 General authority

The President is authorized— to construct such air bases in Israel for the Government of Israel as may be agreed upon between the Government of Israel and the Government of the United States to replace the Israeli air bases located at Etzion and Etam on the Sinai peninsula that are to be evacuated by the Government of Israel; and for purposes of such construction, to furnish as a grant to the Government of Israel, on such terms and conditions as the President may determine, defense articles and defense services, which he may acquire from any source, of a value not to exceed the amount appropriated pursuant to section 2349a(a) of this title . ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. II, § 561, as added Pub. L. 96–35, § 3 , July 20, 1979 , 93 Stat. 89 .)

§ 2349a Authorization and utilization of funds

(a) Authorization of appropriation There is authorized to be appropriated to the President to carry out this part not to exceed $800,000,000, which may be made available until expended.

(b) Presidential authority to incur obligations and enter into contracts Upon agreement by the Government of Israel to provide to the Government of the United States funds equal to the difference between the amount required to complete the agreed construction work and the amount appropriated pursuant to subsection (a) of this section, and to make those funds available, in advance of the time when payments are due, in such amounts and at such times as may be required by the Government of the United States to meet those additional costs of construction, the President may incur obligations and enter into contracts to the extent necessary to complete the agreed construction work, except that this authority shall be effective only to such extent or in such amounts as are provided in advance in appropriation Acts.

(c) Crediting of funds to proper appropriation account Funds made available by the Government of Israel pursuant to subsection (b) of this section may be credited to the appropriation account established to carry out the purposes of this section for the payment of obligations incurred and for refund to the Government of Israel if they are unnecessary for that purpose, as determined by the President. Credits and the proceeds of guaranteed loans made available to the Government of Israel pursuant to the Arms Export Control Act [ 22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.], as well as any other source of financing available to it, may be used by Israel to carry out its undertaking to provide such additional funds.

§ 2349b Waiver authorities

(a) Efficient and timely completion of authorized construction It is the sense of the Congress that the President should take all necessary measures consistent with law to insure the efficient and timely completion of the construction authorized by this part, including the exercise of authority vested in him by section 2393(a) of this title .

(b) Use of funds to pay for personal services abroad The provisions of paragraph (3) of section 2396(a) of this title shall be applicable to the use of funds available to carry out this part, except that no more than sixty persons may be engaged at any one time under that paragraph for purposes of this part.

§ 2349aa General authority

Notwithstanding any other provision of law that restricts assistance to foreign countries (other than sections 2304 and 2371 of this title), the President is authorized to furnish, on such terms and conditions as the President may determine, assistance to foreign countries in order to enhance the ability of their law enforcement personnel to deter terrorists and terrorist groups from engaging in international terrorist acts such as bombing, kidnapping, assassination, hostage taking, and hijacking. Such assistance may include training services and the provision of equipment and other commodities related to bomb detection and disposal, management of hostage situations, physical security, and other matters relating to the detection, deterrence, and prevention of acts of terrorism, the resolution of terrorist incidents, and the apprehension of those involved in such acts. ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. II, § 571, as added Pub. L. 98–151, § 101(b)(2) , Nov. 14, 1983 , 97 Stat. 972 ; amended Pub. L. 104–164, title I, § 121(a) , July 21, 1996 , 110 Stat. 1428 .)

§ 2349aa–1 Purposes

Activities conducted under this part shall be designed— to enhance the antiterrorism skills of friendly countries by providing training and equipment to deter and counter terrorism; to strengthen the bilateral ties of the United States with friendly governments by offering concrete assistance in this area of great mutual concern; and to increase respect for human rights by sharing with foreign civil authorities modern, humane, and effective antiterrorism techniques. ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. II, § 572, as added Pub. L. 98–151, § 101(b)(2) , Nov. 14, 1983 , 97 Stat. 972 .)

§ 2349aa–2 Limitations

(a) Services and commodities furnished by agency of United States Government; advance payment Whenever the President determines it to be consistent with and in furtherance of the purposes of this part, and on such terms and conditions consistent with this chapter as he may determine, any agency of the United States Government is authorized to furnish services and commodities, without charge to funds available to carry out this part, to an eligible foreign country, subject to payment in advance of the value thereof (within the meaning of section 2403(m) of this title ) in United States dollars by the foreign country. Credits and the proceeds of guaranteed loans made available to such countries pursuant to the Arms Export Control Act [ 22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.] shall not be used for such payments. Collections under this part shall be credited to the currently applicable appropriation, account, or fund of the agency providing such services and commodities and shall be available for the purposes for which such appropriation, account, or fund is authorized to be used.

(b) Consultation in development and implementation of assistance The Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor shall be consulted in the determinations of the foreign countries that will be furnished assistance under this part and determinations of the nature of assistance to be furnished to each such country.

(c) Arms and ammunition; value of equipment and commodities Arms and ammunition may be provided under this part only if they are directly related to antiterrorism assistance. The value (in terms of original acquisition cost) of all equipment and commodities provided under this part in any fiscal year shall not exceed 30 percent of the funds made available to carry out this part for that fiscal year.

(d) Information exchange activities This part does not apply to information exchange activities conducted by agencies of the United States Government under other authority for such purposes.

§ 2349aa–3 Repealed. Pub. L. 104–164, title I, § 121(c), July 21, 1996, 110 Stat. 1428

§ 2349aa–4 Authorization of appropriations

(a) There are authorized to be appropriated to the President to carry out this part $72,000,000forfiscalyear2001,$73,000,000 for fiscal year 2002, and $64,200,000 for fiscal year 2003.

(b) Amounts appropriated under this section are authorized to remain available until expended.

§ 2349aa–5 Administrative authorities

Except where expressly provided to the contrary, any reference in any law to subchapter I of this chapter shall be deemed to include reference to this part and any reference in any law to subchapter II of this chapter shall be deemed to exclude reference to this part. ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. II, § 575, formerly § 576, as added Pub. L. 98–151, § 101(b)(2) , Nov. 14, 1983 , 97 Stat. 972 ; renumbered § 575, Pub. L. 104–164, title I, § 121(d) , July 21, 1996 , 110 Stat. 1428 .)

§ 2349aa–6 Repealed. Pub. L. 99–83, title V, § 501(d), Aug. 8, 1985, 99 Stat. 220

§ 2349aa–7 Coordination of all United States terrorism-related assistance to foreign countries

(a) Responsibility The Secretary of State shall be responsible for coordinating all assistance related to international terrorism which is provided by the United States Government to foreign countries.

(b) Repealed. Pub. L. 117–81, div. E, title LI, § 5114(b)(6), Dec. 27, 2021, 135 Stat. 2352

(c) Rule of construction Nothing contained in this section shall be construed to limit or impair the authority or responsibility of any other Federal agency with respect to law enforcement, domestic security operations, or intelligence activities as defined in Executive Order 12333.

§ 2349aa–8 Prohibition on imports from and exports to Libya

(a) Prohibition on imports Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the President may prohibit any article grown, produced, extracted, or manufactured in Libya from being imported into the United States.

(b) Prohibition on exports Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the President may prohibit any goods or technology, including technical data or other information, subject to the jurisdiction of the United States or exported by any person subject to the jurisdiction of the United States, from being exported to Libya.

(c) “United States” defined For purposes of this section, the term “United States”, when used in a geographical sense, includes territories and possessions of the United States.

§ 2349aa–9 Ban on importing goods and services from countries supporting terrorism

(a) Authority The President may ban the importation into the United States of any good or service from any country which supports terrorism or terrorist organizations or harbors terrorists or terrorist organizations.

(b) Consultation The President, in every possible instance, shall consult with the Congress before exercising the authority granted by this section and shall consult regularly with the Congress so long as that authority is being exercised.

(c) Reports Whenever the President exercises the authority granted by this section, he shall immediately transmit to the Congress a report specifying— the country with respect to which the authority is to be exercised and the imports to be prohibited; the circumstances which necessitate the exercise of such authority; why the President believes those circumstances justify the exercise of such authority; and why the President believes the prohibitions are necessary to deal with those circumstances. At least once during each succeeding 6-month period after transmitting a report pursuant to this subsection, the President shall report to the Congress with respect to the actions taken, since the last such report, pursuant to this section and with respect to any changes which have occurred concerning any information previously furnished pursuant to this subsection.

(d) “United States” defined For purposes of this section, the term “United States” includes territories and possessions of the United States.

§ 2349aa–10 Antiterrorism assistance

(a) Omitted

(b) Assistance to foreign countries to procure explosives detection devices and other counterterrorism technology Subject to section 2349aa–4(b) of this title , up to $3,000,000 in any fiscal year may be made available— to procure explosives detection devices and other counterterrorism technology; and for joint counterterrorism research and development projects on such technology conducted with NATO and major non-NATO allies under the auspices of the Technical Support Working Group of the Department of State. As used in this subsection, the term “major non-NATO allies” means those countries designated as major non-NATO allies for purposes of section 2350a(i)(3) 1 of title 10.

(c) Assistance to foreign countries Notwithstanding any other provision of law (except section 2371 of this title ) up to $1,000,000 in assistance may be provided to a foreign country for counterterrorism efforts in any fiscal year if— such assistance is provided for the purpose of protecting the property of the United States Government or the life and property of any United States citizen, or furthering the apprehension of any individual involved in any act of terrorism against such property or persons; and the appropriate committees of Congress are notified not later than 15 days prior to the provision of such assistance.

§ 2349bb Purposes

The purposes of assistance under this part are to halt the proliferation of nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons, and conventional weaponry, through support of activities designed— to enhance the nonproliferation and export control capabilities of friendly countries by providing training and equipment to detect, deter, monitor, interdict, and counter proliferation; to strengthen the bilateral ties of the United States with friendly governments by offering concrete assistance in this area of vital national security interest; to accomplish the activities and objectives set forth in sections 5853 and 5854 of this title, without regard to the limitation of those sections to the independent states of the former Soviet Union; and to promote multilateral activities, including cooperation with international organizations, relating to nonproliferation. ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. II, § 581, as added Pub. L. 106–280, title III, § 301 , Oct. 6, 2000 , 114 Stat. 851 .)

§ 2349bb–1 Authorization of assistance

Notwithstanding any other provision of law (other than section 2304 or section 2371 of this title ), the President is authorized to furnish, on such terms and conditions as the President may determine, assistance in order to carry out the purposes of this part. Such assistance may include training services and the provision of funds, equipment, and other commodities related to the detection, deterrence, monitoring, interdiction, and prevention or countering of proliferation, the establishment of effective nonproliferation laws and regulations, and the apprehension of those individuals involved in acts of proliferation of such weapons. ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. II, § 582, as added Pub. L. 106–280, title III, § 301 , Oct. 6, 2000 , 114 Stat. 852 .)

§ 2349bb–2 Transit interdiction

(a) Allocation of funds In providing assistance under this part, the President shall ensure that, beginning in fiscal year 2007, not less than one-quarter of the total of such assistance is obligated for the purpose of enhancing the capabilities of friendly countries to detect and interdict proliferation-related shipments of cargo to non-State actors and States of proliferation concern.

(b) Priority to certain countries Priority shall be given in the apportionment of the assistance described under subsection (a) to any friendly country that has been determined by the Secretary of State to be a country frequently transited by proliferation-related shipments of cargo.

(c) Cooperative agreements In order to promote cooperation regarding the interdiction of weapons of mass destruction and related materials and delivery systems, the President is authorized to conclude agreements, including reciprocal maritime agreements, with other countries to facilitate effective measures to prevent the transportation of such items to non-state actors and states of proliferation concern.

(d) Determination and notice to Congress The Secretary of State shall notify the Committee on International Relations of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate in writing not more than 30 days after making a determination that any friendly country has been determined to be a country eligible for priority consideration of any assistance under subsection (a). Such determination shall set forth the reasons for such determination, and may be submitted in classified and unclassified form, as necessary.

§ 2349bb–2a International nonproliferation export control training

(a) General authority The President is authorized to furnish, on such terms and conditions consistent with this part (but whenever feasible on a reimbursable basis), education and training to appropriate military and civilian personnel of foreign countries for the purpose of enhancing the nonproliferation and export control capabilities of such personnel through their attendance in special courses of instruction conducted by the United States.

(b) Administration of courses The Secretary of State shall have overall responsibility for the development and conduct of international nonproliferation education and training programs under this section, and may utilize other departments and agencies of the United States, as appropriate, to recommend personnel for the education and training and to administer specific courses of instruction.

(c) Purposes Education and training activities conducted under this section shall be— of a technical nature, emphasizing techniques for detecting, deterring, monitoring, interdicting, and countering proliferation; designed to encourage effective and mutually beneficial relations and increased understanding between the United States and friendly countries; and designed to improve the ability of friendly countries to utilize their resources with maximum effectiveness, thereby contributing to greater self-reliance by such countries.

(d) Priority to certain countries In selecting personnel for education and training pursuant to this section, priority should be given to personnel from countries determined by the Secretary of State to be countries frequently transited by proliferation-related shipments of cargo.

§ 2349bb–3 Limitations

The limitations contained in section 2349aa–2(a) and (d) of this title shall apply to this part. ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. II, § 585, formerly § 584,as added Pub. L. 106–280, title III, § 301 , Oct. 6, 2000 , 114 Stat. 852 ; renumbered § 585, Pub. L. 107–228, div. B, title XIII, § 1303(1) , Sept. 30, 2002 , 116 Stat. 1436 .)

§ 2349bb–4 Authorization of appropriations

(a) Authorization of appropriations There are authorized to be appropriated to the President to carry out this part $162,000,000 for fiscal year 2003.

(b) Availability of funds Funds made available under subsection (a) may be used notwithstanding any other provision of law (other than section 2304 or 2371 of this title) and shall remain available until expended.

(c) Treatment of appropriations Amounts made available by the Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 2002, under “Nonproliferation, Antiterrorism, Demining, and Related Programs” and “Assistance for the Independent States of the Former Soviet Union” accounts for the activities described in subsection (d) shall be considered to be made available pursuant to this part.

(d) Covered activities The activities referred to in subsection (c) are— assistance under the Nonproliferation and Disarmament Fund; assistance for science and technology centers in the independent states of the former Soviet Union; export control assistance; and export control and border assistance under part XI of subchapter I of this chapter or the FREEDOM Support Act ( 22 U.S.C. 5801 et seq.).

§ 2349bb–5 Proliferation interdiction assistance

Consistent with section 2349bb–2 of this title , the President is authorized to provide assistance to friendly foreign countries for proliferation detection and interdiction activities and for developing complementary capabilities. ( Pub. L. 109–472, § 10(a) , Jan. 11, 2007 , 120 Stat. 3557 .)

§ 2349bb–6 Safeguarding and elimination of conventional arms

(a) In general The Secretary of State is authorized to secure, remove, or eliminate stocks of man-portable air defense systems (MANPADS), small arms and light weapons, stockpiled munitions, abandoned ordnance, and other conventional weapons, including tactical missile systems (hereafter in this section referred to as “MANPADS and other conventional weapons”), as well as related equipment and facilities, located outside the United States that are determined by the Secretary to pose a proliferation threat.

(b) Elements The activities authorized under subsection (a) may include the following: Humanitarian demining activities. The elimination or securing of MANPADS. The elimination or securing of other conventional weapons. Assistance to countries in the safe handling and proper storage of MANPADS and other conventional weapons. Cooperative programs with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and other international organizations to assist countries in the safe handling and proper storage or elimination of MANPADS and other conventional weapons. The utilization of funds for the elimination or safeguarding of MANPADS and other conventional weapons. Activities to secure and safeguard MANPADS and other conventional weapons. Actions to ensure that equipment and funds, including security upgrades at locations for the storage or disposition of MANPADS and other conventional weapons and related equipment that are determined by the Secretary of State to pose a proliferation threat, continue to be used for authorized purposes.

(c) Rule of construction Nothing in this section shall be construed to affect the authorities of the Secretary of Defense.

§ 2349cc Findings

Congress makes the following findings: Increasingly digitized and interconnected social, political, and economic systems have introduced new vulnerabilities for malicious actors to exploit, which threatens economic and national security. The rapid development, deployment, and integration of information and communication technologies into all aspects of modern life bring mounting risks of accidents and malicious activity involving such technologies, and their potential consequences. Because information and communication technologies are globally manufactured, traded, and networked, the economic and national security of the United State 1 depends greatly on cybersecurity practices of other actors, including other countries. United States assistance to countries and international organizations to bolster civilian capacity to address national cybersecurity and deterrence in cyberspace can help— reduce vulnerability in the information and communication technologies ecosystem; and advance national and economic security objectives. ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. II, § 591, as added Pub. L. 118–31, div. F, title LXIII, § 6307 , Dec. 22, 2023 , 137 Stat. 990 .)

§ 2349cc–1 Authorization of assistance and funding for cyberspace, digital connectivity, and related technologies (CDT) capacity building activities

(a) Authorization The Secretary of State is authorized to provide assistance to foreign governments and organizations, including national, regional, and international institutions, on such terms and conditions as the Secretary may determine, in order to— advance a secure and stable cyberspace; protect and expand trusted digital ecosystems and connectivity; build the cybersecurity capacity of partner countries and organizations; and ensure that the development of standards and the deployment and use of technology supports and reinforces human rights and democratic values, including through the Digital Connectivity and Cybersecurity Partnership.

(b) Scope of uses Assistance under this section may include programs to— advance the adoption and deployment of secure and trustworthy information and communications technology (ICT) infrastructure and services, including efforts to grow global markets for secure ICT goods and services and promote a more diverse and resilient ICT supply chain; provide technical and capacity building assistance to— promote policy and regulatory frameworks that create an enabling environment for digital connectivity and a vibrant digital economy; ensure technologies, including related new and emerging technologies, are developed, deployed, and used in ways that support and reinforce democratic values and human rights; promote innovation and competition; and support digital governance with the development of rights-respecting international norms and standards; help countries prepare for, defend against, and respond to malicious cyber activities, including through— the adoption of cybersecurity best practices; the development of national strategies to enhance cybersecurity; the deployment of cybersecurity tools and services to increase the security, strength, and resilience of networks and infrastructure; support for the development of cybersecurity watch, warning, response, and recovery capabilities, including through the development of cybersecurity incident response teams; support for collaboration with the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) and other relevant Federal agencies to enhance cybersecurity; programs to strengthen allied and partner governments’ capacity to detect, investigate, deter, and prosecute cybercrimes; programs to provide information and resources to diplomats engaging in discussions and negotiations around international law and capacity building measures related to cybersecurity; capacity building for cybersecurity partners, including law enforcement and military entities as described in subsection (f); programs that enhance the ability of relevant stakeholders to act collectively against shared cybersecurity threats; the advancement of programs in support of the Framework of Responsible State Behavior in Cyberspace; and the fortification of deterrence instruments in cyberspace; and such 1 other purpose and functions as the Secretary of State may designate.

(c) Responsibility for policy decisions and justification The Secretary of State shall be responsible for policy decisions regarding programs under this part, with respect to— whether there will be cybersecurity and digital capacity building programs for a foreign country or entity operating in that country; the amount of funds for each foreign country or entity; and the scope and nature of such uses of funding.

(d) Detailed justification for uses and purposes of funds The Secretary of State shall provide, on an annual basis, a detailed justification for the uses and purposes of the amounts provided under this part, including information concerning— the amounts and kinds of grants; the amounts and kinds of budgetary support provided, if any; and the amounts and kinds of project assistance provided for what purpose and with such amounts.

(e) Assistance and funding under other authorities The authority granted under this section to provide assistance or funding for countries and organizations does not preclude the use of funds provided to carry out other authorities also available for such purpose.

(f) Availability of funds Amounts appropriated to carry out this part may be used, notwithstanding any other provision of law, to strengthen civilian cybersecurity and information and communications technology capacity, including participation of foreign law enforcement and military personnel in non-military activities, and for contributions to international organizations and international financial institutions of which the United States is a member, provided that such support is essential to enabling civilian and law enforcement of cybersecurity and information and communication technology related activities in their respective countries.

(g) Notification requirements Funds made available under this section shall be obligated in accordance with the procedures applicable to reprogramming notifications pursuant to section 2394–1 of this title .

§ 2349cc–2 Review of emergency assistance capacity

(a) In general The Secretary of State, in consultation as appropriate with other relevant Federal departments and agencies is authorized to conduct a review that— analyzes the United States Government’s capacity to promptly and effectively deliver emergency support to countries experiencing major cybersecurity and ICT incidents; identifies relevant factors constraining the support referred to in paragraph (1); and develops a strategy to improve coordination among relevant Federal agencies and to resolve such constraints.

(b) Report Not later than one year after December 22, 2023 , the Secretary of State shall submit to the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate and the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Committee on Oversight and Accountability of the House of Representatives a report that contains the results of the review conducted pursuant to subsection (a).

§ 2349cc–3 Authorization of appropriations

There is authorized to be appropriated $150,000,000 during the 5-year period beginning on October 1, 2023 , to carry out the purposes of this part. ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. II, § 594, as added Pub. L. 118–31, div. F, title LXIII, § 6307 , Dec. 22, 2023 , 137 Stat. 993 .)

§ 2351 Encouragement of free enterprise and private participation

(a) Policy of United States The Congress of the United States recognizes the vital role of free enterprise in achieving rising levels of production and standards of living essential to economic progress and development. Accordingly, it is declared to be the policy of the United States to encourage the efforts of other countries to increase the flow of international trade, to foster private initiative and competition, to encourage the development and use of cooperatives, credit unions, and savings and loan associations, to discourage monopolistic practices, to improve the technical efficiency of their industry, agriculture, and commerce, and to strengthen free labor unions; and to encourage the contribution of United States enterprise toward economic strength of less developed friendly countries, through private trade and investment abroad, private participation in programs carried out under this chapter (including the use of private trade channels to the maximum extent practicable in carrying out such programs), and exchange of ideas and technical information on the matters covered by this subsection.

(b) Action by President to facilitate participation to maximum extent In order to encourage and facilitate participation by private enterprise to the maximum extent practicable in achieving any of the purposes of this chapter, the President shall— make arrangements to find, and draw the attention of private enterprise to, opportunities for investment and development in less-developed friendly countries and areas; establish an effective system for obtaining adequate information with respect to the activities of, and opportunities for, nongovernmental participation in the development process, and for utilizing such information in the planning, direction, and execution of programs carried out under this chapter, and in the coordination of such programs with the ever-increasing developmental activities of nongovernmental United States institutions; accelerate a program of negotiating treaties for commerce and trade, including tax treaties, which shall include provisions to encourage and facilitate the flow of private investment to, and its equitable treatment in, friendly countries and areas participating in programs under this chapter; seek, consistent with the national interest, compliance by other countries or areas with all treaties for commerce and trade and taxes, and take all reasonable measures under this chapter or other authority to secure compliance therewith and to assist United States citizens in obtaining just compensation for losses sustained by them or payments exacted from them as a result of measures taken or imposed by any country or area thereof in violation of any such treaty; to the maximum extent practicable carry out programs of assistance through private channels and to the extent practicable in conjunction with local private or governmental participation, including loans under the authority of section 2151t of this title to any individual, corporation, or other body of persons; take appropriate steps to discourage nationalization, expropriation, confiscation, seizure of ownership or control, of private investment and discriminatory or other actions having the effect thereof, undertaken by countries receiving assistance under this chapter, which divert available resources essential to create new wealth, employment, and productivity in those countries and otherwise impair the climate for new private investment essential to the stable economic growth and development of those countries; utilize wherever practicable the services of United States private enterprise (including, but not limited to, the services of experts and consultants in technical fields such as engineering); and utilize wherever practicable the services of United States private enterprise on a cost-plus incentive fee contract basis to provide the necessary skills to develop and operate a specific project or program of assistance in a less developed friendly country or area in any case in which direct private investment is not readily encouraged, and provide where appropriate for the transfer of equity ownership in such project or program to private investors at the earliest feasible time.

(c) International Private Investment Advisory Council on Foreign Aid; establishment; composition; selection of members by Administrator; duration of service; Chairman; duties of Council; compensation; travel and other expenses; funds for payment of expenses of Council There is hereby established an International Private Investment Advisory Council on Foreign Aid to be composed of such number of leading American business specialists as may be selected, from time to time, by the Administrator of the Agency for International Development for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this subsection. The members of the Council shall serve at the pleasure of the Administrator, who shall designate one member to serve as Chairman. It shall be the duty of the Council, at the request of the Administrator, to make recommendations to the Administrator with respect to particular aspects of programs and activities under this chapter where private enterprise can play a contributing role and to act as liaison for the Administrator to involve specific private enterprises in such programs and activities. The members of the Advisory Council shall receive no compensation for their services but shall be entitled to reimbursement in accordance with section 5703 of title 5 for travel and other expenses incurred by them in the performance of their functions under this subsection. The expenses of the Advisory Council shall be paid by the Administrator from funds otherwise available under this chapter.

(d) Engineering and professional services of United States firms It is the sense of Congress that the Agency for International Development should continue to encourage, to the maximum extent consistent with the national interest, the utilization of engineering and professional services of United States firms (including, but not limited to, any corporation, company, partnership, or other association) or by an affiliate of such United States firms in connection with capital projects financed by funds authorized under this chapter.

(e) Contracts on basis of competitive selection procedures The Congress finds that significantly greater effort must be made in carrying out programs under subchapter I of this chapter to award contracts on the basis of competitive selection procedures. All such contracts should be let on the basis of competitive selection procedures except in those limited cases in which the procurement regulations governing the agency primarily responsible for administering subchapter I of this chapter allow noncompetitive procedures to be used. Repealed. Pub. L. 97–113, title VII, § 734(a)(1) , Dec. 29, 1981 , 95 Stat. 1560 .

§ 2352 Small business

(a) Assistance for participation in furnishing of commodities, defense articles, and services Insofar as practicable and to the maximum extent consistent with the accomplishment of the purposes of this chapter, the President shall assist American small business to participate equitably in the furnishing of commodities, defense articles, and services (including defense services) financed with funds made available under this chapter— by causing to be made available to suppliers in the United States, and particularly to small independent enterprises, information, as far in advance as possible, with respect to purchases proposed to be financed with such funds; by causing to be made available to prospective purchasers in the countries and areas receiving assistance under this chapter information as to such commodities, articles, and services produced by small independent enterprises in the United States; and by providing for additional services to give small business better opportunities to participate in the furnishing of such commodities, articles, and services financed with such funds.

(b) Office of Small Business There shall be an Office of Small Business, headed by a Special Assistant for Small Business, in such agency of the United States Government as the President may direct, to assist in carrying out the provisions of subsection (a) of this section.

(c) Information with respect to certain purchases by Department of Defense The Secretary of Defense shall assure that there is made available to suppliers in the United States, and particularly to small independent enterprises, information with respect to purchases made by the Department of Defense pursuant to subchapter II of this chapter, such information to be furnished as far in advance as possible.

§ 2353 Shipping on United States vessels

The ocean transportation between foreign countries of commodities and defense articles purchased with foreign currencies made available or derived from funds made available under this chapter or the Food for Peace Act, as amended [ 7 U.S.C. 1691 et seq.], and transfers of fresh fruit and products thereof under this chapter, shall not be governed by the provisions of section 55305 of title 46 , or any other law relating to the ocean transportation of commodities on United States flag vessels. ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. III, § 603, Sept. 4, 1961 , 75 Stat. 439 ; Pub. L. 110–246, title III, § 3001(b)(1)(A) , (2)(Q), June 18, 2008 , 122 Stat. 1820 .)

§ 2354 Procurement

(a) Limitations on procurement outside United States Funds made available for assistance under this chapter may be used by the President for procurement— only in the United States, the recipient country, or developing countries; or in any other country but only if— the provision of such assistance requires commodities or services of a type that are not produced in and available for purchase in any country specified in subparagraph (A); or the President determines, on a case-by-case basis, that procurement in such other country is necessary— to meet unforeseen circumstances, such as emergency situations, where it is important to permit procurement in a country not specified in subparagraph (A); or to promote efficiency in the use of United States foreign assistance resources, including to avoid impairment of foreign assistance objectives. For purposes of this subsection, the term “developing countries” shall not include advanced developing countries.

(b) Purchases in bulk No funds made available under this chapter shall be used for the purchase in bulk of any commodities at prices higher than the market price prevailing in the United States at the time of purchase, adjusted for differences in the cost of transportation to destination, quality, and terms of payment.

(c) Agricultural commodities or products thereof available for disposition under Food for Peace Act In providing for the procurement of any agricultural commodity or product thereof available for disposition under the Food for Peace Act, as amended [ 7 U.S.C. 1691 et seq.], for transfer by grant under this chapter to any recipient country in accordance with its requirements, the President shall, insofar as practicable and when in furtherance of the purposes of this chapter, authorize the procurement of such agricultural commodity only within the United States except to the extent that such agricultural commodity is not available in the United States in sufficient quantities to supply emergency requirements of recipients under this chapter.

(d) Marine insurance In providing assistance in the procurement of commodities in the United States, United States dollars shall be made available for marine insurance on such commodities where such insurance is placed on a competitive basis in accordance with normal trade practice prevailing prior to the outbreak of World War II: Provided , That in the event a participating country, by statute, decree, rule, or regulation, discriminates against any marine insurance company authorized to do business in any State of the United States, then commodities purchased with funds provided hereunder and destined for such country shall be insured in the United States against marine risk with a company or companies authorized to do a marine insurance business in any State of the United States.

(e) Parity for domestic commodities prior to use of funds outside United States No funds made available under this chapter shall be used for the procurement of any agricultural commodity or product thereof outside the United States when the domestic price of such commodity is less than parity, unless the commodity to be financed could not reasonably be procured in the United States in fulfillment of the objectives of a particular assistance program under which such commodity procurement is to be financed.

(f) Commodity eligibility No funds authorized to be made available to carry out subchapter I of this chapter shall be used under any commodity import program to make any payment to a supplier unless the supplier has certified to the agency primarily responsible for administering such subchapter I, such information as such agency shall by regulation prescribe, including but not limited to, a description of the commodity supplied by him and its condition, and, on the basis of such information such agency shall have approved such commodity as eligible and suitable for financing under this chapter.

(g) Construction or engineering services; applicability to advanced developing country None of the funds authorized to be appropriated or made available for obligation or expenditure under this chapter may be made available for the procurement of construction or engineering services from advanced developing countries, eligible under the Geographic Code 941, which have attained a competitive capability in international markets for construction services or engineering services. Paragraph (1) does not apply with respect to an advanced developing country which— is receiving direct economic assistance under part I of subchapter I of this chapter or part IV of subchapter II of this chapter, and if the country has its own foreign assistance programs which finance the procurement of construction or engineering services, permits United States firms to compete for those services.

§ 2355 Retention and use of certain items and funds

(a) Commodities and defense articles; disposal to prevent spoilage or wastage or to conserve usefulness; funds realized from disposal or transfer Any commodities and defense articles procured to carry out this chapter shall be retained by, or upon reimbursement, transferred to, and for the use of, such agency of the United States Government as the President may determine in lieu of being disposed of to a foreign country or international organization, whenever in the judgment of the President the best interests of the United States will be served thereby, or whenever such retention is called for by concurrent resolution. Any commodities or defense articles so retained may be disposed of without regard to provisions of law relating to the disposal of property owned by the United States Government, when necessary to prevent spoilage or wastage of such commodities or defense articles or to conserve the usefulness thereof. Funds realized from any disposal or transfer shall revert to the respective appropriation, fund, or account used to procure such commodities or defense articles or to the appropriation, fund, or account currently available for the same general purpose.

(b) Commodities transferred as repayment of assistance Whenever commodities are transferred to the United States Government as repayment of assistance under this chapter, such commodities may be used in furtherance of the purposes and within the limitations of this chapter.

(c) Funds realized as result of illegal transactions Funds realized as a result of any failure of a transaction financed under authority of subchapter I of this chapter to conform to the requirements of this chapter, or to applicable rules and regulations of the United States Government, or to the terms of any agreement or contract entered into under authority of subchapter I of this chapter, shall revert to the respective appropriation, fund, or account used to finance such transaction or to the appropriation, fund, or account currently available for the same general purpose.

(d) Funds realized from sale, transfer, or disposal of returned defense articles Funds realized by the United States Government from the sale, transfer, or disposal of defense articles returned to the United States Government by a recipient country or international organization as no longer needed for the purpose for which furnished shall be credited to the respective appropriation, fund, or account used to procure such defense articles or to the appropriation, fund, or account currently available for the same general purpose.

§ 2356 Patents and technical information

(a) Practice of invention or disclosure of information; suits against United States for reasonable compensation; jurisdiction; limitation of action; defenses Whenever, in connection with the furnishing of assistance under this chapter— an invention or discovery covered by a patent issued by the United States Government is practiced within the United States without the authorization of the owner, or information, which is (A) protected by law, and (B) held by the United States Government subject to restrictions imposed by the owner, is disclosed by the United States Government or any of its officers, employees, or agents in violation of such restrictions, the exclusive remedy of the owner, except as provided in subsection (b) of this section, is to sue the United States Government for reasonable and entire compensation for such practice or disclosure in the district court of the United States for the district in which such owner is a resident, or in the United States Court of Federal Claims, within six years after the cause of action arises. Any period during which the United States Government is in possession of a written claim under subsection (b) of this section before mailing a notice of denial of that claim does not count in computing the six years. In any such suit, the United States Government may plead any defense that may be pleaded by a private person in such an action. The last paragraph of section 1498(a) of title 28 shall apply to inventions and information covered by this section.

(b) Settlement of claims Before suit against the United States Government has been instituted, the head of the agency of the United States Government concerned may settle and pay any claim arising under the circumstances described in subsection (a) of this section. No claim may be paid under this subsection unless the amount tendered is accepted by the claimant in full satisfaction.

(c) Drug products manufactured outside the United States Funds appropriated pursuant to this chapter shall not be expended by the United States Government for the acquisition of any drug product or pharmaceutical product manufactured outside the United States if the manufacture of such drug product or pharmaceutical product in the United States would involve the use of, or be covered by, an unexpired patent of the United States which has not previously been held invalid by an unappealed or un­appealable judgment or decree of a court of competent jurisdiction, unless such manufacture is expressly authorized by the owner of such patent.

§ 2357 Furnishing of services and commodities

(a) Advance-of-funds or reimbursement basis Whenever the President determines it to be consistent with and in furtherance of the purposes of subchapter I of this chapter and within the limitations of this chapter, any agency of the United States Government is authorized to furnish services and commodities on an advance-of-funds or reimbursement basis to friendly countries, international organizations, the American Red Cross, and voluntary nonprofit relief agencies registered with and approved by the Agency for International Development (including foreign voluntary nonprofit relief agencies so registered and approved when no United States voluntary nonprofit relief agency is available). Such advances or reimbursements may be credited to the currently applicable appropriation, account, or fund of the agency concerned and shall be available for the purposes for which such appropriation, account, or fund is authorized to be used, under the following circumstances: Advances or reimbursements which are received under this section within one hundred and eighty days after the close of the fiscal year in which such services and commodities are delivered. Advances or reimbursements received pursuant to agreements executed under this section in which reimbursement will not be completed within one hundred and eighty days after the close of the fiscal year in which such services and commodities are delivered: Provided , That such agreements require the payment of interest at the current rate established pursuant to section 635(b)(1)(B) of title 12 , and repayment of such principal and interest does not exceed a period of three years from the date of signing of the agreement to provide the service: Provided further , That funds available for this paragraph in any fiscal year shall not exceed $1,000,000 of the total funds authorized for use in such fiscal year by part I of subchapter I of this chapter, and shall be available only to the extent provided in appropriation Acts. Interest shall accrue as of the date of disbursement to the agency or organization providing such services.

(b) Agency contracts with individuals to perform services When any agency of the United States Government provides services on an advance-of-funds or reimbursable basis under this section, such agency may contract with individuals for personal service abroad or in the United States to perform such services or to replace officers or employees of the United States Government who are assigned by the agency to provide such services. Such individuals shall not be regarded as employees of the United States Government for the purpose of any law administered by the Director of the Office of Personnel Management.

(c) Excess property Except as provided in subsection (d), no Government-owned excess property shall be made available under this section, section 2358 of this title , or otherwise in furtherance of the purposes of subchapter I of this chapter, unless, before the shipment of such property for use in a specified country (or transfer, if the property is already in such country), the agency administering such subchapter I has approved such shipment (or transfer) and made a written determination— that there is a need for such property in the quantity requested and that such property is suitable for the purpose requested; as to the status and responsibility of the designated end-user and his ability effectively to use and maintain such property; and that the residual value, serviceability, and appearance of such property would not reflect unfavorably on the image of the United States and would justify the costs of packing, crating, handling, transportation, and other accessorial costs, and that the residual value at least equals the total of these costs. For purposes of transferring property described in this subsection in furtherance of the provisions of part VIII of subchapter I of this chapter, the phrase “the agency administering such subchapter I” shall be considered to refer to the Department of State.

(d) Transfer of Government-owned excess property to enhance environmental protection in foreign countries The Secretary of State, acting through the Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs, is authorized to transfer to any friendly country, international organization, the American Red Cross, or other voluntary nonprofit relief agency described in subsection (a), Government-owned excess property made available under this section or section 2358 of this title in order to support activities carried out under subchapter I of this chapter which are designed to enhance environmental protection in foreign countries if the Secretary of State makes a written determination— that there is a need for such property in the quantity requested and that such property is suitable for the purpose requested; as to the status and responsibility of the designated end-user and his ability effectively to use and maintain such property; and that the residual value, serviceability, and appearance of such property would not reflect unfavorably on the image of the United States and would justify the costs of packing, crating, handling, transportation, and other accessorial costs, and that the residual value at least equals the total of these costs.

§ 2358 Foreign and domestic excess property

(a) Advance acquisition of property; special account for payment of costs; limitation; use of property It is the sense of the Congress that in furnishing assistance under subchapter I of this chapter excess personal property, or (if a substantial savings would occur) other property already owned by an agency of the United States Government, shall be utilized wherever practicable in lieu of or supplementary to the procurement of new items for United States-assisted projects and programs. The President is authorized to maintain in a separate account, which shall, notwithstanding section 1535(d) of title 31 , be free from fiscal year limitation, $5,000,000offundsmadeavailableunderpartIofsubchapterIofthischapter,whichmaybeusedtopaycosts(includingpersonnelcosts)ofacquisition,storage,renovationandrehabilitation,packing,crating,handling,transportation,andrelatedcostsofpropertyclassifiedasdomesticorforeignexcesspropertypursuanttochapters1to11oftitle40anddivisionC(exceptsections3302,3307(e),3501(b),3509,3906,4710,and4711)ofsubtitleIoftitle41,anypropertyavailablefromanagencyoftheUnitedStatesGovernment,orotherproperty,inadvanceofknownrequirementsthereforforuseinfurtheranceofthepurposesofsubchapterIofthischapter:Provided,Thattheamountofpropertyclassifiedasdomesticexcesspropertypursuanttochapters1to11oftitle40anddivisionC(exceptsections3302,3307(e),3501(b),3509,3906,4710,and4711)ofsubtitleIoftitle41heldatanyonetimepursuanttothissectionshallnotexceed$15,000,000 in total original acquisition cost. Property acquired pursuant to the preceding sentence may be furnished (1) pursuant to any provision of subchapter I of this chapter for which funds are authorized for the furnishing of assistance, in which case the separate account established pursuant to this section shall be repaid from funds made available for such provision for all costs incurred, or (2) pursuant to section 2357 of this title , in which case such separate account shall be repaid in accordance with the provisions of that section for all costs incurred.

(b) Transfer of domestic excess property Property classified as domestic excess property under chapters 1 to 11 of title 40 and division C (except sections 3302, 3307(e), 3501(b), 3509, 3906, 4710, and 4711) of subtitle I of title 41 shall not be transferred to the agency primarily responsible for administering subchapter I of this chapter for use pursuant to the provisions of subchapter I of this chapter or section 2357 of this title unless (1) such property is transferred for use exclusively by an agency of the United States Government, or (2) it has been determined in the same manner as provided for surplus property in section 549(a) to (e) of title 40, that such property is not needed for donation pursuant to those subsections. The foregoing restrictions shall not apply to the transfer in any fiscal year for use pursuant to the provisions of subchapter I of this chapter of amounts of such property with a total original acquisition cost to the United States Government not exceeding $45,000,000.

§ 2359 Repealed. Pub. L. 105–277, div. A, § 101(d) [title V, § 533(a)(5)], Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–150, 2681–180

§ 2360 Transfer of funds between accounts

(a) Necessity of transfer; limitations Whenever the President determines it to be necessary for the purposes of this chapter, not to exceed 10 per centum of the funds made available for any provision of this chapter (except funds made available pursuant to subpart IV of part II of subchapter I of this chapter or for section 2763 of this title ) may be transferred to, and consolidated with, the funds made available for any provision of this chapter (except funds made available under part II of subchapter II of this chapter), and may be used for any of the purposes for which such funds may be used, except that the total in the provision for the benefit of which the transfer is made shall not be increased by more than 20 per centum of the amount of funds made available for such provision.

(b) Augmentation of other appropriations The authority contained in this section and in sections 2261, 2318 and 2364 of this title, shall not be used to augment appropriations made available pursuant to sections 2396(g)(1) and 2397 of this title or used otherwise to finance activities which normally would be financed from appropriations for administrative expenses.

(c) Military and development assistance purposes Any funds which the President has notified Congress pursuant to section 2413 of this title that he intends to provide in military assistance to any country may be transferred to, and consolidated with, any other funds he has notified Congress pursuant to such section that he intends to provide to that country for development assistance purposes.

§ 2361 Completion of plans and cost estimates

(a) Restriction on agreements or grants No agreement or grant which constitutes an obligation of the United States Government in excess of $500,000 under section 1501 of title 31 shall be made for any assistance authorized under part I of subchapter I of this chapter, subpart II of part II of subchapter I of this chapter, or part IV of subchapter II of this chapter— if such agreement or grant requires substantive technical or financial planning, until engineering, financial, and other plans necessary to carry out such assistance, and a reasonably firm estimate of the cost to the United States Government of providing such assistance, have been completed; and if such agreement or grant requires legislative action within the recipient country, unless such legislative action may reasonably be anticipated to be completed in time to permit the orderly accomplishment of the purposes of such agreement or grant.

(b) Plans for water or related land resource construction projects; computation of benefits and costs Plans required under subsection (a) of this section for any water or related land resource construction project or program shall include a computation of benefits and costs made insofar as practicable in accordance with the principles, standards, and procedures established pursuant to the Water Resources Planning Act ( 42 U.S.C. 1962 , et seq.) or acts amendatory or supplementary thereto.

(c) Contracts for construction outside United States; competitive basis To the maximum extent practicable, all contracts for construction outside the United States made in connection with any agreement or grant subject to subsection (a) of this section shall be made on a competitive basis.

(d) Engineering, financial, and other plans Subsection (a) of this section shall not apply to any assistance furnished for the sole purpose of preparation of engineering, financial, and other plans.

(e) Certification of country capability to maintain and utilize projects as prerequisite to assistance for capital projects exceeding cost limitations In addition to any other requirements of this section, no assistance authorized under part I of subchapter I of this chapter, subpart II of part II of subchapter I of this chapter, or part IV of subchapter II of this chapter shall be furnished with respect to any capital assistance project estimated to cost in excess of $1,000,000 until the head of the agency primarily responsible for administering subchapter I of this chapter has received and taken into consideration a certification from the principal officer of such agency in the country in which the project is located as to the capability of the country (both financial and human resources) to effectively maintain and utilize the project taking into account among other things the maintenance and utilization of projects in such country previously financed or assisted by the United States.

§ 2362 Use of foreign currencies

(a) Currencies received in payment for nonmilitary assistance; foreign obligations Except as otherwise provided in this chapter or other Acts, foreign currencies received either (1) as a result of the furnishing of nonmilitary assistance under the Mutual Security Act of 1954, as amended, or any Act repealed thereby, and unobligated on September 3, 1961 , or (2) on or after September 4, 1961 , as a result of the furnishing of nonmilitary assistance under the Mutual Security Act of 1954, as amended, or any Act repealed thereby, or (3) as a result of the furnishing of assistance under subchapter I of this chapter, which are in excess of amounts reserved under authority of section 2455(d) of this title or any other Act relating to educational and cultural exchanges, may be sold by the Secretary of the Treasury to agencies of the United States Government for payment of their obligations outside the United States, and the United States dollars received as reimbursement shall be deposited into miscellaneous receipts of the Treasury. Foreign currencies so received which are in excess of the amounts so reserved and of the requirements of the United States Government in payment of its obligations outside the United States, as such requirements may be determined from time to time by the President, shall be available for the authorized purposes of subchapter I of this chapter in such amounts as may be specified from time to time in appropriation Acts.

(b) United States operations abroad; excess foreign currencies Any Act of the Congress making appropriations to carry out programs under this chapter or any other Act for United States operations abroad is hereby authorized to provide for the utilization of United States-owned excess foreign currencies to carry out any such operations authorized by law. As used in this subsection, the term “excess foreign currencies” means foreign currencies or credits owned by or owed to the United States which are, under applicable agreements with the foreign country concerned, available for the use of the United States Government and are determined by the President to be excess to the normal requirements of departments and agencies of the United States for such currencies or credits and are not prohibited from use under this subsection by an agreement entered into with the foreign country concerned. The President shall take all appropriate steps to assure that, to the maximum extent possible, United States-owned foreign currencies are utilized in lieu of dollars. Dollar funds made available pursuant to this chapter shall not be expended for goods and services when United States-owned foreign currencies are available for such purposes unless the administrative official approving the voucher certifies as to the reason for the use of dollars in each case.

(c) Voluntary family planning programs; limitation In addition to funds otherwise available, excess foreign currencies, as defined in subsection (b), may be made available to friendly foreign governments and to private, nonprofit United States organizations to carry out voluntary family planning programs in countries which request such assistance. No such program shall be assisted unless the President has received assurances that in the administration of such program the recipient will take reasonable precautions to insure that no person receives any family planning assistance or supplies unless he desires such services. The excess foreign currencies made available under this subsection shall not, in any one year, exceed 5 per centum of the aggregate of all excess foreign currencies. As used in this subsection, the term “voluntary family planning program” includes, but is not limited to, demographic studies, medical and psychological research, personnel training, the construction and staffing of clinics and rural health centers, specialized training of doctors and paramedical personnel, the manufacture of medical supplies, and the dissemination of family planning information, medical assistance, and supplies to individuals who desire such assistance.

(d) Reciprocal release of dollar value equivalents In furnishing assistance under this chapter to the government of any country in which the United States owns excess foreign currencies as defined in subsection (b) of this section, except those currencies generated under the Food for Peace Act, as amended [ 7 U.S.C. 1691 et seq.], the President shall endeavor to obtain from the recipient country an agreement for the release, on such terms and conditions as the President shall determine, of an amount of such currencies up to the equivalent of the dollar value of assistance furnished by the United States for programs as may be mutually agreed upon by the recipient country and the United States to carry out the purposes for which new funds authorized by this chapter would themselves be available.

§ 2363 Accounting, valuation, reporting, and administration of foreign currencies

(a) Responsibility of Secretary of the Treasury; regulations Under the direction of the President, the Secretary of the Treasury shall have responsibility for valuation and central accounting with respect to foreign credits (including currencies) owed to or owned by the United States. In order to carry out such responsibility the Secretary shall issue regulations binding upon all agencies of the Government.

(b) Establishment of exchange rates The Secretary of the Treasury shall have sole authority to establish for all foreign currencies or credits the exchange rates at which such currencies are to be reported by all agencies of the Government.

(c) Repealed. Pub. L. 97–113, title VII, § 734(a)(1), Dec. 29, 1981, 95 Stat. 1560

(d) Interest income on foreign currency proceeds; regulations; waiver; report to Congress In cases where assistance is to be furnished to any recipient country in furtherance of the purposes of this chapter or any other Act on a basis which will result in the accrual of foreign currency proceeds to the United States, the Secretary of the Treasury shall issue regulations requiring that agreements, in respect of such assistance, include provisions for the receipt of interest income on the foreign currency proceeds deposited in authorized depositaries: Provided , That whenever the Secretary of State determines it not to be in the national interest to conclude arrangements for the receipt of interest income he may waive the requirement thereof: Provided further , That the Secretary of State, or his delegate, shall promptly make a complete report to the Congress on each such determination and the reasons therefor.

§ 2364 Special authorities

(a) Furnishing of assistance and arms export sales, credits, and guaranties upon determination and notification of Congress of importance and vitality of such action to security interests and national security interests of United States; policy justification; fiscal year limitations; transfers between accounts The President may authorize the furnishing of assistance under this chapter without regard to any provision of this chapter, the Arms Export Control Act [ 22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.], any law relating to receipts and credits accruing to the United States, and any Act authorizing or appropriating funds for use under this chapter, in furtherance of any of the purposes of this chapter, when the President determines, and so notifies in writing the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate, that to do so is important to the security interests of the United States. The President may make sales, extend credit, and issue guaranties under the Arms Export Control Act [ 22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.], without regard to any provision of this chapter, the Arms Export Control Act, any law relating to receipts and credits accruing to the United States, and any Act authorizing or appropriating funds for use under the Arms Export Control Act, in furtherance of any of the purposes of such Act, when the President determines, and so notifies in writing the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate, that to do so is vital to the national security interests of the United States. Before exercising the authority granted in this subsection, the President shall consult with, and shall provide a written policy justification to, the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate. The authority of this subsection may not be used in any fiscal year to authorize— more than $750,000,000insalestobemadeundertheArmsExportControlAct[22U.S.C.2751etseq.];theuseofmorethan$250,000,000 of funds made available for use under this chapter or the Arms Export Control Act; and the use of more than $100,000,000offoreigncurrenciesaccruingunderthischapteroranyotherlaw.IftheauthorityofthissubsectionisusedbothtoauthorizeasaleundertheArmsExportControlActandtoauthorizefundstobeusedundertheArmsExportControlActorunderthischapterwithrespecttothefinancingofthatsale,thentheuseofthefundsshallbecountedagainstthelimitationinsubparagraph(A)(ii)andtheportion,ifany,ofthesalewhichisnotsofinancedshallbecountedagainstthelimitationinsubparagraph(A)(i).Notmorethan$50,000,000 of the $250,000,000limitationprovidedinsubparagraph(A)(ii)maybeallocatedtoanyonecountryinanyfiscalyearunlessthatcountryisavictimofactiveaggression,andnotmorethan$500,000,000 of the aggregate limitation of $1,000,000,000 provided in subparagraphs (A)(i) and (A)(ii) may be allocated to any one country in any fiscal year. The authority of this section may not be used to waive the limitations on transfers contained in section 2360(a) of this title .

(b) United States obligations in West Germany Whenever the President determines it to be important to the national interest, he may use funds available for the purposes of part IV of subchapter I of this chapter in order to meet the responsibilities or objectives of the United States in Germany, including West Berlin, and without regard to such provisions of law as he determines should be disregarded to achieve this purpose.

(c) Certification by President of inadvisability to specify nature of use of funds; reports to Congress The President is authorized to use amounts not to exceed $50,000,000 of the funds made available under this chapter pursuant to his certification that it is inadvisable to specify the nature of the use of such funds, which certification shall be deemed to be a sufficient voucher for such amounts. The President shall fully inform the chairman and ranking minority member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives and the chairman and ranking minority member of the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate of each use of funds under this subsection prior to the use of such funds.

§ 2365 Contract authority

Provisions of this chapter authorizing the appropriation of funds shall be construed to authorize the granting in any appropriation Act of authority to enter into contracts, within the amounts so authorized to be appropriated, creating obligations in advance of appropriations. ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. III, § 615, Sept. 4, 1961 , 75 Stat. 444 .)

§ 2366 Availability of funds

Except as otherwise provided in this chapter, funds shall be available to carry out the provisions of this chapter as authorized and appropriated to the President each fiscal year. ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. III, § 616, Sept. 4, 1961 , 75 Stat. 444 .)

§ 2367 Termination expenses

(a) In general Funds made available under this chapter and the Arms Export Control Act [ 22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.], may remain available for obligation for a period not to exceed 8 months from the date of any termination of assistance under such chapter or Act for the necessary expenses of winding up programs related to such termination and may remain available until expended. Funds obligated under the authority of such chapter or Act prior to the effective date of the termination of assistance may remain available for expenditure for the necessary expenses of winding up programs related to such termination notwithstanding any provision of law restricting the expenditure of funds. In order to ensure the effectiveness of such assistance, such expenses for orderly termination of programs may include the obligation and expenditure of funds to complete the training or studies outside their countries of origin of students whose course of study or training program began before assistance was terminated.

(b) Liability to contractors For the purpose of making an equitable settlement of termination claims under extraordinary contractual relief standards, the President is authorized to adopt as a contract or other obligation of the United States Government, and assume (in whole or in part) any liabilities arising thereunder, any contract with a United States or third-country contractor that had been funded with assistance under such chapter or Act prior to the termination of assistance.

(c) Termination expenses Amounts certified as having been obligated for assistance subsequently terminated by the President, or pursuant to any provision of law, shall continue to remain available and may be reobligated to meet any necessary expenses arising from the termination of such assistance.

(d) Guaranty programs Provisions of this chapter or any other Act requiring the termination of assistance under this chapter or any other Act shall not be construed to require the termination of guarantee commitments that were entered into prior to the effective date of the termination of assistance.

(e) Relation to other provisions Unless specifically made inapplicable by another provision of law, the provisions of this section shall be applicable to the termination of assistance pursuant to any provision of law.

§ 2368 Assistance for a reconstruction and stabilization crisis

(a) Assistance If the President determines that it is in the national security interests of the United States for United States civilian agencies or non-Federal employees to assist in reconstructing and stabilizing a country or region that is at risk of, in, or is in transition from, conflict or civil strife, the President may, in accordance with the provisions set forth in section 2364(a)(3) of this title , but notwithstanding any other provision of law, and on such terms and conditions as the President may determine, furnish assistance to such country or region for reconstruction or stabilization using funds described in paragraph (2). The funds referred to in paragraph (1) are funds made available under any other provision of this chapter, and transferred or reprogrammed for purposes of this section, and such transfer or reprogramming shall be subject to the procedures applicable to a notification under section 2394–1 of this title . Nothing in this section shall be construed to provide authority to transfer funds between accounts or between Federal departments or agencies.

(b) Limitation The authority contained in this section may be exercised only during fiscal years 2009, 2010, and 2011.

§ 2369 Repealed. Pub. L. 95–424, title VI, § 604, Oct. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 961

§ 2370 Prohibitions against furnishing assistance

(a) Cuba; embargo on all trade No assistance shall be furnished under this chapter to the present government of Cuba. As an additional means of implementing and carrying into effect the policy of the preceding sentence, the President is authorized to establish and maintain a total embargo upon all trade between the United States and Cuba. Except as may be deemed necessary by the President in the interest of the United States, no assistance shall be furnished under this chapter to any government of Cuba, nor shall Cuba be entitled to receive any quota authorizing the importation of Cuban sugar into the United States or to receive any other benefit under any law of the United States, until the President determines that such government has taken appropriate steps according to international law standards to return to United States citizens, and to entities not less than 50 per centum beneficially owned by United States citizens, or to provide equitable compensation to such citizens and entities for property taken from such citizens and entities on or after January 1, 1959 , by the Government of Cuba.

(b) Repealed. Pub. L. 97–113, title VII, § 734(a)(1), Dec. 29, 1981, 95 Stat. 1560

(c) Indebtedness of foreign country to United States citizen or person No assistance shall be provided under this chapter to the government of any country which is indebted to any United States citizen or person for goods or services furnished or ordered where (i) such citizen or person has exhausted available legal remedies, which shall include arbitration, or (ii) the debt is not denied or contested by such government, or (iii) such indebtedness arises under an unconditional guaranty of payment given by such government, or any predecessor government, directly or indirectly, through any controlled entity: Provided , That the President does not find such action contrary to the national security.

(d) Productive enterprises competing with United States enterprise; conditions on assistance; import controls; waiver of restriction by President No assistance shall be furnished on a loan basis under part I of subchapter I of this chapter for construction or operation of any productive enterprise in any country where such enterprise will compete with United States enterprise unless such country has agreed that it will establish appropriate procedures to prevent the exportation for use or consumption in the United States of more than twenty per centum of the annual production of such facility during the life of the loan. In case of failure to implement such agreement by the other contracting party, the President is authorized to establish necessary import controls to effectuate the agreement. The restrictions imposed by or pursuant to this subsection may be waived by the President where he determines that such waiver is in the national security interest.

(e) Nationalization, expropriation or seizure of property of United States citizens, or taxation or other exaction having same effect; failure to compensate or to provide relief from taxes, exactions, or conditions; report on full value of property by Foreign Claims Settlement Commission; act of state doctrine The President shall suspend assistance to the government of any country to which assistance is provided under this chapter or any other Act when the government of such country or any government agency or subdivision within such country on or after January 1, 1962 — has nationalized or expropriated or seized ownership or control of property owned by any United States citizen or by any corporation, partnership, or association not less than 50 per centum beneficially owned by United States citizens, or has taken steps to repudiate or nullify existing contracts or agreements with any United States citizen or any corporation, partnership, or association not less than 50 per centum beneficially owned by United States citizens, or has imposed or enforced discriminatory taxes or other exactions, or restrictive maintenance or operational conditions, or has taken other actions, which have the effect of nationalizing, expropriating, or otherwise seizing ownership or control of property so owned, and such country, government agency, or government subdivision fails within a reasonable time (not more than six months after such action, or, in the event of a referral to the Foreign Claims Settlement Commission of the United States within such period as provided herein, not more than twenty days after the report of the Commission is received) to take appropriate steps, which may include arbitration, to discharge its obligations under international law toward such citizen or entity, including speedy compensation for such property in convertible foreign exchange, equivalent to the full value thereof, as required by international law, or fails to take steps designed to provide relief from such taxes, exactions, or conditions, as the case may be; and such suspension shall continue until the President is satisfied that appropriate steps are being taken, and provisions of this subsection shall not be waived with respect to any country unless the President determines and certifies that such a waiver is important to the national interests of the United States. Such certification shall be reported immediately to Congress. Upon request of the President (within seventy days after such action referred to in subparagraphs (A), (B), or (C) of this paragraph, the Foreign Claims Settlement Commission of the United States (established pursuant to Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1954, 68 Stat. 1279 ) is hereby authorized to evaluate expropriated property, determining the full value of any property nationalized, expropriated, or seized, or subjected to discriminatory or other actions as aforesaid, for purposes of this subsection and to render an advisory report to the President within ninety days after such request. Unless authorized by the President, the Commission shall not publish its advisory report except to the citizen or entity owning such property. There is hereby authorized to be appropriated such amount, to remain available until expended, as may be necessary from time to time to enable the Commission to carry out expeditiously its functions under this subsection. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, no court in the United States shall decline on the ground of the federal act of state doctrine to make a determination on the merits giving effect to the principles of international law in a case in which a claim of title or other rights to property is asserted by any party including a foreign state (or a party claiming through such state) based upon (or traced through) a confiscation or other taking after January 1, 1959 , by an act of that state in violation of the principles of international law, including the principles of compensation and the other standards set out in this subsection: Provided , That this subparagraph shall not be applicable (1) in any case in which an act of a foreign state is not contrary to international law or with respect to a claim of title or other right to property acquired pursuant to an irrevocable letter of credit of not more than 180 days duration issued in good faith prior to the time of the confiscation or other taking, or (2) in any case with respect to which the President determines that application of the act of state doctrine is required in that particular case by the foreign policy interests of the United States and a suggestion to this effect is filed on his behalf in that case with the court.

(f) Prohibition against assistance to Communist countries; conditions for waiver of restriction by President; enumeration of Communist countries; removal from application of provisions; preconditions No assistance shall be furnished under this chapter, (except section 2174(b) of this title ) to any Communist country. This restriction may not be waived pursuant to any authority contained in this chapter unless the President finds and promptly reports to Congress that: (A) such assistance is vital to the security of the United States; (B) the recipient country is not controlled by the international Communist conspiracy; and (C) such assistance will further promote the independence of the recipient country from international communism. For the purposes of this subsection, the phrase “Communist country” includes specifically, but is not limited to, the following countries: Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, People’s Republic of China, Republic of Cuba, Socialist Republic of Vietnam, Tibet, 1 Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (1) of this subsection, the President may remove a country, for such period as the President determines, from the application of this subsection, and other provisions which reference this subsection, if the President determines and reports to the Congress that such action is important to the national interest of the United States. It is the sense of the Congress that when consideration is given to authorizing assistance to a country removed from the application of this subsection, one of the factors to be weighed, among others, is whether the country in question is giving evidence of fostering the establishment of a genuinely democratic system, with respect for internationally recognized human rights.

(g) Use of assistance funds to compensate owners for expropriated or nationalized property; waiver for land reform programs Notwithstanding any other provision of law, no monetary assistance shall be made available under this chapter to any government or political subdivision or agency of such government which will be used to compensate owners for expropriated or nationalized property and, upon finding by the President that such assistance has been used by any government for such purpose, no further assistance under this chapter shall be furnished to such government until appropriate reimbursement is made to the United States for sums so diverted. This prohibition shall not apply to monetary assistance made available for use by a government (or a political subdivision or agency of a government) to compensate nationals of that country in accordance with a land reform program, if the President determines that monetary assistance for such land reform program will further the national interests of the United States.

(h) Regulations and procedures to insure aid is not used contrary to the best interests of the United States The President shall adopt regulations and establish procedures to insure that United States foreign aid is not used in a manner which, contrary to the best interests of the United States, promotes or assists the foreign aid projects or activities of any country that is a Communist country for purposes of subsection (f).

(i) Repealed. Pub. L. 97–113, title VII, § 734(a)(1), Dec. 29, 1981, 95 Stat. 1560

(j) Damage or destruction by mob action of United States property; termination of assistance The President shall consider terminating assistance under this chapter or any other Act to any country which permits, or fails to take adequate measures to prevent, the damage or destruction by mob action of United States property within such country, and fails to take appropriate measures to prevent a recurrence thereof and to provide adequate compensation for such damage or destruction.

(k) Maximum amount of assistance, including military assistance to individual countries without approval of or presentation to Congress Without the express approval of Congress, no assistance shall be furnished under this chapter to any country for construction of any productive enterprise with respect to which the aggregate value of assistance to be furnished by the United States will exceed $100,000,000,exceptthatthissentencedoesnotapplywithrespecttoassistanceforconstructionofanyproductiveenterpriseinEgyptwhichisdescribedinthepresentationmaterialstoCongress.Exceptasotherwiseprovidedinsection2318ofthistitle,nomilitaryassistanceshallbefurnishedtoanycountryunderthischapterforcarryingoutanyprogram,withrespecttowhichtheaggregatevalueofassistancetobefurnishedbeginningJuly1,1966,bytheUnitedStateswillexceed$100,000,000 unless such program has been included in the presentation to the Congress during its consideration of authorizations for appropriations under this chapter or of appropriations pursuant to authorizations contained in this chapter. No provision of this chapter or any other Act shall be construed to authorize the President to waive the provisions of this subsection.

(l) Institution of investment guaranty program The President shall consider denying assistance under this chapter to the government of any less developed country which, after December 31, 1966 , has failed to enter into an agreement with the President to institute the investment guaranty program under section 2194(a)(1) 2 of this title, providing protection against the specific risks of inconvertibility under subparagraph (A), and expropriation or confiscation under subparagraph (B), of such section 2194(a)(1). 2

(m) Repealed. Pub. L. 97–113, title VII, § 734(a)(1), Dec. 29, 1981, 95 Stat. 1560

(n) Repealed. Pub. L. 95–88, title I, § 123(b), Aug. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 541

(o) Exclusion from assistance of countries seizing or imposing penalties or sanctions against United States fishing vessels In determining whether or not to furnish assistance under this chapter, consideration shall be given to excluding from such assistance any country which hereafter seizes, or imposes any penalty or sanction against, any United States fishing vessel on account of its fishing activities in international waters. The provisions of this subsection shall not be applicable in any case governed by international agreement to which the United States is a party.

(p) Repealed. Pub. L. 93–559, § 44, Dec. 30, 1974, 88 Stat. 1813

(q) Defaults in principal or interest payments on loans; meeting obligations under loans; notice to Congressional committees No assistance shall be furnished under this chapter to the government of any country which is in default, during a period in excess of six calendar months, in payment to the United States of principal or interest on any loan made to the government of such country under this chapter, unless the government of such country meets its obligations under the loan or unless the President determines, after consultation with the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate, that assistance for such country is in the national interest of the United States. No assistance shall be furnished under this chapter, the Peace Corps Act [ 22 U.S.C. 2501 et seq.], the Millennium Challenge Act of 2003 [ 22 U.S.C. 7701 et seq.], the African Development Foundation Act [ 22 U.S.C. 290h et seq.], the BUILD Act of 2018 [ 22 U.S.C. 9601 et seq.], section 5854 of this title , or section 2763 of this title to the government of any country which is in default during a period in excess of 1 calendar year in payment to the United States of principal or interest or any loan made to the government of such country by the United States unless the President determines, following consultation with the congressional committees specified in paragraph (1), that assistance for such country is in the national interest of the United States.

(r) Liability for repayment of principal or interest on loans outstanding after September 19, 1966 No recipient of a loan made under the authority of this chapter, any part of which is outstanding on or after September 19, 1966 , shall be relieved of liability for the repayment of any part of the principal of or interest on such loan.

(s) Restraint of arms races and proliferation of sophisticated weapons In order to restrain arms races and proliferation of sophisticated weapons, and to ensure that resources intended for economic development are not diverted to military purposes, the President shall take into account before furnishing development loans, Alliance loans or supporting assistance to any country under this chapter, and before making sales under the Food for Peace Act, as amended [ 7 U.S.C. 1691 et seq.]: the percentage of the recipient or purchasing country’s budget which is devoted to military purposes; and the degree to which the recipient or purchasing country is using its foreign exchange or other resources to acquire military equipment. Omitted.

(t) Diplomatic relations; severance, resumption, and negotiation of agreements No assistance shall be furnished under this chapter or any other Act, and no sales shall be made under the Food for Peace Act [ 7 U.S.C. 1691 et seq.], in or to any country which has severed or hereafter severs diplomatic relations with the United States or with which the United States has severed or hereafter severs diplomatic relations, unless (1) diplomatic relations have been resumed with such country and (2) agreements for the furnishing of such assistance or the making of such sales, as the case may be, have been negotiated and entered into after the resumption of diplomatic relations with such country.

(u) Status of country with respect to obligations to the United Nations; report to Congress In any decision to provide or continue to provide any program of assistance to any country under this chapter, there shall be taken into account the status of the country with respect to its dues, assessments, and other obligations to the United Nations; and where such country is delinquent with respect to any such obligations for the purposes of the first sentence of Article 19 of the United Nations Charter, the President shall furnish the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives a report setting forth the assurance given by the government of the country concerned of paying all of its arrearages and of placing its payments of such obligations on a current basis, or a full explanation of the unusual or exceptional circumstances which render it economically incapable of giving such assurance.

(v) Repealed. Pub. L. 93–559, § 24, Dec. 30, 1974, 88 Stat. 1802

(w) Repealed. Pub. L. 95–424, title V, § 502(d)(1), Oct. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 959

(x) Omitted

(y) Limitation on assistance to countries aiding Cuba nuclear development Except as provided in paragraph (2), the President shall withhold from amounts made available under this chapter or any other Act and allocated for a country for a fiscal year an amount equal to the aggregate value of nuclear fuel and related assistance and credits provided by that country, or any entity of that country, to Cuba during the preceding fiscal year. The requirement to withhold assistance for a country for a fiscal year under paragraph (1) shall not apply if Cuba— has ratified the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (21 UST 483) or the Treaty of Tlatelelco, and Cuba is in compliance with the requirements of either such Treaty; has negotiated and is in compliance with full-scope safeguards of the International Atomic Energy Agency not later than two years after ratification by Cuba of such Treaty; and incorporates and is in compliance with internationally accepted nuclear safety standards. The Secretary of State shall prepare and submit to the Congress each year a report containing a description of the amount of nuclear fuel and related assistance and credits provided by any country, or any entity of a country, to Cuba during the preceding year, including the terms of each transfer of such fuel, assistance, or credits.

§ 2370a Expropriation of United States property

(a) Prohibition None of the funds made available to carry out this Act, the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [ 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.], or the Arms Export Control Act [ 22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.] may be provided to a government or any agency or instrumentality thereof, if the government of such country (other than a country described if 1 subsection (d))— has on or after January 1, 1956 — nationalized or expropriated the property of any United States person, repudiated or nullified any contract with any United States person, or taken any other action (such as the imposition of discriminatory taxes or other exactions) which has the effect of seizing ownership or control of the property of any United States person, and has not, within the period specified in subsection (c), either— returned the property, provided adequate and effective compensation for such property in convertible foreign exchange or other mutually acceptable compensation equivalent to the full value thereof, as required by international law, offered a domestic procedure providing prompt, adequate and effective compensation in accordance with international law, or submitted the dispute to arbitration under the rules of the Convention for the Settlement of Investment Disputes or other mutually agreeable binding international arbitration procedure.

(b) Other actions The President shall instruct the United States Executive Directors of each multilateral development bank and international financial institution to vote against any loan or other utilization of the funds of such bank or institution for the benefit of any country to which assistance is prohibited under subsection (a), unless such assistance is directed specifically to programs which serve the basic human needs of the citizens of that country.

(c) Period for settlement of claims The period of time described in subsection (a)(2) is the latest of the following— 3 years after the date on which a claim was filed, in the case of a country that has a totalitarian or authoritarian government at the time of the action described in subsection (a)(1), 3 years after the date of installation of a democratically elected government, or 90 days after April 30, 1994 .

(d) Excepted countries and territories This section shall not apply to any country established by international mandate through the United Nations or to any territory recognized by the United States Government to be in dispute.

(e) Resumption of assistance A prohibition or termination of assistance under subsection (a) and an instruction to vote against loans under subsection (b) shall cease to be effective when the President certifies in writing to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and to the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate that such government has taken one of the steps described in subsection (a)(2).

(f) Reporting requirement Not later than 90 days after April 30, 1994 , and at the beginning of each fiscal year thereafter, the Secretary of State shall transmit to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate, a report containing the following: A list of every country in which the United States Government is aware that a United States person has an outstanding expropriation claim. The total number of such outstanding expropriation claims made by United States persons against each such country. The period of time in which each such claim has been outstanding. The status of each case and efforts made by the United States Government and the government of the country in which such claim has been made, to take one or more of the steps described in subsection (a)(2). Each project a United States Executive Director voted against as a result of the action described in subsection (b).

(g) Waiver The President may waive the prohibitions in subsections (a) and (b) for a country, on an annual basis, if the President determines and so notifies Congress that it is in the national interest to do so.

(h) “United States person” defined For the purpose of this section, the term “United States person” means a United States citizen or corporation, partnership, or association at least 50 percent beneficially owned by United States citizens.

(i) Certain claims for expropriation by the Government of Nicaragua Any action of the types set forth in subparagraphs (A), (B), and (C) of subsection (a)(1) that was taken by the Government of Nicaragua during the period beginning on January 1, 1956 , and ending on January 9, 2002 , shall not be considered in implementing the prohibition under subsection (a) unless the action has been presented in accordance with the procedure set forth in paragraph (2). An action shall be deemed presented for purposes of paragraph (1) if it is— in writing; and received by the United States Department of State on or before 120 days after the date specified in paragraph (3) at— the headquarters of the United States Department of State in Washington, D.C.; or the Embassy of the United States of America to Nicaragua. The date to which paragraph (2) refers is a date after December 8, 2004 , that is specified by the Secretary of State, in the Secretary’s discretion, in a notice published in the Federal Register.

§ 2370b Humanitarian assistance code of conduct

(a) In general None of the funds made available for foreign operations, export financing, and related programs under the headings “Migration and Refugee Assistance”, “United States Emergency Refugee and Migration Assistance Fund”, “International Disaster and Famine Assistance”, or “Transition Initiatives” may be obligated to an organization that fails to adopt a code of conduct that provides for the protection of beneficiaries of assistance under any such heading from sexual exploitation and abuse in humanitarian relief operations.

(b) Consistency with United Nations principles The code of conduct referred to in subsection (a) shall, to the maximum extent practicable, be consistent with the six core principles of the United Nations Inter-Agency Standing Committee Task Force on Protection From Sexual Exploitation and Abuse in Humanitarian Crises.

(c) Reports Not later than 180 days after May 11, 2005 , and not later than one year after May 11, 2005 , the President shall transmit to the appropriate congressional committees a report on the implementation of this section.

(d) Effective Date This section shall take effect 60 days after May 11, 2005 , and shall apply to funds obligated after such date for fiscal year 2005 and any subsequent fiscal year.

§ 2370c Definitions

In sections 2370c to 2370c–2 of this title: The term “appropriate congressional committees” means— the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate; the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate; the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives; and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives. Consistent with the provisions of the Optional Protocol to the Convention of the Rights of the Child, the term “child soldier”— means— any person under 18 years of age who takes a direct part in hostilities as a member of governmental armed forces, police, or other security forces; any person under 18 years of age who has been compulsorily recruited into governmental armed forces, police, or other security forces; any person under 15 years of age who has been voluntarily recruited into governmental armed forces, police, or other security forces; or any person under 18 years of age who has been recruited or used in hostilities by armed forces distinct from the armed forces of a state; and includes any person described in clause (ii), (iii), or (iv) of subparagraph (A) who is serving in any capacity, including in a support role such as a cook, porter, messenger, medic, guard, or sex slave. ( Pub. L. 110–457, title IV, § 402 , Dec. 23, 2008 , 122 Stat. 5088 ; Pub. L. 115–425, title II, § 212(a) , Jan. 8, 2019 , 132 Stat. 5485 .)

§ 2370c–1 Prohibition

(a) In general Subject to subsections (b) through (f), the authorities contained in sections 2321j, 2347, and 2348 of this title or section 2763 of this title may not be used to provide assistance to, and no licenses for direct commercial sales of military equipment may be issued to, the government of a country that is clearly identified, pursuant to subsection (b), for the most recent year preceding the fiscal year in which the authorities or license would have been used or issued in the absence of a violation of sections 2370c to 2370c–2 of this title, as having governmental armed forces, police, or other security forces, or government-supported armed groups, including paramilitaries, militias, or civil defense forces, that recruit or use child soldiers.

(b) Identification and notification to countries in violation of standards The Secretary of State shall include a list of the foreign governments that have violated the standards under sections 2370c to 2370c–2 of this title and are subject to the prohibition in subsection (a) in the report required under section 7107(b) of this title . Not later than 45 days after the date on which each report is submitted under section 7107(b) of this title , the Secretary of State shall formally notify each government included in the list under paragraph (1) that such government is included in such list. As soon as practicable after making all of the notifications required under subparagraph (A) with respect to a report, the Secretary of State shall notify the appropriate congressional committees that the requirements of subparagraph (A) have been met.

(c) National interest waiver The President may waive the application to a country of the prohibition in subsection (a) if the President determines that such waiver is in the national interest of the United States and certifies to the appropriate congressional committees that the government of such country is taking effective and continuing steps to address the problem of child soldiers. Not later than 45 days after each waiver is granted under paragraph (1), the President shall notify the appropriate congressional committees of the waiver and the justification for granting such waiver.

(d) Reinstatement of assistance The President may provide to a country assistance otherwise prohibited under subsection (a) upon certifying to the appropriate congressional committees that the government of such country— has implemented measures that include an action plan and actual steps to come into compliance with the standards outlined in subsection (b); and has implemented policies and mechanisms to prohibit and prevent future government or government-supported use of child soldiers and to ensure that no children are recruited, conscripted, or otherwise compelled to serve as child soldiers.

(e) Exception for programs directly related to addressing the problem of child soldiers or professionalization of the military The President may provide assistance under section 2347 of this title through the Defense Institute for International Legal Studies or the Center for Civil-Military Relations at the Naval Post-Graduate School, and may provide nonlethal supplies (as defined in section 2557(d)(1)(B) of title 10 ), to a country subject to the prohibition under subsection (a) upon certifying to the appropriate congressional committees that— the government of such country is taking reasonable steps to implement effective measures to demobilize child soldiers in its forces or in government-supported paramilitaries and is taking reasonable steps within the context of its national resources to provide demobilization, rehabilitation, and reintegration assistance to those former child soldiers; and the assistance provided by the United States Government to the government of such country will go to programs that will directly support professionalization of the military. The exception under paragraph (1) may not remain in effect for a country for more than 5 years.

(f) Exception for peacekeeping operations The limitation set forth in subsection (a) that relates to section 2348 of this title shall not apply to programs that support military professionalization, security sector reform, heightened respect for human rights, peacekeeping preparation, or the demobilization and reintegration of child soldiers.

§ 2370c–2 Reports

(a) Investigation of allegations regarding child soldiers United States missions abroad shall thoroughly investigate reports of the use of child soldiers.

(b) Information for annual Human Rights Reports In preparing those portions of the annual Human Rights Report that relate to child soldiers under sections 2151n and 2304 of this title, the Secretary of State shall ensure that such reports include a description of the use of child soldiers in each foreign country, including— trends toward improvement in such country of the status of child soldiers or the continued or increased tolerance of such practices; and the role of the government of such country in engaging in or tolerating the use of child soldiers.

(c) Annual report to Congress If a country is notified pursuant to section 2370c–1(b)(2) of this title , or a waiver is granted pursuant to section 2370c–1(c)(1) of this title , the President shall submit a report to the appropriate congressional committees not later than June 15 of the following year. The report shall include— a list of the countries receiving notification that they are in violation of the standards under sections 2370c to 2370c–2 of this title; a description and the amount of any assistance withheld under this title pursuant to the application to those countries of the prohibition in section 2370c–1(a) of this title ; a list of any waivers or exceptions exercised under sections 2370c to 2370c–2 of this title; justification for any such waivers and exceptions; and a description and the amount of any assistance provided under sections 2370c to 2370c–2 of this title pursuant to the issuance of such waiver.

(d) Information to be included in annual trafficking in persons report If the Secretary of State notifies a country pursuant to section 2370c–1(b)(2) of this title , or the President grants a waiver pursuant to section 2370c–1(c)(1) of this title , the Secretary of State shall include, in each report required under section 7107(b) of this title , the information required to be included in the annual report to Congress under paragraphs (1) through (5) of subsection (c).

§ 2371 Prohibition on assistance to governments supporting international terrorism

(a) Prohibition The United States shall not provide any assistance under this chapter, the Food for Peace Act [ 7 U.S.C. 1691 et seq.], the Peace Corps Act [ 22 U.S.C. 2501 et seq.], or the Export-Import Bank Act of 1945 [ 12 U.S.C. 635 et seq.] to any country if the Secretary of State determines that the government of that country has repeatedly provided support for acts of international terrorism.

(b) Publication of determinations Each determination of the Secretary of State under subsection (a), including each determination in effect on December 12, 1989 , shall be published in the Federal Register.

(c) Rescission A determination made by the Secretary of State under subsection (a) may not be rescinded unless the President submits to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate— before the proposed rescission would take effect, a report certifying that— there has been a fundamental change in the leadership and policies of the government of the country concerned; that government is not supporting acts of international terrorism; and that government has provided assurances that it will not support acts of international terrorism in the future; or at least 45 days before the proposed rescission would take effect, a report justifying the rescission and certifying that— the government concerned has not provided any support for international terrorism during the preceding 6-month period; and the government concerned has provided assurances that it will not support acts of international terrorism in the future.

(d) Waiver Assistance prohibited by subsection (a) may be provided to a country described in that subsection if— the President determines that national security interests or humanitarian reasons justify a waiver of subsection (a), except that humanitarian reasons may not be used to justify assistance under subchapter II of this chapter (including part IV, part VI, and part VIII), or the Export-Import Bank Act of 1945 [ 12 U.S.C. 635 et seq.]; and at least 15 days before the waiver takes effect, the President consults with the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate regarding the proposed waiver and submits a report to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate containing— the name of the recipient country; a description of the national security interests or humanitarian reasons which require the waiver; the type and amount of and the justification for the assistance to be provided pursuant to the waiver; and the period of time during which such waiver will be effective. The waiver authority granted in this subsection may not be used to provide any assistance under this chapter which is also prohibited by section 2780 of this title .

§ 2372 Repealed. Pub. L. 97–113, title VII, § 725(a), Dec. 29, 1981, 95 Stat. 1553

§ 2372a Renewal, reissuance, etc., of export licenses to or for Argentina

Any export license referred to in section 2372 1 of this title which is issued initially on or before September 30, 1978 may from time to time thereafter be renewed, reissued or modified (or in the event of lapse of such license, replacement licenses may be issued), provided that any such renewal, reissuance or modification (or any such replacement license) does not change significantly any such license as initially issued. ( Pub. L. 95–240, title II, § 210 , Mar. 7, 1978 , 92 Stat. 118 .)

§ 2373 Eastern Mediterranean policy requirements

(a) Congressional declaration and statement of findings The Congress declares that the achievement of a just and lasting Cyprus settlement is and will remain a central objective of United States foreign policy. The Congress further declares that any action of the United States with respect to section 2370(x) 1 of this title shall not signify a lessening of the United States commitment to a just solution to the conflict on Cyprus but is authorized in the expectation that this action will be conducive to achievement of a Cyprus solution and a general improvement in relations among Greece, Turkey, and Cyprus and between those countries and the United States. The Congress finds that— a just settlement on Cyprus must involve the establishment of a free and independent government on Cyprus and must guarantee that the human rights of all of the people of Cyprus are fully protected; a just settlement on Cyprus must include the withdrawal of Turkish military forces from Cyprus; the guidelines for inter-communal talks agreed to in Nicosia in February 1977 and the United Nations resolutions regarding Cyprus provide a sound basis for negotiation of a just settlement on Cyprus; serious negotiations, under United Nations auspices, will be necessary to achieve agreement on, and implementation of, constitutional and territorial terms within such guidelines; and the recent proposals by both Cypriot communities regarding the return of the refugees to the city of New Famagusta (Varosha) constitute a positive step and the United States should actively support the efforts of the Secretary General of the United Nations with respect to this issue.

(b) Governing principles United States policy regarding Cyprus, Greece, and Turkey shall be directed toward the restoration of a stable and peaceful atmosphere in the Eastern Mediterranean region and shall therefore be governed by the following principles: The United States shall actively support the resolution of differences through negotiations and internationally established peaceful procedures, shall encourage all parties to avoid provocative actions, and shall strongly oppose any attempt to resolve disputes through force or threat of force. The United States will accord full support and high priority to efforts, particularly those of the United Nations, to bring about a prompt, peaceful settlement on Cyprus. All defense articles furnished by the United States to countries in the Eastern Mediterranean region will be used only in accordance with the requirements of this chapter, the Arms Export Control Act [ 22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.], and the agreements under which those defense articles were furnished. The United States will furnish security assistance for Greece and Turkey only when furnishing that assistance is intended solely for defensive purposes, including when necessary to enable the recipient country to fulfill its responsibilities as a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, and shall be designed to ensure that the present balance of military strength among countries of the region, including between Greece and Turkey, is preserved. Nothing in this paragraph shall be construed to prohibit the transfer of defense articles to Greece or Turkey for legitimate self defense or to enable Greece or Turkey to fulfill their North Atlantic Treaty Organization obligations. The United States shall use its influence to ensure the continuation of the ceasefire on Cyprus until an equitable negotiated settlement is reached. The United States shall use its influence to achieve the withdrawal of Turkish military forces from Cyprus in the context of a solution to the Cyprus problem.

(c) Review of policy; report to Congress Because progress toward a Cyprus settlement is a high priority of United States policy in the Eastern Mediterranean, the President and the Congress shall continually review that progress and shall determine United States policy in the region accordingly. To facilitate such a review the President shall, within 60 days after the date of enactment of this section and at the end of each succeeding 60-day period, transmit to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate a report on progress made toward the conclusion of a negotiated solution of the Cyprus problem. Such transmissions shall include any relevant reports prepared by the Secretary General of the United Nations for the Security Council.

(d) Certification by President to Congress of assistance to Greece and Turkey In order to ensure that United States assistance is furnished consistent with the policies established in this section, the President shall, whenever requesting any funds for security assistance under this chapter or the Arms Export Control Act [ 22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.] for Greece and Turkey, transmit to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate his certification, with a full explanation thereof, that the furnishing of such assistance will be consistent with the principles set forth in subsection (b). The President shall also submit such a certification with any notification to the Congress, pursuant to section 36(b) of the Arms Export Control Act [ 22 U.S.C. 2776(b) ], of a proposed sale of defense articles or services to Greece or Turkey.

(e) Arms sales agreements to prohibit transfer to Cyprus Except as provided in paragraph (3), any agreement for the sale or provision of any article on the United States Munitions List (established pursuant to section 38 of the Arms Export Control Act [ 22 U.S.C. 2778 ]) entered into by the United States after December 22, 1987 , shall expressly state that the article is being provided by the United States only with the understanding that it will not be transferred to Cyprus or otherwise used to further the severance or division of Cyprus. The President shall report to Congress any substantial evidence that equipment provided under any such agreement has been used in a manner inconsistent with the purposes of this subsection. The requirement under paragraph (1) shall not apply to any sale or other provision of any defense article or defense service to Cyprus if the end-user of such defense article or defense service is the Government of the Republic of Cyprus.

“SEC. 201 SHORT TITLE.

“This title may be cited as the ‘Eastern Mediterranean Security and Energy Partnership Act of 2019’.

“SEC. 202 FINDINGS.

“Congress makes the following findings: The security of partners and allies in the Eastern Mediterranean region is critical to the security of the United States and Europe. Greece is a valuable member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and a key pillar of stability in the Eastern Mediterranean. Israel is a steadfast ally of the United States and has been designated a ‘major non-NATO ally’ and ‘major strategic partner’. Cyprus is a key strategic partner and signed a Statement of Intent with the United States on November 6, 2018 , to enhance bilateral security cooperation. The countries of Greece, Cyprus, and Israel have participated in critical trilateral summits to improve cooperation on energy and security issues. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo participated in the trilateral summit among Israel, Greece, and Cyprus on March 20, 2019 . The United States, Israel, Greece, and Cyprus oppose any action in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Aegean Sea that could challenge stability, violate international law, or undermine good neighborly relations, and in a joint declaration on March 21, 2019 , agreed to ‘defend against external malign influences in the Eastern Mediterranean and the broader Middle East’. The recent discovery of what may be the region’s largest natural gas field off the Egyptian coast and the newest discoveries of natural gas off the coast of Cyprus could represent a significant and positive development for the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East, enhancing the region’s strategic energy significance. It is in the national security interest of the United States to promote, achieve, and maintain energy security among, and through cooperation with, allies. Natural gas developments in the Eastern Mediterranean have the potential to provide economic gains and contribute to energy security in the region and Europe, as well as support European efforts to diversify away from natural gas supplied by the Russian Federation. The soon to be completed Trans Adriatic Pipeline is a critical component of the Southern Gas Corridor and the European Union’s efforts to diversify energy resources. The proposed Eastern Mediterranean pipeline, if commercially viable, would provide for energy diversification in accordance with the European Union’s third energy package of reforms. The United States acknowledges the achievements and importance of the Binational Industrial Research and Development Foundation (BIRD) and the United States-Israel Binational Science Foundation (BSF) and supports continued multiyear funding to ensure the continuity of the programs of the Foundations. The United States has welcomed Greece’s allocation of 2 percent of its gross domestic product (GDP) to defense in accordance with commitments made at the 2014 NATO Summit in Wales. Energy exploration in the Eastern Mediterranean region must be safeguarded against threats posed by terrorist and extremist groups, including Hezbollah and any other actor in the region. The energy exploration in the Republic of Cyprus’s Exclusive Economic Zone and territorial waters— furthers United States interests by providing a potential alternative to Russian gas for United States allies and partners; and should not be impeded by other sovereign states. The United States Government cooperates closely with Cyprus, Greece, and Israel through information sharing agreements. United States officials have assisted the Government of the Republic of Cyprus with crafting that nation’s national security strategy. The United States Government provides training to Cypriot officials in areas such as cybersecurity, counterterrorism, and explosive ordnance disposal and stockpile management. Israel, Greece, and Cyprus are valued members of the Proliferation Security Initiative to combat the trafficking of weapons of mass destruction. The Republic of Cyprus continues to work closely with the United Nations and regional partners in Europe to combat terrorism and violent extremism. Despite robust economic and security relations with the United States, the Republic of Cyprus has been subject to a United States prohibition on the export of defense articles and services since 1987. The 1987 arms prohibition was designed to restrict United States arms sales and transfers to the Republic of Cyprus and the occupied part of Cyprus to avoid hindering reunification efforts. At least 40,000 Turkish troops are stationed in the occupied part of Cyprus with some weapons procured from the United States through mainland Turkey. While the United States has, as a matter of policy, avoided the provision of defense articles and services to the Republic of Cyprus, the Government of Cyprus has, in the past, sought to obtain defense articles from other countries, including countries, such as Russia, that pose challenges to United States interests around the world.

“SEC. 203 STATEMENT OF POLICY.

“It is the policy of the United States— to continue to actively participate in the trilateral dialogue on energy, maritime security, cybersecurity and protection of critical infrastructure conducted among Israel, Greece, and Cyprus; to support diplomatic efforts with partners and allies to deepen energy security cooperation among Greece, Cyprus, and Israel and to encourage the private sector to make investments in energy infrastructure in the Eastern Mediterranean region; to strongly support the completion of the Trans Adriatic and Eastern Mediterranean Pipelines and the establishment of liquified natural gas (LNG) terminals across the Eastern Mediterranean as a means of diversifying regional energy needs away from the Russian Federation; to maintain a robust United States naval presence and investments in the naval facility at Souda Bay, Greece and develop deeper security cooperation with Greece to include the recent MQ–9 deployments to the Larissa Air Force Base and United States Army helicopter training in central Greece; to welcome Greece’s commitment to move forward with the Interconnector Greece-Bulgaria (IGB pipeline) and additional LNG terminals that will help facilitate delivery of non-Russian gas to the Balkans and central Europe; to support deepened security cooperation with the Republic of Cyprus through the removal of the arms embargo on the country; to support robust International Military Education and Training (IMET) programming with Greece and the Republic of Cyprus; to leverage relationships within the European Union to encourage investments in Cypriot border and maritime security; to support efforts to counter Russian Federation interference and influence in the Eastern Mediterranean through increased security cooperation with Greece, Cyprus, and Israel, to include intelligence sharing, cyber, and maritime domain awareness; to support the Republic of Cyprus’ efforts to regulate its banking industry to ensure that it is not used as a source of international money laundering and encourage additional measures toward that end; to strongly oppose any actions that would trigger mandatory sanctions pursuant to section 231 of the Countering America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act (CAATSA) ( Public Law 115–44 ) [ 22 U.S.C. 9525 ], to include the purchase of military equipment from the Russian Federation; to continue robust official strategic engagement with Israel, Greece, and Cyprus; to urge countries in the region to deny port services to Russian Federation vessels deployed to support the government of Bashar Al-Assad in Syria; to support joint military exercises among Israel, Greece, and Cyprus; to fully implement relevant CAATSA provisions to prevent interference by the Russian Federation in the region; to support efforts by countries in the region to demobilize military equipment supplied by the Russian Federation in favor of equipment provided by NATO and NATO-allied member countries; and to strongly support the active and robust participation of Israel, Cyprus, and Greece in the Combating Terrorism Fellowship Program.

“SEC. 204 UNITED STATES-EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN ENERGY COOPERATION.

(“(a) In General.— The Secretary of State, in coordination with the Secretary of Energy, may enter into cooperative agreements supporting and enhancing dialogue and planning involving international partnerships between the United States and Israel, Greece, and the Republic of Cyprus.

(“(b) Annual Reports.— If the Secretary of State, in coordination with the Secretary of Energy, enters into agreements authorized under subsection (a), the Secretary shall submit an annual report to the appropriate congressional committees that describes— actions taken to implement such agreements; and any projects undertaken pursuant to such agreements.

(“(c) United States-Eastern Mediterranean Energy Center.— The Secretary of Energy, in coordination with the Secretary of State, may establish a joint United States-Eastern Mediterranean Energy Center in the United States leveraging the experience, knowledge, and expertise of institutions of higher education and entities in the private sector, among others, in offshore energy development to further dialogue and collaboration to develop more robust academic cooperation in energy innovation technology and engineering, water science, technology transfer, and analysis of emerging geopolitical implications, which include opportunities as well as crises and threats from foreign natural resource and energy acquisitions.

“SEC. 205 REPEAL OF PROHIBITION ON TRANSFER OF ARTICLES ON THE UNITED STATES MUNITIONS LIST TO THE REPUBLIC OF CYPRUS.

(“(a) Sense of Congress.— It is the sense of Congress that— allowing for the export, re-export or transfer of arms subject to the United States Munitions List (part 121 of title 22, Code of Federal Regulations) to the Republic of Cyprus would advance United States security interests in Europe by helping to reduce the dependence of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus on other countries, including countries that pose challenges to United States interests around the world, for defense-related materiel; and it is in the interest of the United States to continue to support United Nations-facilitated efforts toward a comprehensive solution to the division of Cyprus.

(“(b) Modification of Prohibition.—

(“(c) Exclusion of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus From Certain Related Regulations.— Subject to subsection (d) and except as provided in paragraph (2), beginning on the date of the enactment of this Act [ Dec. 20, 2019 ], the Secretary of State shall not apply a policy of denial for exports, re-exports, or transfers of defense articles and defense services destined for or originating in the Republic of Cyprus if— the request is made by or on behalf of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus; and the end-user of such defense articles or defense services is the Government of the Republic of Cyprus. This exclusion shall not apply to any denial based upon credible human rights concerns.

(“(d) Limitations on the Transfer of Articles on the United States Munitions List to the Republic of Cyprus.— The policy of denial for exports, re-exports, or transfers of defense articles on the United States Munitions List to the Republic of Cyprus shall remain in place unless the President determines and certifies to the appropriate congressional committees not less than annually that— the Government of the Republic of Cyprus is continuing to cooperate with the United States Government in efforts to implement reforms on anti-money laundering regulations and financial regulatory oversight; and the Government of the Republic of Cyprus has made and is continuing to take the steps necessary to deny Russian military vessels access to ports for refueling and servicing. The President may waive the limitations contained in this subsection for one fiscal year if the President determines that it is essential to the national security interests of the United States to do so. In this section, the term ‘appropriate congressional committees’ means— the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Armed Services of the Senate; and the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Committee on Armed Services of the House of Representatives.

“SEC. 206 IMET COOPERATION WITH GREECE AND THE REPUBLIC OF CYPRUS.

“There is authorized to be appropriated $1,300,000forfiscalyear2020,$1,500,000 for fiscal year 2021, and $1,800,000forfiscalyear2022forInternationalMilitaryEducationandTraining(IMET)assistanceforGreeceand$200,000 for fiscal year 2020, $500,000forfiscalyear2021,and$750,000 for fiscal year 2022 for such assistance for the Republic of Cyprus. The assistance shall be made available for the following purposes: Training of future leaders. Fostering a better understanding of the United States. Establishing a rapport between the United States military and the country’s military to build alliances for the future. Enhancement of interoperability and capabilities for joint operations. Focusing on professional military education. Enabling countries to use their national funds to receive a reduced cost for other Department of Defense education and training.

“SEC. 207 FOREIGN MILITARY FINANCING.

(“(a) Authorization of Appropriations.— There is authorized to be appropriated for fiscal year 2021 up to $3,000,000 for Foreign Military Financing (FMF) assistance for Greece to assist the country in meeting its commitment as a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) to dedicate 20 percent of its defense budget to enhance research and development.

(“(b) Sense of Congress.— It is the sense of Congress that Greece should receive robust support under the European Recapitalization Incentive Program implemented by the Department of Defense.

“SEC. 208 STRATEGY ON UNITED STATES SECURITY AND ENERGY COOPERATION IN THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN.

(“(a) In General.— Not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [ Dec. 20, 2019 ], the Secretary of State, in consultation with the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of Energy, shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a strategy on enhanced security and energy cooperation with countries in the Eastern Mediterranean region, including Israel, the Republic of Cyprus, and Greece.

(“(b) Elements.— The report required under subsection (a) shall include the following elements: A description of United States participation in and support for the Eastern Mediterranean Natural Gas Forum. An evaluation of all possible delivery mechanisms into Europe for natural gas discoveries in the Eastern Mediterranean region. An evaluation of efforts to protect energy exploration infrastructure in the region, including infrastructure owned or operated by United States companies. An assessment of the capacity of the Republic of Cyprus to host an Energy Crisis Center in the region which could provide basing facilities in support of search and rescue efforts in the event of an accident. An assessment of the timing of potential natural gas delivery in the region as well as an assessment of the ultimate destination countries for the natural gas delivery from the region. A plan to work with United States businesses seeking to invest in Eastern Mediterranean energy exploration, development, and cooperation.

(“(c) Form.— The report required under subsection (a) shall be submitted in unclassified form, but may contain a classified annex.

“SEC. 209 REPORT ON RUSSIAN FEDERATION MALIGN INFLUENCE IN THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN.

(“(a) In General.— Not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [ Dec. 20, 2019 ], the Secretary of State shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report on Russian Federation malign influence in the Republic of Cyprus, Greece, and Israel since January 1, 2017 .

(“(b) Elements.— The report required under subsection (a) shall include the following elements: An assessment of security, political, and energy goals of the Russian Federation in the Eastern Mediterranean. A description of energy projects of the Government of the Russian Federation in the Eastern Mediterranean. A listing of Russian national ownership of media outlets in these countries, including the name of the media outlet, approximate viewership, and assessment of whether the outlet promotes pro-Kremlin views. An assessment of military engagement by the Government of the Russian Federation in the security sector, including engagement by military equipment and personnel contractors. An assessment of efforts supported by the Government of the Russian Federation to influence elections in the three countries, through the use of cyber attacks, social media campaigns, or other malign influence techniques. An assessment of efforts by the Government of the Russian Federation to intimidate and influence the decision by His All Holiness Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew, leader of 300,000,000 Orthodox Christians worldwide, to grant autocephaly to the Ukrainian Orthodox Church.

(“(c) Form.— The report required under subsection (a) shall be submitted in unclassified form, but may contain a classified annex.

“SEC. 210 REPORT ON INTERFERENCE BY OTHER COUNTRIES IN THE EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE OF THE REPUBLIC OF CYPRUS.

(“(a) In General.— Not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [ Dec. 20, 2019 ], the Secretary of State, in consultation with the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of Energy, shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report listing incidents since January 1, 2017 , determined by the Secretary of State to interfere in efforts by the Republic of Cyprus to explore and exploit natural resources in its Exclusive Economic Zone.

(“(b) Form.— The report required under subsection (a) shall be submitted in unclassified form, but may contain a classified annex.

“SEC. 211 REPORT ON INTERFERENCE BY OTHER COUNTRIES IN THE AIRSPACE OF GREECE.

(“(a) In General.— Not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [ Dec. 20, 2019 ], the Secretary of State, in consultation with the Secretary of Defense, shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report listing incidents since January 1, 2017 , determined by the Secretary of State to be violations of the airspace of the sovereign territory of Greece by its neighbors.

(“(b) Form.— The report required under subsection (a) shall be submitted in unclassified form, but may contain a classified annex.

“SEC. 212 APPROPRIATE CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEES.

“In this title, the term ‘appropriate congressional committees’ means the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives.”

§ 2374 Repealed. Pub. L. 108–458, title VII, § 7104(l), Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3788

§ 2375 Assistance to Pakistan

(a) Congressional policy, findings, and goals The Congress recognizes that Soviet forces occupying Afghanistan pose a security threat to Pakistan. The Congress also recognizes that an independent and democratic Pakistan with continued friendly ties with the United States is in the interest of both nations. The Congress finds that United States assistance will help Pakistan maintain its independence. Assistance to Pakistan is intended to benefit the people of Pakistan by helping them meet the burdens imposed by the presence of Soviet forces in Afghanistan and by promoting economic development. In authorizing assistance to Pakistan, it is the intent of Congress to promote the expeditious restoration of full civil liberties and representative government in Pakistan. The Congress further recognizes that it is in the mutual interest of Pakistan and the United States to avoid the profoundly destabilizing effects of the proliferation of nuclear explosive devices or the capacity to manufacture or otherwise acquire nuclear devices.

(b) Reaffirmation of 1959 bilateral agreement The United States reaffirms the commitment made in its 1959 bilateral agreement with Pakistan relating to aggression from a Communist or Communist-dominated state.

(c) Availability; defensive aspects of assistance Security assistance for Pakistan shall be made available in order to assist Pakistan in dealing with the threat to its security posed by the Soviet presence in Afghanistan. The United States will take appropriate steps to ensure that defense articles provided by the United States to Pakistan are used for defensive purposes.

(d) Waiver of limitations respecting nuclear transfers The President may waive the prohibitions of section 2799aa of this title with respect to any grounds for the prohibition of assistance under that section arising before the effective date of part B of the Nuclear Proliferation Prevention Act of 1994 to provide assistance to Pakistan if he determines that to do so is in the national interest of the United States.

(e) Nuclear non-proliferation conditions on military assistance; exception No military assistance shall be furnished to Pakistan and no military equipment or technology shall be sold or transferred to Pakistan, pursuant to the authorities contained in this chapter or any other Act, unless the President shall have certified in writing to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate, during the fiscal year in which military assistance is to be furnished or military equipment or technology is to be sold or transferred, that Pakistan does not possess a nuclear explosive device and that the proposed United States military assistance program will reduce significantly the risk that Pakistan will possess a nuclear explosive device. The prohibitions in this section do not apply to any assistance or transfer provided for the purposes of: International narcotics control (including part VIII of subchapter I of this chapter) or any provision of law available for providing assistance for counternarcotics purposes. Facilitating military-to-military contact, training (including part V of subchapter II of this chapter) and humanitarian and civic assistance projects. Peacekeeping and other multilateral operations (including part VI of subchapter II of this chapter relating to peacekeeping) or any provision of law available for providing assistance for peacekeeping purposes, except that lethal military equipment provided under this subparagraph shall be provided on a lease or loan basis only and shall be returned upon completion of the operation for which it was provided. Antiterrorism assistance (including part VIII of subchapter II of this chapter relating to antiterrorism assistance) or any provision of law available for antiterrorism assistance purposes. The restrictions of this subsection shall continue to apply to contracts for the delivery of F–16 aircraft to Pakistan. Notwithstanding the restrictions contained in this subsection, military equipment, technology, or defense services, other than F–16 aircraft, may be transferred to Pakistan pursuant to contracts or cases entered into before October 1, 1990 .

(f) Storage costs The President may release the Government of Pakistan of its contractual obligation to pay the United States Government for the storage costs of items purchased prior to October 1, 1990 , but not delivered by the United States Government pursuant to subsection (e) and may reimburse the Government of Pakistan for any such amount paid, on such terms and conditions as the President may prescribe: Provided , That such payments have no budgetary impact.

(g) Inapplicability of restrictions to previously owned items Subsection (e) does not apply to broken, worn or unupgraded items or their equivalent which Pakistan paid for and took possession of prior to October 1, 1990 and which the Government of Pakistan sent to the United States for repair or upgrade. Such equipment or its equivalent may be returned to the Government of Pakistan: Provided , That the President determines and so certifies to the appropriate congressional committees that such equipment or equivalent neither constitutes nor has received any significant qualitative upgrade since being transferred to the United States and that its total value does not exceed $25,000,000.

(h) Ballistic missile sanctions not affected Nothing contained herein shall affect sanctions for transfers of missile equipment or technology required under section 4612 of title 50 or section 2797b of this title .

§ 2376 Nuclear non-proliferation policy in South Asia

(a) Findings The Congress finds that— the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction remains one of the most serious threats to international peace and stability; South Asia, in particular, is an area where the threat of a regional nuclear exchange remains high due to continued Indo-Pakistani tensions over issues such as Kashmir; to date, United States efforts to halt proliferation in South Asia have failed; although global disarmament is a desirable goal which should be vigorously pursued, both regional and sub-regional security arrangements can serve to decrease tensions and promote non-proliferation in certain areas; thus far, there has been some success on a regional basis, such as the South Pacific Nuclear Weapons Free Zone and the Treaty of Tlatelolco in Latin America; in particular, in Latin America, the Treaty of Tlatelolco has been signed by all the nuclear powers; a critical part of this treaty is Protocol II which prohibits nuclear attacks by nuclear weapons states on signatories to the treaty; in 1991, a proposal was made for a regional conference on non-proliferation in South Asia which would include Pakistan, India, the People’s Republic of China, the Soviet Union, and the United States; and thus far, Pakistan, China, Russia, and the United States have expressed interest in attending such a conference, whereas India has refused to attend.

(b) Policy It is the sense of the Congress that the President should pursue a policy which seeks a regional negotiated solution to the issue of nuclear non-proliferation in South Asia at the earliest possible time, including a protocol to be signed by all nuclear weapons states, prohibiting nuclear attacks by nuclear weapons states on countries in the region. Such a policy should have as its ultimate goal concurrent accession by Pakistan and India to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, and should also include as needed a phased approach to that goal through a series of agreements among the parties on nuclear issues, such as the agreement reached by Pakistan and India not to attack one another’s nuclear facilities.

§ 2377 Prohibition on assistance to countries that aid terrorist states

(a) Withholding of assistance The President shall withhold assistance under this chapter to the government of any country that provides assistance to the government of any other country for which the Secretary of State has made a determination under section 2371 of this title .

(b) Waiver Assistance prohibited by this section may be furnished to a foreign government described in subsection (a) if the President determines that furnishing such assistance is important to the national interests of the United States and, not later than 15 days before obligating such assistance, furnishes a report to the appropriate committees of Congress including— a statement of the determination; a detailed explanation of the assistance to be provided; the estimated dollar amount of the assistance; and an explanation of how the assistance furthers United States national interests.

§ 2378 Prohibition on assistance to countries that provide military equipment to terrorist states

(a) Prohibition The President shall withhold assistance under this chapter to the government of any country that provides lethal military equipment to a country the government of which the Secretary of State has determined is a terrorist government for the purposes of section 4605(j) 1 of title 50, or 2371 of this title. The prohibition under this section with respect to a foreign government shall terminate 1 year after that government ceases to provide lethal military equipment. This section applies with respect to lethal military equipment provided under a contract entered into after April 24, 1996 .

(b) Waiver Notwithstanding any other provision of law, assistance may be furnished to a foreign government described in subsection (a) if the President determines that furnishing such assistance is important to the national interests of the United States and, not later than 15 days before obligating such assistance, furnishes a report to the appropriate committees of Congress including— a statement of the determination; a detailed explanation of the assistance to be provided; the estimated dollar amount of the assistance; and an explanation of how the assistance furthers United States national interests.

§ 2378–1 Prohibition on assistance to countries that restrict United States humanitarian assistance

(a) In general No assistance shall be furnished under this chapter or the Arms Export Control Act [ 22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.] to any country when it is made known to the President that the government of such country prohibits or otherwise restricts, directly or indirectly, the transport or delivery of United States humanitarian assistance.

(b) Exception Assistance may be furnished without regard to the restriction in subsection (a) if the President determines that to do so is in the national security interest of the United States.

(c) Notice Prior to making any determination under subsection (b), the President shall notify the Committee on International Relations, the Committee on Foreign Relations, and the Committees on Appropriations of the Senate and House of Representatives of his intention to make such a determination, the effective date of the determination, and the reasons for making the determination.

§ 2378a Depleted uranium ammunition

(a) Prohibition Except as provided in subsection (b), none of the funds made available to carry out this chapter or any other Act may be made available to facilitate in any way the sale of M–833 antitank shells or any comparable antitank shells containing a depleted uranium penetrating component to any country other than— a country that is a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization; a country that has been designated as a major non-NATO ally (as defined in section 2403(q) of this title ); or Taiwan.

(b) Exception The prohibition contained in subsection (a) shall not apply with respect to the use of funds to facilitate the sale of antitank shells to a country if the President determines that to do so is in the national security interest of the United States.

§ 2378b Limitation on assistance to the Palestinian Authority

(a) Limitation Assistance may be provided under this chapter to the Hamas-controlled Palestinian Authority only during a period for which a certification described in subsection (b) is in effect.

(b) Certification A certification described in subsection (a) is a certification transmitted by the President to Congress that contains a determination of the President that— no ministry, agency, or instrumentality of the Palestinian Authority is effectively controlled by Hamas, unless the Hamas-controlled Palestinian Authority has— publicly acknowledged the Jewish state of Israel’s right to exist; and committed itself and is adhering to all previous agreements and understandings with the United States Government, with the Government of Israel, and with the international community, including agreements and understandings pursuant to the Performance-Based Roadmap to a Permanent Two-State Solution to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict (commonly referred to as the “Roadmap”); and the Hamas-controlled Palestinian Authority has made demonstrable progress toward— completing the process of purging from its security services individuals with ties to terrorism; dismantling all terrorist infrastructure within its jurisdiction, confiscating unauthorized weapons, arresting and bringing terrorists to justice, destroying unauthorized arms factories, thwarting and preempting terrorist attacks, and fully cooperating with Israel’s security services; halting all anti-American and anti-Israel incitement in Palestinian Authority-controlled electronic and print media and in schools, mosques, and other institutions it controls, and replacing educational materials, including textbooks, with materials that promote peace, tolerance, and coexistence with Israel; ensuring democracy, the rule of law, and an independent judiciary, and adopting other reforms such as ensuring transparent and accountable governance; and ensuring the financial transparency and accountability of all government ministries and operations.

(c) Recertifications Not later than 90 days after the date on which the President transmits to Congress an initial certification under subsection (b), and every six months thereafter— the President shall transmit to Congress a recertification that the conditions described in subsection (b) are continuing to be met; or if the President is unable to make such a recertification, the President shall transmit to Congress a report that contains the reasons therefor.

(d) Congressional notification Assistance made available under this chapter to the Palestinian Authority may not be provided until 15 days after the date on which the President has provided notice thereof to the appropriate congressional committees in accordance with the procedures applicable to reprogramming notifications under section 2394–1(a) of this title .

(e) National security waiver Subject to paragraph (2), the President may waive subsection (a) with respect to— the administrative and personal security costs of the Office of the President of the Palestinian Authority; the activities of the President of the Palestinian Authority to fulfill his or her duties as President, including to maintain control of the management and security of border crossings, to foster the Middle East peace process, and to promote democracy and the rule of law; and assistance for the judiciary branch of the Palestinian Authority and other entities. The President may only exercise the waiver authority under paragraph (1) after— consulting with, and submitting a written policy justification to, the appropriate congressional committees; and certifying to the appropriate congressional committees that— it is in the national security interest of the United States to provide assistance otherwise prohibited under subsection (a); and the individual or entity for which assistance is proposed to be provided is not a member of, or effectively controlled by (as the case may be), Hamas or any other foreign terrorist organization. Not later than 10 days after exercising the waiver authority under paragraph (1), the President shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report describing how the funds provided pursuant to such waiver will be spent and detailing the accounting procedures that are in place to ensure proper oversight and accountability. For purposes of this subsection, the certification required under paragraph (2)(B) shall be deemed to be a notification under section 2394–1 of this title and shall be considered in accordance with the procedures applicable to notifications submitted pursuant to that section.

(f) Definitions In this section: The term “appropriate congressional committees” means— the Committee on International Relations and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives; and the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate. The term “foreign terrorist organization” means an organization designated as a foreign terrorist organization by the Secretary of State in accordance with section 1189(a) of title 8 . The term “Palestinian Authority” means the interim Palestinian administrative organization that governs part of the West Bank and all of the Gaza Strip (or any successor Palestinian governing entity), including the Palestinian Legislative Council.

“SECTION 1 SHORT TITLE.

“This Act may be cited as the ‘Palestinian Anti-Terrorism Act of 2006’.

“SEC. 2 LIMITATION ON ASSISTANCE TO THE PALESTINIAN AUTHORITY.

(“(a) Declaration of Policy.— It shall be the policy of the United States— to support a peaceful, two-state solution to end the conflict between Israel and the Palestinians in accordance with the Performance-Based Roadmap to a Permanent Two-State Solution to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict (commonly referred to as the ‘Roadmap’); to oppose those organizations, individuals, and countries that support terrorism and violently reject a two-state solution to end the Israeli-Palestinian conflict; to promote the rule of law, democracy, the cessation of terrorism and incitement, and good governance in institutions and territories controlled by the Palestinian Authority; and to urge members of the international community to avoid contact with and refrain from supporting the terrorist organization Hamas until it agrees to recognize Israel, renounce violence, disarm, and accept prior agreements, including the Roadmap.

(“(b) Amendments.—

(“(c) Previously Obligated Funds.— The provisions of section 620K of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [ 22 U.S.C. 2378b ], as added by subsection (b), shall be applicable to the unexpended balances of funds obligated prior to the date of the enactment of this Act [ Dec. 21, 2006 ].

“SEC. 3 LIMITATION ON ASSISTANCE FOR THE WEST BANK AND GAZA.

(“(a) Amendment.—

(“(b) Oversight and Related Requirements.— For each of the fiscal years 2007 and 2008, the Secretary of State shall certify to the appropriate congressional committees not later than 30 days prior to the initial obligation of amounts for assistance to nongovernmental organizations for the West Bank or Gaza under the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [ 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.] that procedures have been established to ensure that the Comptroller General of the United States will have access to appropriate United States financial information in order to review the use of such assistance. Prior to any obligation of amounts for each of the fiscal years 2007 and 2008 for assistance to nongovernmental organizations for the West Bank or Gaza under the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, the Secretary of State shall take all appropriate steps to ensure that such assistance is not provided to or through any individual or entity that the Secretary knows, or has reason to believe, advocates, plans, sponsors, engages in, or has engaged in, terrorist activity. The Secretary shall, as appropriate, establish procedures specifying the steps to be taken in carrying out this paragraph and shall terminate assistance to any individual or entity that the Secretary has determined advocates, plans, sponsors, or engages in terrorist activity. No amounts made available for fiscal year 2007 or 2008 for assistance to nongovernmental organizations for the West Bank or Gaza under the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 may be made available for the purpose of recognizing or otherwise honoring individuals who commit, or have committed, acts of terrorism. The Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development shall ensure that Federal or non-Federal audits of all contractors and grantees, and significant subcontractors and subgrantees, that receive amounts for assistance to nongovernmental organizations for the West Bank or Gaza under the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 are conducted for each of the fiscal years 2007 and 2008 to ensure, among other things, compliance with this subsection. Of the amounts available for each of the fiscal years 2007 and 2008 for assistance to nongovernmental organizations for the West Bank or Gaza under the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, up to $1,000,000 for each such fiscal year may be used by the Office of the Inspector General of the United States Agency for International Development for audits, inspections, and other activities in furtherance of the requirements of subparagraph (A). Such amounts are in addition to amounts otherwise available for such purposes.

“SEC. 4 DESIGNATION OF TERRITORY CONTROLLED BY THE PALESTINIAN AUTHORITY AS TERRORIST SANCTUARY.

“It is the sense of Congress that, during any period for which a certification described in section 620K(b) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [ 22 U.S.C. 2378b(b) ] (as added by section 2(b)(2) of this Act) is not in effect with respect to the Palestinian Authority, the territory controlled by the Palestinian Authority should be deemed to be in use as a sanctuary for terrorists or terrorist organizations for purposes of [former] section 6(j)(5) of the Export Administration Act of 1979 (50 U.S.C. App. 2405(j)(5)) [former 50 U.S.C. 4605(j)(5) ] and section 140 of the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1988 and 1989 ( 22 U.S.C. 2656f ).

“SEC. 5 DENIAL OF VISAS FOR OFFICIALS OF THE PALESTINIAN AUTHORITY.

(“(a) In General.— Except as provided in subsection (b), a visa should not be issued to any alien who is an official of, under the control of, or serving as a representative of the Hamas-led Palestinian Authority during any period for which a certification described in section 620K(b) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [ 22 U.S.C. 2378b(b) ] (as added by section 2(b)(2) of this Act) is not in effect with respect to the Palestinian Authority.

(“(b) Exception.— The restriction under subsection (a) should not apply to— the President of the Palestinian Authority and his or her personal representatives, provided that the President and his or her personal representatives are not affiliated with Hamas or any other foreign terrorist organization; and members of the Palestinian Legislative Council who are not members of Hamas or any other foreign terrorist organization.

“SEC. 6 TRAVEL RESTRICTIONS ON OFFICIALS AND REPRESENTATIVES OF THE PALESTINIAN AUTHORITY AND THE PALESTINE LIBERATION ORGANIZATION STATIONED AT THE UNITED NATIONS IN NEW YORK CITY.

(“(a) In General.— Notwithstanding any other provision of law, and except as provided in subsection (b), the President should restrict the travel of officials and representatives of the Palestinian Authority and of the Palestine Liberation Organization, who are stationed at the United Nations in New York City to a 25-mile radius of the United Nations headquarters building during any period for which a certification described in section 620K(b) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [ 22 U.S.C. 2378b(b) ] (as added by section 2(b)(2) of this Act) is not in effect with respect to the Palestinian Authority.

(“(b) Exception.— The travel restrictions described in subsection (a) should not apply to the President of the Palestinian Authority and his or her personal representatives, provided that the President and his or her personal representatives are not affiliated with Hamas or any other foreign terrorist organization.

“SEC. 7 PROHIBITION ON PALESTINIAN AUTHORITY REPRESENTATION IN THE UNITED STATES.

(“(a) Prohibition.— Notwithstanding any other provision of law, it shall be unlawful to establish or maintain an office, headquarters, premises, or other facilities or establishments within the jurisdiction of the United States at the behest or direction of, or with funds provided by, the Palestinian Authority during any period for which a certification described in section 620K(b) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [ 22 U.S.C. 2378b(b) ] (as added by section 2(b)(2) of this Act) is not in effect with respect to the Palestinian Authority.

(“(b) Enforcement.— The Attorney General shall take the necessary steps and institute the necessary legal action to effectuate the policies and provisions of subsection (a). Any district court of the United States for a district in which a violation of subsection (a) occurs shall have authority, upon petition of relief by the Attorney General, to grant injunctive and such other equitable relief as it shall deem necessary to enforce the provisions of subsection (a).

(“(c) Waiver.— Subsection (a) shall not apply if the President determines and certifies to the appropriate congressional committees that the establishment or maintenance of an office, headquarters, premises, or other facilities is vital to the national security interests of the United States.

“SEC. 8 INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS.

(“(a) Requirement.— The President should direct the United States Executive Director at each international financial institution to use the voice, vote, and influence of the United States to prohibit assistance to the Palestinian Authority (other than assistance described under subsection (b)) during any period for which a certification described in section 620K(b) of the Foreign Assistance of 1961 [ 22 U.S.C. 2378b(b) ] (as added by section 2(b)(2) of this Act) is not in effect with respect to the Palestinian Authority.

(“(b) Exceptions.— The prohibition on assistance described in subsection (a) should not apply with respect to the following types of assistance: Assistance to meet food, water, medicine, or sanitation needs, or other assistance to meet basic human needs. Assistance to promote democracy, human rights, freedom of the press, non-violence, reconciliation, and peaceful coexistence, provided that such assistance does not directly benefit Hamas or other foreign terrorist organizations.

(“(c) Definition.— In this section, the term ‘international financial institution’ has the meaning given the term in section 1701(c)(2) of the International Financial Institutions Act ( 22 U.S.C. 262r(c)(2) ).

“SEC. 9 DIPLOMATIC CONTACTS WITH PALESTINIAN TERROR ORGANIZATIONS.

“No funds authorized or available to the Department of State may be used for or by any officer or employee of the United States Government to negotiate with members or official representatives of Hamas, Palestinian Islamic Jihad, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade, or any other Palestinian terrorist organization (except in emergency or humanitarian situations), unless and until such organization— recognizes Israel’s right to exist; renounces the use of terrorism; dismantles the infrastructure in areas within its jurisdiction necessary to carry out terrorist acts, including the disarming of militias and the elimination of all instruments of terror; and recognizes and accepts all previous agreements and understandings between the State of Israel and the Palestinian Authority.

“SEC. 10 ISRAELI–PALESTINIAN PEACE, RECONCILIATION AND DEMOCRACY FUND.

(“(a) Establishment of Fund.— Not later than 60 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [ Dec. 21, 2006 ], the Secretary of State shall establish a fund to be known as the ‘Israeli-Palestinian Peace, Reconciliation and Democracy Fund’ (in this section referred to as the ‘Fund’). The purpose of the Fund shall be to support, primarily, through Palestinian and Israeli organizations, the promotion of democracy, human rights, freedom of the press, and non-violence among Palestinians, and peaceful coexistence and reconciliation between Israelis and Palestinians.

(“(b) Authorization of Appropriations.— There is authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of State $20,000,000 for fiscal year 2007 for purposes of the Fund.

“SEC. 11 REPORTING REQUIREMENT.

“Not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [ Dec. 21, 2006 ], and annually thereafter, the Secretary of State shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report that— describes the steps that have been taken by the United States Government to ensure that other countries and international organizations, including multilateral development banks, do not provide direct assistance to the Palestinian Authority for any period for which a certification described in section 620K(b) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [ 22 U.S.C. 2378b(b) ] (as added by section 2(b)(2) of this Act) is not in effect with respect to the Palestinian Authority; and identifies any countries and international organizations, including multilateral development banks, that are providing direct assistance to the Palestinian Authority during such a period, and describes the nature and amount of such assistance.

“SEC. 12 DEFINITIONS.

“In this Act: The term ‘appropriate congressional committees’ means— the Committee on International Relations [now Committee on Foreign Affairs] and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives; and the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate. The term ‘Palestinian Authority’ has the meaning given the term in section 620K(e)(2) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [ 22 U.S.C. 2378b(e)(2) ] (as added by section 2(b)(2) of this Act).”

§ 2378c Limitation on assistance for the West Bank and Gaza

(a) Limitation Assistance may be provided under this chapter to nongovernmental organizations for the West Bank and Gaza only during a period for which a certification described in section 2378b(b) of this title is in effect with respect to the Palestinian Authority.

(b) Exceptions Subsection (a) shall not apply with respect to the following: Assistance to meet food, water, medicine, health, or sanitation needs, or other assistance to meet basic human needs. Assistance to promote democracy, human rights, freedom of the press, non-violence, reconciliation, and peaceful coexistence, provided that such assistance does not directly benefit Hamas or any other foreign terrorist organization. Assistance, other than funding of salaries or salary supplements, to individual members of the Palestinian Legislative Council who the President determines are not members of Hamas or any other foreign terrorist organization, for the purposes of facilitating the attendance of such members in programs for the development of institutions of democratic governance, including enhancing the transparent and accountable operations of such institutions, and providing support for the Middle East peace process. Any other type of assistance if the President— determines that the provision of such assistance is in the national security interest of the United States; and not less than 30 days prior to the obligation of amounts for the provision of such assistance— consults with the appropriate congressional committees regarding the specific programs, projects, and activities to be carried out using such assistance; and submits to the appropriate congressional committees a written memorandum that contains the determination of the President under subparagraph (A).

(c) Marking requirement Assistance provided under this chapter to nongovernmental organizations for the West Bank and Gaza shall be marked as assistance from the American people or the United States Government unless the Secretary of State or, as appropriate, the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, determines that such marking will endanger the lives or safety of persons delivering such assistance or would have an adverse effect on the implementation of that assistance.

(d) Congressional notification Assistance made available under this chapter to nongovernmental organizations for the West Bank and Gaza may not be provided until 15 days after the date on which the President has provided notice thereof to the Committee on International Relations and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives and to the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate in accordance with the procedures applicable to reprogramming notifications under section 2394–1(a) of this title .

(e) Definitions In this section: the 1 term “appropriate congressional committees” means— the Committee on International Relations and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives; and the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate. The term “foreign terrorist organization” means an organization designated as a foreign terrorist organization by the Secretary of State in accordance with section 1189(a) of title 8 .

§ 2378c–1 Limitation on assistance to the West Bank and Gaza

(a) Limitation Funds authorized to be appropriated or otherwise made available for assistance under chapter 4 of part II of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 ( 22 U.S.C. 2346 et seq.; relating to Economic Support Fund) and available for assistance for the West Bank and Gaza that directly benefits the Palestinian Authority may only be made available for such purpose if, except as provided in subsection (d), not later than 30 days after March 23, 2018 , and every 180 days thereafter, the Secretary of State certifies in writing to the appropriate congressional committees that the Palestinian Authority, the Palestine Liberation Organization, and any successor or affiliated organizations— are taking credible steps to end acts of violence against Israeli citizens and United States citizens that are perpetrated or materially assisted by individuals under their jurisdictional control, such as the March 2016 attack that killed former United States Army officer Taylor Force, a veteran of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan; have terminated payments for acts of terrorism against Israeli citizens and United States citizens to any individual, after being fairly tried, who has been imprisoned for such acts of terrorism and to any individual who died committing such acts of terrorism, including to a family member of such individuals; have revoked any law, decree, regulation, or document authorizing or implementing a system of compensation for imprisoned individuals that uses the sentence or period of incarceration of an individual imprisoned for an act of terrorism to determine the level of compensation paid, or have taken comparable action that has the effect of invalidating any such law, decree, regulation, or document; and are publicly condemning such acts of violence and are taking steps to investigate or are cooperating in investigations of such acts to bring the perpetrators to justice. The Secretary of State shall include in the certification required under paragraph (1) the definition of “acts of terrorism” that the Secretary used for purposes of making the determination in subparagraph (B) of such paragraph.

(b) Exception Subject to paragraph (2), the limitation on assistance under subsection (a) shall not apply to— payments made to the East Jerusalem Hospital Network; assistance for wastewater projects not exceeding $5,000,000inanyonefiscalyear;andassistanceforanyotherprogram,project,oractivitythatprovidesvaccinationstochildrennotexceeding$500,000 in any one fiscal year. The Secretary of State shall notify in writing the appropriate congressional committees not later than 15 days prior to making funds available for assistance under subparagraph (A), (B), or (C) of paragraph (1).

(c) Rule of construction Funds withheld pursuant to this section— shall be deemed to satisfy any similar withholding or reduction required under any other provision of law relating to the Palestinian Authority’s payments for acts of terrorism; and shall be in an amount that is not less than the total amount required by such other provision of law.

(d) Initial use and disposition of withheld funds Funds withheld pursuant to this section are authorized to remain available for an additional 2 years from the date on which the availability of such funds would otherwise have expired. Funds withheld pursuant to this section may be made available for assistance for the West Bank and Gaza that directly benefits the Palestinian Authority upon a certification by the Secretary of State that the Palestinian Authority, the Palestine Liberation Organization, and any successor or affiliated organizations have met the conditions set forth in subsection (a). Except as provided in paragraph (3), such funds may not be made available for any purpose other than for assistance for the West Bank and Gaza that directly benefits the Palestinian Authority. Beginning on the date that is 180 days after the last day on which the initial availability of funds withheld pursuant to this section would otherwise have expired, such funds are authorized to be made available to the Department of State for assistance under chapter 4 of part II of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 ( 22 U.S.C. 2346 et seq.; relating to Economic Support Fund) in the following manner— 50 percent for purposes of assistance other than that deemed benefiting the Palestinian Authority; and 50 percent for purposes other than assistance for the West Bank and Gaza.

(e) Report If the Secretary of State is unable to certify in writing to the appropriate congressional committees that the Palestinian Authority, the Palestine Liberation Organization, and any successor or affiliated organizations have met the conditions described in subsection (a), the Secretary shall, not later than 15 days after the date on which the Secretary is unable to make such certification, submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report that contains the following: The reasons why the Secretary was unable to certify in writing that such organizations have met such requirements. The definition of “acts of terrorism” that the Secretary used for purposes of making the determination in subparagraph (B) of subsection (a)(1). The total amount of funds to be withheld. The report required by this subsection shall be submitted in unclassified form but may include a classified annex.

(f) List of criteria Not later than 15 days after March 23, 2018 , the Secretary of State shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a list of the criteria that the Secretary uses to determine whether assistance for the West Bank and Gaza is assistance that directly benefits the Palestinian Authority for purposes of carrying out this section. The Secretary of State shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees an updated list under paragraph (1) not later than 15 days after the date on which the Secretary makes any modification to the list.

§ 2378d Limitation on assistance to security forces

(a) In general No assistance shall be furnished under this chapter or the Arms Export Control Act [ 22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.] to any unit of the security forces of a foreign country if the Secretary of State has credible information that such unit has committed a gross violation of human rights.

(b) Exception The prohibition in subsection (a) shall not apply if the Secretary determines and reports to the appropriate congressional committees that the government of such country is taking effective steps to bring the responsible members of the security forces unit to justice.

(c) Duty to inform If assistance to a foreign security force is provided in a manner in which the recipient unit or units cannot be identified prior to the transfer of assistance, the Secretary of State shall regularly provide a list of units prohibited from receiving assistance pursuant to this section to the recipient government and the appropriate congressional committees and, effective December 31, 2022 , such assistance shall only be made available subject to a written agreement that the recipient government will comply with such prohibition. If the recipient government withholds assistance from a unit pursuant to this section, the Secretary shall inform the appropriate congressional committees and shall, to the maximum extent practicable, assist the foreign government in bringing the responsible members of the unit to justice.

(d) Credible information The Secretary shall establish, and periodically update, procedures to— ensure that for each country the Department of State has a current list of all security force units receiving United States training, equipment, or other types of assistance; facilitate receipt by the Department of State and United States embassies of information from individuals and organizations outside the United States Government about gross violations of human rights by security force units; routinely request and obtain such information from the Department of Defense, the Central Intelligence Agency, and other United States Government sources; ensure that such information is evaluated and preserved; ensure that when an individual is designated to receive United States training, equipment, or other types of assistance the individual’s unit is vetted as well as the individual; seek to identify the unit involved when credible information of a gross violation exists but the identity of the unit is lacking; and make publicly available, to the maximum extent practicable, the identity of those units for which no assistance shall be furnished pursuant to subsection (a).

(e) Definitions For the purposes of subsection (d)(7), the term “to the maximum extent practicable” means that the identity of such units shall be made publicly available unless the Secretary of State, on a case-by-case basis, determines and reports to the appropriate congressional committees that public disclosure is not in the national security interest of the United States and provides a detailed justification for such determination, which may be submitted in classified form. For the purposes of this section, “appropriate congressional committees” means the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate, and the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives.

§ 2381 Exercise of functions

(a) Delegation by President; rules and regulations; utilization of goods and services from private enterprise, and facilities and resources of Federal agencies when not competitive with private enterprise The President may exercise any functions conferred upon him by this chapter through such agency or officer of the United States Government as he shall direct. The head of any such agency or such officer may from time to time promulgate such rules and regulations as may be necessary to carry out such functions, and may delegate authority to perform any such functions, including, if he shall so specify, the authority successively to redelegate any of such functions to any of his subordinates. In providing technical assistance under this chapter, the head of any such agency or such officer shall utilize, to the fullest extent practicable, goods and professional and other services from private enterprise on a contract basis. In such fields as education, health, housing, or agriculture, the facilities and resources of other Federal agencies shall be utilized when such facilities are particularly or uniquely suitable for technical assistance, are not competitive with private enterprise, and can be made available without interfering unduly with domestic programs.

(b) Eligibility of suppliers; debarment period; causes for debarment; conditions for reinstatement; periodic review The President shall issue and enforce regulations determining the eligibility of any person to receive funds made available under this chapter. A person may be suspended under such regulations for a temporary period pending the completion of an investigation and any resulting judicial or debarment proceedings, upon cause for belief that such person or an affiliate thereof probably has undertaken conduct which constitutes a cause for debarment; and, after an opportunity has been afforded to such person for a hearing, he may be debarred for an additional period, not to exceed three years. Among the causes for debarment shall be (1) offering or accepting a bribe or other illegal payment or credit in connection with any transaction financed with funds made available under this chapter; or (2) committing a fraud in the procurement or performance of any contract financed with funds made available under this chapter; or (3) acting in any other manner which shows a lack of integrity or honesty in connection with any transaction financed with funds made available under this chapter. Reinstatement of eligibility in each particular case shall be subject to such conditions as the President shall direct. Each person whose eligibility is denied or suspended under this subsection shall, upon request, be entitled to a review of his eligibility not less often than once every two years.

§ 2381a Strengthened management practices

(a) Declaration of beliefs The Congress believes that United States foreign aid funds could be utilized more effectively by the application of advanced management decisionmaking, information and analysis techniques such as systems analysis, automatic data processing, benefit-cost studies, and information retrieval.

(b) Management system; establishment; scope To meet this need, the President shall establish a management system that includes: the definition of objectives and programs for United States foreign assistance; the development of quantitative indicators of progress toward these objectives; the orderly consideration of alternative means for accomplishing such objectives; and the adoption of methods for comparing actual results of programs and projects with those anticipated when they were undertaken. The system should provide information to the agency and to Congress that relates agency resources, expenditures, and budget projections to such objectives and results in order to assist in the evaluation of program performance, the review of budgetary requests, and the setting of program priorities.

§ 2382 Coordination with foreign policy

(a) Powers or functions of Secretary of State Nothing contained in this chapter shall be construed to infringe upon the powers or functions of the Secretary of State.

(b) Coordination among representatives of United States The President shall prescribe appropriate procedures to assure coordination among representatives of the United States Government in each country, under the leadership of the Chief of the United States Diplomatic Mission. The Chief of the diplomatic mission shall make sure that recommendations of such representatives pertaining to military assistance (including civic action) and military education and training programs are coordinated with political and economic considerations, and his comments shall accompany such recommendations if he so desires.

(c) Responsibility for supervision and general direction of assistance programs Under the direction of the President, the Secretary of State shall be responsible for the continuous supervision and general direction of economic assistance, military assistance, and military education and training programs, including but not limited to determining whether there shall be a military assistance (including civic action) or a military education and training program for a country and the value thereof, to the end that such programs are effectively integrated both at home and abroad and the foreign policy of the United States is best served thereby.

§ 2383 Responsibilities of the Secretary of Defense; priorities in procurement, delivery, and allocation of military equipment

(a) In the case of assistance under subchapter II of this chapter, the Secretary of Defense shall have primary responsibility for— the determination of military end-item requirements; the procurement of military equipment in a manner which permits its integration with service programs; the supervision of end-item use by the recipient countries; the supervision of the training of foreign military and related civilian personnel; the movement and delivery of military end-items; and within the Department of Defense, the performance of any other functions with respect to the furnishing of military assistance, education and training.

(b) The establishment of priorities in the procurement, delivery, and allocation of military equipment shall be determined by the Secretary of Defense.

§ 2384 Statutory officers

(a) Appointment The President may appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, twelve officers in the agency primarily responsible for administering subchapter I of this chapter, and in the selection of one of such persons due consideration shall be given to persons qualified as professional engineers.

(b) Rate of compensation; title of officers; order of succession Within the limitations established by subsection (a) of this section, the President may fix the rate of compensation, and may designate the title of, any officer appointed pursuant to the authority contained in that subsection. The President may also fix the order of succession among the officers provided for in subsection (a) of this section in the event of the absence, death, resignation, or disability of one or more of said officers.

(c) Appointment of certain statutory officers to comparable positions Any person who was appointed by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to any statutory position authorized by any provision of law repealed by section 642(a) and who is serving in one of such positions at the time of transfer of functions pursuant to subsections (c) and (d) of section 2381 of this title , may be appointed by the President to a comparable position authorized by subsection (a) of this section on the date of the establishment of the agency primarily responsible for administering subchapter I of this chapter, without further action by the Senate.

(d) Repealed. Pub. L. 95–88, title I, § 124(a)(1), Aug. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 541

(e) Coordinator for security assistance In addition to the officers otherwise provided for in this section, the President shall appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, one officer for the purpose of coordinating security assistance programs.

§ 2385 Employment of personnel

(a) Authorization Any agency or officer of the United States Government carrying out functions under this chapter is authorized to employ such personnel as the President deems necessary to carry out the provisions and purposes of this chapter.

(b) Appointments excepted from civil-service laws; super­grade positions; reinstatement Of the personnel employed in the United States to carry out subchapter I of this chapter or coordinate subchapter I and subchapter II of this chapter, not to exceed one hundred and ten may be appointed, compensated, or removed without regard to the provisions of any law, of whom not to exceed fifty-one may be compensated at rates higher than those provided for grade 15 of the general schedule established by section 5332 of title 5 , but not in excess of the highest rate of grade 18 of such general schedule: Provided , That, under such regulations as the President shall prescribe, officers and employees of the United States Government who are appointed to any of the above positions may be entitled, upon removal from such position, to reinstatement to the position occupied at the time of appointment or to a position of comparable grade and salary. Such positions shall be in addition to those authorized by law to be filled by Presidential appointment, and in addition to the number authorized by section 5108 of title 5 .

(c) Additional supergrade positions Of the personnel employed in the United States to carry out subchapter II of this chapter, or any Act superseding subchapter II of this chapter in whole or in part, not to exceed eight may be compensated at rates higher than those provided for grade 15 of the general schedule established by section 5332 of title 5 , but not in excess of the highest rate of grade 18 of such general schedule. Such positions shall be in addition to those authorized by law to be filled by Presidential appointment, and in addition to the number authorized by section 5108 of title 5 .

(d) Employment or assignment of officers and employees to perform functions outside United States For the purpose of performing functions under this chapter outside the United States, the President may employ or assign individuals, or may authorize the employment or assignment of officers or employees by agencies of the United States Government which are not authorized to utilize the Foreign Service personnel system, who shall receive compensation at any of the rates provided for under section 402 or section 403 of the Foreign Service Act of 1980 [ 22 U.S.C. 3962 , 3963], or under chapter 53 of title 5, or at any other rate authorized by law, together with allowances and benefits under the Foreign Service Act of 1980 [ 22 U.S.C. 3901 et seq.]. Individuals so employed or assigned shall be entitled, except to the extent that the President may specify otherwise in cases in which the period of employment or assignment exceeds thirty months, to the same benefits as are provided by section 310 of that Act [ 22 U.S.C. 3950 ] for individuals appointed to the Foreign Service.

(e) Repealed. Pub. L. 96–465, title II, § 2205(8), Oct. 17, 1980, 94 Stat. 2160

(f) Funds for personnel services Funds provided for in agreements with foreign countries for the furnishing of services under this chapter with respect to specific projects shall be deemed to be obligated for the services of personnel employed by agencies of the United States Government (other than the agencies primarily responsible for administering subchapter I or II of this chapter) as well as personnel not employed by the United States Government.

(g) Repealed. Pub. L. 96–465, title II, § 2205(8), Oct. 17, 1980, 94 Stat. 2160

(h) Acceptance of compensation or other benefits from foreign countries; arrangements for reimbursement Notwithstanding any other provision of law, officers and employees of the United States Government performing functions under this chapter shall not accept from any foreign country any compensation or other benefits. Arrangements may be made by the President with such countries for reimbursement to the United States Government or other sharing of the cost of performing such functions.

(i) Assignment based on competency To the maximum extent practicable officers and employees performing functions under this chapter abroad shall be assigned to countries and positions for which they have special competence, such as appropriate language and practical experience.

(j) Reemployment of annuitants under the Civil Service Retirement System and the Federal Employees’ Retirement System To facilitate the assignment of persons to Iraq, Pakistan, and Afghanistan or to posts vacated by members of the Service assigned to Iraq, Pakistan, and Afghanistan, the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development may waive the application of the provisions of section 8344 or 8468 of title 5 on a case-by-case basis for employment of an annuitant in a position in the United States Agency for International Development for which there is exceptional difficulty in recruiting or retaining a qualified employee, or when a temporary emergency hiring need exists. The authority of the Administrator under subparagraph (A) shall terminate on October 1, 2010 . 1 An annuitant reemployed pursuant to such authority prior to such termination date may be employed for a period ending not later than one year after such date. The Administrator should prescribe procedures for the exercise of any authority under this subsection, including criteria for any exercise of authority and procedures for a delegation of authority. An employee for whom a waiver under this section is in effect shall not be considered an employee for purposes of subchapter III of chapter 83, or chapter 84 of title 5.

(k) Crisis operations and disaster surge staffing The United States Agency for International Development is authorized to appoint personnel in the excepted service using funds authorized to be appropriated or otherwise made available under the heading “Transition Initiatives” in an Act making appropriations for the Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs and to carry out the provisions of subchapter I and part IV of subchapter II of this chapter of 2 and section 9808(b) of this title to prevent or respond to foreign crises. Funds authorized to carry out such purposes may be made available for the operating expenses and administrative costs of such personnel and may remain attributed to any minimum funding requirement for which they were originally made available. The Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development shall coordinate with the Office of Personnel Management on implementation of the appointment authority under paragraph (1). Not later than one year after December 23, 2024 , and annually thereafter for 3 years, the Administrator shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees, the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate, the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate, the Committee on Oversight and Accountability of the House of Representatives, and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives a report regarding the continued need for and utilization of the authority pursuant to this subsection.

§ 2385a Unified personnel system

(a) Establishment by regulations Not later than May 1, 1979 , the President shall submit to the Congress, and publish in the Federal Register, regulations establishing a unified personnel system for all employees of the agency primarily responsible for administering part I of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [ 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.]. In preparing such regulations, the President shall keep the appropriate committees of the Congress fully and currently informed, and shall consult with them on a regular basis, concerning the nature of the unified personnel system to be established.

(b) Effective date of regulations The regulations submitted to the Congress pursuant to subsection (a)— may not become effective until after the end of the 90-day period beginning on the date of such submission in order to provide the appropriate committees of the Congress an opportunity to review them; and shall not become effective then if, during such 90-day period, either House of Congress adopts a resolution stating in substance that it disapproves the personnel system proposed to be established by the regulations.

(c) Force and effect of regulations Regulations which take effect pursuant to this section shall have the force and effect of law and shall apply with respect to the personnel of the agency primarily responsible for administering part I of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [ 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.], notwithstanding and 1 inconsistent provision of law unless that provision of law specifically states that it supersedes regulations issued under this section.

§ 2386 Experts, consultants, and retired officers

(a) Employment; compensation; renewal of contracts of employment Experts and consultants or organizations thereof may as authorized by section 3109 of title 5 be employed for the performance of functions under this chapter, and individuals so employed may be compensated at rates not in excess of the daily equivalent of the highest rate which may be paid to an employee under the General Schedule established by section 5332 of title 5 , and while away from their homes or regular places of business, they may be paid actual travel expenses and per diem in lieu of subsistence at the applicable rate prescribed in the standardized Government travel regulations, as amended from time to time. Contracts for such employment with such organizations, employment of personnel as experts and consultants, not to exceed ten in number, contracts for such employment of retired military personnel with specialized research and development experience, not to exceed ten in number, and contracts for such employment of retired military personnel with specialized experience of a broad politico-military nature, not to exceed five in number, may be renewed annually.

(b) Exemption from certain Federal laws Service of an individual as an expert or consultant under subsection (a) of this section shall not be considered as employment or holding of office or position bringing such individual within the provisions of section 3323(a) of title 5 .

(c) Employment without compensation of persons of outstanding experience and ability Persons of outstanding experience and ability may be employed without compensation by any agency of the United States Government for the performance of functions under this chapter in accordance with the provisions of section 4560(b) of title 50 , and regulations issued thereunder.

§ 2387 Detail of personnel to foreign governments

Whenever the President determines it to be in furtherance of the purposes of this chapter, the head of any agency of the United States Government is authorized to detail or assign any officer or employee of his agency to any office or position with any foreign government or foreign government agency, where acceptance of such office or position does not involve the taking of an oath of allegiance to another government or the acceptance of compensation or other benefits from any foreign country by such officer or employee. ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. III, § 627, Sept. 4, 1961 , 75 Stat. 452 .)

§ 2388 Detail of personnel to international organizations

Whenever the President determines it to be consistent with and in furtherance of the purposes of this chapter, the head of any agency of the United States Government is authorized to detail, assign, or otherwise make available to any international organization any officer or employee of his agency to serve with, or as a member of, the international staff of such organization, or to render any technical, scientific, or professional advice or service to, or in cooperation with, such organization. ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. III, § 628, Sept. 4, 1961 , 75 Stat. 452 .)

§ 2389 Status and benefits of personnel assigned or detailed to foreign governments or international organizations

(a) Allowances, privileges, rights, seniority, and other benefits Any officer or employee, while assigned or detailed under section 2387 or 2388 of this title shall be considered, for the purpose of preserving his allowances, privileges, rights, seniority, and other benefits as such, an officer or employee of the United States Government and of the agency of the United States Government from which detailed or assigned, and he shall continue to receive compensation, allowances, and benefits from funds appropriated to that agency or made available to that agency under this chapter.

(b) Representation allowances Any officer or employee assigned, detailed, or appointed under section 2387, 2388, 2391, or 2384(d) 1 of this title is authorized to receive under such regulations as the President may prescribe, representation allowances similar to those allowed under section 4085 of this title . The authorization of such allowances and other benefits and the payment thereof out of any appropriations available therefor shall be considered as meeting all the requirements of section 5536 of title 5 .

§ 2390 Terms of detail or assignment of personnel

Details or assignments may be made under section 2387 or 2388 of this title or section 1928 of this title — without reimbursement to the United States Government by the foreign government or international organization; upon agreement by the foreign government or international organization to reimburse the United States Government for compensation, travel expenses, benefits and allowances, or any part thereof, payable to the officer or employee concerned during the period of assignment or detail; and such reimbursements (including foreign currencies) shall be credited to the appropriation, fund, or account utilized for paying such compensation, travel expenses, benefits or allowances, or to the appropriation, fund, or account currently available for such purposes; upon an advance of funds, property, or services by the foreign government or international organization to the United States Government accepted with the approval of the President for specified uses in furtherance of the purposes of this chapter; and funds so advanced may be established as a separate fund in the Treasury of the United States Government, to be available for the specified uses, and to be used for reimbursement of appropriations or direct expenditure subject to the provisions of this chapter, any unexpended balance of such account to be returned to the foreign government or international organization; or subject to the receipt by the United States Government of a credit to be applied against the payment by the United States Government of its share of the expenses of the international organization to which the officer or employee is detailed or assigned, such credit to be based upon the compensation, travel expenses, benefits and allowances, or any part thereof, payable to such officer or employee during the period of detail or assignment in accordance with section 2389 of this title . ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. III, § 630, Sept. 4, 1961 , 75 Stat. 452 ; Pub. L. 89–171 , pt. III, § 302(e), Sept. 6, 1965 , 79 Stat. 660 .)

§ 2391 Missions and staffs abroad

(a) Authorization The President may maintain special missions or staffs outside the United States in such countries and for such periods of time as may be necessary to carry out the purposes of this chapter. Each such special mission or staff shall be under the direction of a chief.

(b) Appointment of mission chief and deputy; compensation The chief and his deputy of each special mission or staff carrying out the purposes of subchapter I of this chapter shall be appointed by the President, and may, notwithstanding any other law, be removed by the President at his discretion. Such chief shall be entitled to receive such compensation and allowances as are authorized by the Foreign Service Act of 1980 [ 22 U.S.C. 3901 et seq.], not to exceed those authorized for a chief of mission (as defined in section 102(a)(3) 1 of that Act [ 22 U.S.C. 3902(a)(3) ]), as the President shall determine to be appropriate.

(c) Appointment of Chairman of Development Assistance Committee; compensation The President may appoint any United States citizen who is not an employee of the United States Government or may assign any United States citizen who is a United States Government employee to serve as Chairman of the Development Assistance Committee or any successor committee thereto of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development upon election thereto by members of said Committee, and, in his discretion, may terminate such appointment or assignment, notwithstanding any other provision of law. Such person may receive such compensation and allowances as are authorized by the Foreign Service Act of 1980 [ 22 U.S.C. 3901 et seq.], not to exceed those authorized for a chief of mission (as defined in section 102(a)(3) 1 of that Act [ 22 U.S.C. 3902(a)(3) ]), as the President shall determine to be appropriate. Such person (if not a United States Government employee who is assigned to serve as Chairman) shall be deemed to be an employee of the United States Government for purposes of chapters 81, 83, 87, and 89 of title 5. Such person may also, in the President’s discretion, receive any other benefits and perquisites available under this chapter to chiefs of special missions or staffs outside the United States established under this section.

(d) Administration of assistance Wherever practicable, especially in the case of the smaller programs, assistance under subchapter I of this chapter shall be administered under the direction of the Chief of the United States Diplomatic Mission by the principal economic officer of the mission.

§ 2392 Government agencies

(a) Allocation and transfer of funds The President may allocate or transfer to any agency of the United States Government any part of any funds available for carrying out the purposes of this chapter, including any advance to the United States Government by any country or international organization for the procurement of commodities, defense articles, military education and training, or services (including defense services). Such funds shall be available for obligation and expenditure for the purposes for which authorized, in accordance with authority granted in this chapter or under authority governing the activities of the agencies of the United States Government to which such funds are allocated or transferred.

(b) Utilization of services and facilities of other agencies Any officer of the United States Government carrying out functions under this chapter may utilize the services (including defense services) and facilities of, or procure commodities, defense articles, or military education and training from, any agency of the United States Government as the President shall direct, or with the consent of the head of such agency, and funds allocated pursuant to this subsection to any such agency may be established in separate appropriation accounts on the books of the Treasury.

(c) Reimbursement for commodities, services, and facilities In the case of any commodity, service, or facility procured from any agency of the United States Government to carry out subchapter I of this chapter, reimbursement or payment shall be made to such agency from funds available to carry out such subchapter. Such reimbursement or payment shall be at replacement cost, or, if required by law, at actual cost, or, in the case of services procured from the Department of Defense to carry out part VIII of subchapter I of this chapter, the amount of the additional costs incurred by the Department of Defense in providing such services, or at any other price authorized by law and agreed to by the owning or disposing agency. The amount of any such reimbursement or payment shall be credited to current applicable appropriations, funds, or accounts, from which there may be procured replacements of similar commodities, services, or facilities, except that where such appropriations, funds, or accounts are not reimbursable except by reason of this subsection, and when the owning or disposing agency determines that such replacement is not necessary, any funds received in payment therefor shall be deposited into the Treasury as miscellaneous receipts.

(d) Reimbursement for military assistance Except as otherwise provided in section 2318 of this title , reimbursement shall be made to any United States Government agency, from funds available for use under subchapter II of this chapter, for any assistance furnished under subchapter II of this chapter, from, by, or through such agency. Such reimbursement shall be in an amount equal to the value (as defined in section 2403(m) of this title ) of the defense articles or of the defense services (other than salaries of members of the Armed Forces of the United States), or other assistance furnished, plus expenses arising from or incident to operations under subchapter II of this chapter (other than salaries of the Armed Forces of the United States and unfunded estimated costs of civilian retirement and other benefits). The amount of such reimbursement shall be credited to the current applicable appropriations, funds, or accounts of such agency.

(e) Establishment of accounts In furnishing assistance under this chapter, accounts may be established on the books of any agency of the United States Government or, on terms and conditions approved by the Secretary of the Treasury, in banking institutions in the United States, (1) against which letters of commitment may be issued which shall constitute recordable obligations of the United States Government, and moneys due or to become due under such letters of commitment shall be assignable under the Assignment of Claims Act of 1940, as amended 1 (second and third paragraphs of 31 U.S.C. 203 and 41 U.S.C. 15 ), and (2) from which disbursements may be made to, or withdrawals may be made by, recipient countries or agencies, organizations, or persons upon presentation of contracts, invoices, or other appropriate documentation. Expenditure of funds which have been made available through accounts so established shall be accounted for on standard documentation required for expenditure of funds of the United States Government: Provided, That such expenditures for commodities, defense articles, military education and training, services (including defense services), or facilities procured outside the United States may be accounted for exclusively on such certification as may be prescribed in regulations approved by the Comptroller General of the United States.

(f) Credits made by Export-Import Bank of the United States Credits made by the Export-Import Bank of the United States with funds allocated thereto under subsection (a) of this section or under section 1782(a) 1 of this title, shall not be considered in determining whether the Bank has outstanding at any one time loans and guaranties to the extent of the limitation imposed by section 635e of title 12 .

(g) Charge of expenses to appropriation or account Any appropriation or account available to carry out provisions of subchapter I of this chapter may initially be charged in any fiscal year, within the limit of available funds, to finance expenses for which funds are available in other appropriations or accounts under subchapter I of this chapter: Provided, That as of the end of such fiscal year such expenses shall be finally charged to applicable appropriations or accounts with proper credit to the appropriations or accounts initially utilized for financing purposes: Provided further, That such final charge to applicable appropriations or accounts shall not be required in the case of expenses (other than those provided for under section 2397(a) of this title ) incurred in furnishing assistance by the agency primarily responsible for administering subchapter I of this chapter where it is determined that the accounting costs of identifying the applicable appropriation or account to which such expenses should be charged would be disproportionate to the advantage to be gained.

§ 2393 Waiver of certain laws

(a) Contracts and expenditure of funds Whenever the President determines it to be in furtherance of the purposes of this chapter, the functions authorized under this chapter may be performed without regard to such provisions of law (other than the Renegotiation Act of 1951, as amended (50 U.S.C. App. 1211 et seq.)), 1 regulating the making, performance, amendment, or modification of contracts and the expenditure of funds of the United States Government as the President may specify.

(b) Neutrality laws The functions authorized under subchapter II of this chapter may be performed without regard to such provisions as the President may specify of subchapter II of chapter 9 of this title.

(c) Assignment of personnel Notwithstanding the provisions of sections 3544(b) and 8544(b) 1 of title 10, personnel of the Department of Defense may be assigned or detailed to any civil office to carry out this chapter.

§ 2393a Requests by Government Accountability Office and Congressional committees for documents and materials

None of the funds made available pursuant to the provisions of this chapter shall be used to carry out any provision of this chapter in any country or with respect to any project or activity, after the expiration of the thirty-five-day period which begins on the date the Government Accountability Office or any committee of the Congress charged with considering legislation, appropriations or expenditures under this chapter, has delivered to the office of the head of any agency carrying out such provision, a written request that it be furnished any document, paper, communication, audit, review, finding, recommendation, report, or other material in its custody or control relating to the administration of such provision in such country or with respect to such project or activity, unless and until there has been furnished to the Government Accountability Office, or to such committee, as the case may be, (1) the document, paper, communication, audit, review, finding, recommendation, report, or other material so requested, or (2) a certification by the President that he has forbidden the furnishing thereof pursuant to request and his reason for so doing. ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. III, § 633A, as added Pub. L. 95–424, title V, § 502(a)(1) , Oct. 6, 1978 , 92 Stat. 957 ; amended Pub. L. 108–271, § 8(b) , July 7, 2004 , 118 Stat. 814 .)

§ 2394 Reports and information; definitions

(a) Annual report to Congress on programs having impact on developing countries; contents In order that the Congress and the American people may be better and more currently informed regarding American foreign policy and the effectiveness of assistance provided by the United States Government to other countries and to international organizations, the Chairman of the Development Coordination Committee shall prepare and transmit to the Congress, no later than February 1 of each year, as a part of the annual presentation materials for foreign assistance, a report as described in this subsection. This report shall include— a comprehensive and coordinated review of all United States policies and programs having a major impact on the development of developing countries, including but not limited to bilateral and multilateral assistance, trade, debt, employment, food, energy, technology, population, oceans, environment, human settlements, natural resources, and participation in international agencies concerned with development; an assessment of the impact of such policies and programs on the well-being of the poor majority in developing countries in accordance with the policy objectives of part I of subchapter I of this chapter, including increasing life expectancy and literacy, lowering infant mortality and birth rates, and increasing food production and employment, such assessment to include an evaluation of the extent to which programs under part I of subchapter I of this chapter directly benefit the poor majority; and an assessment of the impact of such policies and programs on economic conditions in the United States, including but not limited to employment, wages, and working conditions; the dollar value of all foreign assistance and guaranties by category and by country provided or made by the United States Government by any means to all foreign countries and international organizations— from 1946 to the fiscal year immediately preceding the fiscal year for which the report is required; as presented to Congress for the immediate preceding fiscal year; as obligated during the immediately preceding fiscal year; as planned for the fiscal year in which the report is presented; as proposed for the fiscal year following the year in which the report is presented; and of any contract in excess of $100,000administeredbytheAgencyforInternationalDevelopmentwhichwasenteredintointheprecedingfiscalyearwithoutcompet­itiveselectionprocedures,andthereasonsfordoingso;asummaryofrepayments,bycountry,totheUnitedStatesfrompreviousforeignassistanceloans;thestatusofeachsaleofagriculturalcommoditiesoncredittermstheretoforemadeundertheFoodforPeaceAct[7U.S.C.1691etseq.]withrespecttowhichthereremainsoutstandinganyunpaidobligation;andthestatusofeachtransactionwithrespecttowhichaloan,contractorguaranteeofinsurance,orextensionofcredit(orparticipationtherein)wastheretoforemadeundertheExport-ImportBankActof1945[12U.S.C.635etseq.]withrespecttowhichthereremainsoutstandinganyunpaidobligationorpotentialliability;exceptthatsuchreportshallincludeindividuallyonlyanyloan,contract,sale,extensionofcredit,orothertransactionslistedinthisparagraphwhichisinexcessof$1,000,000; the status of the debt servicing capacity of each country receiving assistance under this chapter; all forms of debt relief granted by the United States with respect to such countries, together with a detailed statement of the specific debt relief granted with respect to each such country and the purpose for which it was granted; and a summary of the net aid flow from the United States to such countries, taking into consideration the debt relief granted by the United States; the dollar value of all official development assistance, security assistance, international disaster assistance, refugee assistance, and international narcotics control assistance provided by each government of a country which is a member of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development or of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries; the percentage which each type of assistance described in paragraph (6) represents of (A) the gross national product of each country referred to in paragraph (6), and (B) the budget of the government of such country, as well as the per capita contribution for each country for each type of assistance described in paragraph (6); the amount of all foreign currencies acquired without payment of dollars on hand of each foreign country as of September 30 of the preceding fiscal year; the Development Coordination Committee’s operations pursuant to section 2399c(f) of this title ; the aggregate dollar value and quantity of grant military assistance, military education and training, and any other defense articles and services furnished under this chapter by the United States to each foreign country and international organization for the preceding fiscal year; information concerning the activities of the Minority Resource Center during the preceding fiscal year; and other information appropriate to the conduct of the foreign assistance program of the United States Government.

(b) “Foreign assistance” and “provided by the United States Government” defined For purposes of this section— “foreign assistance” means any tangible or intangible item provided by the United States Government to a foreign country or international organization under this chapter or any other Act, including but not limited to any training, service, or technical advice, any item of real, personal, or mixed property, any agricultural commodity, United States dollars, and any currencies of any foreign country which are owned by the United States Government; and “provided by the United States Government” includes, but is not limited to, foreign assistance provided by means of gift, loan, sale, credit, or guaranty.

§ 2394–1 Notification of program changes

(a) Covered programs; content of notifications None of the funds appropriated to carry out the purposes of this chapter (except for programs under subpart III or subpart IV of part II of subchapter I of this chapter, part V of subchapter I of this chapter, and programs of disaster relief and rehabilitation) or the Arms Export Control Act [ 22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.] may be obligated for any activities, programs, projects, types of materiel assistance, countries, or other operations not justified, or in excess of the amount justified, to the Congress for obligation under this chapter or the Arms Export Control Act for any fiscal year unless the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate, the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives, and the Committee on Appropriations of each House of the Congress are notified fifteen days in advance of such obligation. Whenever a proposed reprograming exceeds $1,000,000andthetotalamountproposedforobligationforacountryunderthischapterinafiscalyearexceedsbymorethan$5,000,000 the amount specified for that country in the report required by section 2413(a) of this title , notifications of such proposed reprogramings shall specify— the nature and purpose of such proposed obligation, and to the extent possible at the time of the proposed obligation, the country for which such funds would otherwise have been obligated.

(b) Exceptions The notification requirement of this section does not apply to the reprogramming— of funds to be used for an activity, program, or project under part I of subchapter I of this chapter if the amounts to be obligated for that activity, program, or project for that fiscal year do not exceed by more than 10 percent the amount justified to the Congress for that activity, program, or project for that fiscal year; or of less than $25,000 to be used under part VIII of subchapter I of this chapter, or under part V of subchapter II of this chapter, for a country for which a program under that part for that fiscal year was justified to the Congress.

(c) Funds in the International Affairs Budget Function; reprogramming The President shall notify the chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the chairman of the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives concerning any reprogramming of funds in the International Affairs Budget Function, the authorizations of appropriations for which are in their respective jurisdictions, to the same degree and with the same conditions as the President notifies the Committees on Appropriations. The requirements of this subsection are in addition to, and not in lieu of, other notification requirements.

§ 2394–1a Classification of reports

All information contained in any report transmitted under this chapter shall be public information. However, in the case of any item of information to be included in any such report that the President, on an extraordinary basis, determines is clearly detrimental to the security of the United States, he shall explain in a supplemental report why publication of each specific item would be detrimental to the security of the United States. A supplemental report shall be transmitted to the Congress at the time the report is transmitted. ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. III, § 634B, as added Pub. L. 95–424, title V, § 502(c) , Oct. 6, 1978 , 92 Stat. 959 .)

§ 2394a Extortion and illegal payments to officials of foreign countries receiving international security assistance

Within 60 days after receiving information which substantiates that officials of a foreign country receiving international security assistance have (1) received illegal or otherwise improper payments from a United States corporation in return for a contract to purchase defense articles or services from such corporation, or (2) extorted, or attempted to extort, money or other things of value in return for actions by officials of that country that permit a United States citizen or corporation to conduct business in that country, the President shall submit to Congress a report outlining the circumstances of such payment or extortion. The report shall contain a recommendation from the President as to whether the United States should continue a security assistance program for that country. ( Pub. L. 94–329, title VI, § 607 , June 30, 1976 , 90 Stat. 768 .)

§ 2394b HELP Commission

(a) Short title This section may be cited as the “HELP Commission Act”.

(b) Findings The Congress finds that, despite the long-standing efforts and resources of the United States dedicated to helping needy people around the world, despair remains and in many areas is growing. Therefore, a commission should be established to bring together the best minds associated with development and humanitarian assistance to make a comprehensive review of— policy decisions, including why certain development projects are funded and others are not, successes, and best practices, including their applicability to other existing programs and projects; delivery obstacles, including the roles of United States agencies and other governmental and nongovernmental organizations; methodology, including whether the delivery of United States development assistance always represents best practices and whether it can be improved; and results, including measuring improvements in human capacity instead of in purely economic terms. An examination of these issues should present new approaches and ideas to ensure that United States development assistance reaches and benefits its intended recipients.

(c) Establishment of Commission; responsibilities There is established the Helping to Enhance the Livelihood of People (HELP) Around the Globe Commission (in this section referred to as the “Commission”). The Commission shall— identify the past and present objectives of United States development assistance, identify cases in which those objectives have been met, identify the beneficiaries of such assistance, and what percentage of the funds provided actually reached the intended beneficiaries; identify cases in which United States development assistance has been most successful, and analyze how such successes may be transferable to other countries or areas; study ways to expand educational opportunities and investments in people, and assess infrastructure needs; analyze how the United States could place conditions on governments in countries receiving United States development assistance, in light of and notwithstanding the objectives of the Millennium Challenge Account; analyze ways in which the United States can coordinate its development assistance programs with those of other donor countries and international organizations; analyze ways in which the safety of development assistance workers can be ensured, particularly in the midst of conflicts; compare the effectiveness of increased and open trade with development assistance, and analyze the advantages and disadvantages of such trade and whether such trade could be a more effective alternative to United States development assistance; analyze ways in which the United States can strengthen the capacity of indigenous nongovernmental organizations to be more effective in grassroots development; analyze ways in which decisions on providing development assistance can involve more of the people of the recipient countries; analyze ways in which results can be measured if United States development assistance is targeted to the least developed countries; recommend standards that should be set for “graduating” recipient countries from United States development assistance; analyze whether United States development assistance should be used as a means to achieve United States foreign policy objectives; analyze how the United States can evaluate the performance of its development assistance programs not only against economic indicators, but in other ways, including how to measure the success of United States development assistance in democratization efforts; and evaluate the existing foreign assistance framework to ascertain the degree of coordination, or lack thereof, of the disparate foreign development programs as administered by the various Federal agencies, to identify and assess the redundancies of programs and organizational structures engaged in foreign assistance, and to recommend revisions to authorizing legislation for foreign assistance that would seek to reconcile competing foreign policy and foreign aid goals; and study any other areas that the Commission considers necessary relating to United States development assistance.

(d) Membership The Commission shall be composed of 21 members as follows: Six members shall be appointed by the President, of whom at least two shall be representatives of nongovernmental organizations. Four members shall be appointed by the majority leader of the Senate, and three members shall be appointed by the minority leader of the Senate. Four members shall be appointed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives, and three members shall be appointed by the minority leader of the House of Representatives. The Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development shall serve as a member of the Commission, ex officio. Members under subparagraphs (A) through (C) of paragraph (1) shall be appointed for the life of the Commission. Members of the Commission shall be selected from among individuals noted for their knowledge and experience in foreign assistance, particularly development and humanitarian assistance. The appointments under paragraph (1) shall be made not later than 60 days after January 23, 2004 . The President shall designate one of the members of the Commission not currently in Government service as the Chair of the Commission. In order to facilitate the workload of the Commission, the Commission shall divide the membership of the Commission into three subcommittees representing the different regions of the world to which the United States provides development assistance, the membership of each subcommittee to be proportional to the percentage of United States development assistance provided to the region represented by the subcommittee. Each subcommittee shall elect one of its members as Chair of the subcommittee. Eleven members of the Commission shall constitute a quorum for purposes of transacting the business of the Commission. The Commission shall meet at the call of the Chair. A majority of the members of each regional subcommittee shall constitute a quorum for purposes of transacting the business of the subcommittee. Each subcommittee shall meet at the call of the Chair of the subcommittee. Any vacancy of the Commission shall not affect its powers, but shall be filled in the manner in which the original appointment was made. The Administrator of General Services shall provide to the Commission on a reimbursable basis (or, in the discretion of the Administrator, on a nonreimbursable basis) such administrative support services as the Commission may request to carry out this section. Subject to subparagraph (B), members of the Commission shall serve without pay. Members of the Commission who are full-time officers or employees of the United States or Members of Congress may not receive additional pay, allowances, or benefits by reason of their service on the Commission. Members of the Commission shall be allowed travel expenses, including per diem in lieu of subsistence, at rates authorized for employees of agencies under subchapter I of chapter 57 of title 5 while away from their homes or regular places of business in the performance of services for the Commission. The Chairman of the Commission may, without regard to the civil service laws and regulations, appoint and terminate an executive director and such other additional personnel as may be necessary to enable the Commission to perform its duties. The employment of an executive director shall be subject to confirmation by the Commission. To the extent or in the amounts provided in advance in appropriations Acts— the executive director shall be compensated at the rate payable for level V of the Executive Schedule under section 5316 of title 5 ; and the Chairman of the Commission may fix the compensation of other personnel without regard to the provisions of chapter 51 and subchapter III of chapter 53 of title 5 relating to classification of positions and General Schedule pay rates, except that the rate of pay for such personnel may not exceed the rate payable for level V of the Executive Schedule under section 5316 of such title.

(e) Authority The Commission may, for the purpose of carrying out its functions under this section, hold hearings, sit and act at times and places in the United States and in countries that receive United States development assistance, take testimony, and receive evidence as the Commission considers advisable to carry out the purposes of this section. The Commission may secure directly from any Federal department or agency such information as the Commission considers necessary to carry out the provisions of this section. Upon request of the Chair of the Commission, the head of such department or agency shall furnish such information to the Commission, subject to applicable law. The Commission may use the United States mails in the same manner and under the same conditions as other departments and agencies of the Federal Government. The Commission may adopt such rules and regulations, relating to administrative procedure, as may be reasonably necessary to enable it to carry out the provisions of this section. The Members of the Commission may, with the approval of the Commission, conduct such travel as is necessary to carry out the purposes of this section. Each trip must be approved by a majority of the Commission. Upon the request of the Commission, the head of any Federal department or agency may detail, on a reimbursable or nonreimbursable basis, any of the personnel of that department or agency to the Commission to assist it in carrying out its functions under this section. The detail of any such personnel shall be without interruption or loss of civil service or Foreign Service status or privilege.

(f) Report of Commission Not later than 2 years after the members of the Commission are appointed under subsection (d)(1), the Commission shall submit a report to the President, the Secretary of State, the Committee on Appropriations and the Committee on International Relations of the House of Representatives, and the Committee on Appropriations and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate, setting forth its findings and recommendations under section 1 (c)(2). The report may be submitted in classified form, together with a public summary of recommendations, if the classification of information would further the purposes of this section. Each member of the Commission may include the individual or dissenting views of the member.

(g) Applicability of other laws Chapter 10 of title 5 shall not apply to the Commission.

(h) Definition In this section, the term “United States development assistance” means— assistance provided by the United States under chapters 1, 10, 11, and 12 of part I of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [ 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq., 2293 et seq., 2295 et seq., 2296 et seq.]; and assistance provided under any other provision of law to carry out purposes comparable to those set forth in the provisions referred to in paragraph (1).

(i) Authorization of appropriations There are authorized to be appropriated to the Commission such sums as may be necessary to carry out this section. Amounts authorized to be appropriated under subsection (a) are authorized to remain available until expended, but not later than the date of termination of the Commission.

(j) Termination The Commission shall terminate 30 days after the submission of its report under subsection (f).

(k) Annual report of President Not later than April 1, 2004 , and April 1 of each third year thereafter, the President shall transmit to the Congress a report that analyzes, on a country-by-country basis, the impact and effectiveness of United States economic assistance furnished to each country during the preceding 3 fiscal years. The report shall include the following for each recipient country: An analysis of the impact of United States economic assistance during the preceding 3 fiscal years on economic development in that country, with a discussion of the United States interests that were served by the assistance. The analysis shall be done on a sector-by-sector basis to the extent possible and shall identify any economic policy reforms that were promoted by the assistance. The analysis shall— include a description, quantified to the extent practicable, of the specific objectives the United States sought to achieve in providing economic assistance for that country; and specify the extent to which those objectives were not achieved, with an explanation of why they were not achieved. A description of the amount and nature of economic assistance provided by other donors during the preceding 3 fiscal years, set forth by development sector to the extent possible. A discussion of the commitment of the host government to addressing the country’s needs in each development sector, including a description of the resources devoted by that government to each development sector during the preceding 3 fiscal years. A description of the trends, both favorable and unfavorable, in each development sector. Statistical and other information necessary to evaluate the impact and effectiveness of United States economic assistance on development in the country. A comparison of the analysis provided in the report with relevant analyses by international financial institutions, other international organizations, other donor countries, or nongovernmental organizations. The report required by this section shall identify— each country in which United States economic assistance has been most successful, as indicated by the extent to which the specific objectives the United States sought to achieve in providing the assistance for the country, as referred to in paragraph (1)(A)(i), were achieved; and each country in which United States economic assistance has been least successful, as indicated by the extent to which the specific objectives the United States sought to achieve in providing the assistance for the country, as referred to in paragraph (1)(A)(i), were not achieved; and, for each such country, an explanation of why the assistance was not more successful and a specification of what the United States has done as a result. Information under paragraphs (1) and (2) for a fiscal year shall not be required with respect to a country for which United States economic assistance for the country for the fiscal year is less than $5,000,000. In this subsection, the term “United States economic assistance” means any bilateral economic assistance, from any budget functional category, that is provided by any department or agency of the United States to a foreign country, including such assistance that is intended— to assist the development and economic advancement of friendly foreign countries and peoples; to promote the freedom, aspirations, or sustenance of friendly peoples under oppressive rule by unfriendly governments; to promote international trade and foreign direct investment as a means of aiding economic growth; to save lives and alleviate suffering of foreign peoples during or following wars, natural disasters, or complex crisies 2 ; to assist in recovery and rehabilitation of countries or peoples following disaster or war; to protect refugees and promote durable solutions to aid refugees; to promote sound environmental practices; to assist in development of democratic institutions and good governance by the people of foreign countries; to promote peace and reconciliation or prevention of conflict; to improve the technical capacities of governments to reduce production of and demand for illicit narcotics; and to otherwise promote through bilateral foreign economic assistance the national objectives of the United States.

§ 2394c Information on covered United States foreign assistance programs

(a) Publication of information Not later than 90 days after July 15, 2016 , the Secretary of State shall update the Department of State’s website, “ForeignAssistance.gov”, to make publicly available comprehensive, timely, and comparable information on covered United States foreign assistance programs, including all information required under subsection (b) that is available to the Secretary of State. Not later than 2 years after July 15, 2016 , and quarterly thereafter, the head of each Federal department or agency that administers covered United States foreign assistance shall provide the Secretary of State with comprehensive information about the covered United States foreign assistance programs carried out by such department or agency. Not later than 2 years after July 15, 2016 , and quarterly thereafter, the Secretary of State shall publish, on the “ForeignAssistance.gov” website or through a successor online publication, the information provided under subsection (b).

(b) Matters to be included The information described in subsection (a)— shall be published for each country on a detailed basis, such as award-by-award; or if assistance is provided on a regional level, shall be published for each such region on a detailed basis, such as award-by-award. To ensure the transparency, accountability, and effectiveness of covered United States foreign assistance programs, the information described in subsection (a) shall include— links to all regional, country, and sector assistance strategies, annual budget documents, congressional budget justifications, and evaluations in accordance with section 3(c)(2)(J); basic descriptive summaries for covered United States foreign assistance programs and awards under such programs; and obligations and expenditures. Each type of information described in subparagraph (A) shall be published or updated on the appropriate website not later than 90 days after the date on which the information is issued. Nothing in this paragraph may be construed to require a Federal department or agency that administers covered United States foreign assistance to provide any information that does not relate to, or is not otherwise required by, the covered United States foreign assistance programs carried out by such department or agency. If the head of a Federal department or agency, in consultation with the Secretary of State, makes a determination that the inclusion of a required item of information online would jeopardize the health or security of an implementing partner or program beneficiary or would require the release of proprietary information of an implementing partner or program beneficiary, the head of the Federal department or agency shall provide such determination in writing to the appropriate congressional committees, including the basis for such determination. If the Secretary of State makes a determination that the inclusion of a required item of information online would be detrimental to the national interests of the United States, the Secretary of State shall provide such determination, including the basis for such determination, in writing to the appropriate congressional committees. Information provided under this paragraph may be provided in classified form, as appropriate. If a Federal department or agency fails to comply with the requirements under paragraph (1), (2), or (3) of subsection (a), or subsection (c), with respect to providing information described in subsection (a), and the information is not subject to a determination under subparagraph (A) or (B) of paragraph (3) not to make the information publicly available, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, in consultation with the head of such department or agency, not later than one year after July 15, 2016 , shall submit a consolidated report to the appropriate congressional committees that includes, with respect to each required item of information not made publicly available— a detailed explanation of the reason for not making such information publicly available; and a description of the department’s or agency’s plan and timeline for— making such information publicly available; and ensuring that such information is made publicly available in subsequent years.

(c) Scope of information The online publication required under subsection (a) shall, at a minimum— in each of the fiscal years 2016 through 2019, provide the information required under subsection (b) for fiscal years 2015 through the current fiscal year; and for fiscal year 2020 and each fiscal year thereafter, provide the information required under subsection (b) for the immediately preceding 5 fiscal years in a fully searchable form.

(d) Sense of Congress It is the sense of Congress that the Secretary of State and the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development should coordinate the consolidation of processes and data collection and presentation for the Department of State’s website, “ForeignAssistance.gov”, and the United States Agency for International Development’s website, “Explorer.USAID.gov”, to the extent that is possible to maximize efficiencies, no later than the end of fiscal year 2018.

§ 2395 General authorities

(a) Manner of furnishing assistance; emphasis on loans Except as otherwise specifically provided in this chapter, assistance under this chapter may be furnished on a grant basis or on such terms, including cash, credit, or other terms of repayment (including repayment in foreign currencies or by transfer to the United States Government of commodities) as may be determined to be best suited to the achievement of the purposes of this chapter, and shall emphasize loans rather than grants wherever possible.

(b) Authority of the President The President may make loans, advances, and grants to, make and perform agreements and contracts with, or enter into other transactions with, any individual, corporation, or other body of persons, friendly government or government agency, whether within or without the United States, and international organizations in furtherance of the purposes and within the limitations of this chapter.

(c) Utilization of services and facilities of voluntary, nonprofit organizations It is the sense of Congress that the President, in furthering the purposes of this chapter, shall use to the maximum extent practicable the services and facilities of voluntary, nonprofit organizations registered with, and approved by, the Agency for International Development.

(d) Acceptance of gifts, devises, bequests, grants, etc. The President may accept and use in furtherance of the purposes of this chapter, money, funds, property, and services of any kind made available by gift, devise, bequest, grant, or otherwise for such purpose.

(e) Health and accident insurance for foreign participants and foreign employees Any agency of the United States Government is authorized to pay the cost of health and accident insurance for foreign participants in any program of furnishing technical information and assistance administered by such agency while such participants are absent from their homes for the purpose of participation in such program. Any agency of the United States Government is authorized to pay the cost of health and accident insurance for foreign employees of that agency while those employees are absent from their place of employment abroad for purposes of training or other official duties.

(f) Admission of alien participants Alien participants in any program of furnishing technical information and assistance under this chapter may be admitted to the United States if otherwise qualified as nonimmigrants under section 1101(a)(15) of title 8 , for such time and under such conditions as may be prescribed by regulations promulgated by the Secretary of State and the Attorney General.

(g) Powers and authorities of the President with respect to loans In making loans under this chapter, the President— may issue letters of credit and letters of commitment; may collect or compromise any obligations assigned to, or held by, and any legal or equitable rights accruing to him, and, as he may determine, refer any such obligations or rights to the Attorney General for suit or collection; may acquire and dispose of, upon such terms and conditions as he may determine, any property, including any instrument evidencing indebtedness or ownership (provided that equity securities may not be directly purchased although such securities may be acquired by other means such as by exercise of conversion rights or through enforcement of liens or pledges or otherwise to satisfy a previously incurred indebtedness), and guarantee payment against any such instrument; may determine the character of, and necessity for, obligations and expenditures of funds used in making such loans and the manner in which they shall be incurred, allowed, and paid, subject to provisions of law specifically applicable to corporations of the United States Government; and shall cause to be maintained an integral set of accounts which shall be audited by the Government Accountability Office in accordance with principles and procedures applicable to commercial corporate transactions as provided by chapter 91 of title 31.

(h) Term of contracts and agreements A contract or agreement which entails commitments for the expenditure of funds made available under part I (except development loans) and subpart II of part II of subchapter I and under subchapter II of this chapter, may, subject to any future action of the Congress, extend at any time for not more than five years.

(i) Settlement and arbitration of claims arising under investment guaranty operations Claims arising as a result of investment guaranty operations may be settled, and disputes arising as a result thereof may be arbitrated with the consent of the parties, on such terms and conditions as the President may direct. Payment made pursuant to any such settlement, or as a result of an arbitration award, shall be final and conclusive notwithstanding any other provision of law.

(j) Financial transactions with foreign governments; exemption The provisions of section 955 of title 18 shall not apply to prevent any person, including any individual, partnership, corporation, or association, from acting for, or participating in, any operation or transaction arising under this chapter, or from acquiring any obligation issued in connection with any operation or transaction arising under this chapter.

(k) Cost-type contracts with educational institutions; payment of reimbursable indirect costs Any cost-type contract or agreement (including grants) entered into with a university, college, or other educational institution for the purpose of carrying out programs authorized by subchapter I of this chapter may provide for the payment of the reimbursable indirect costs of said university, college, or other educational institution on the basis of predetermined fixed-percentage rates applied to the total, or an element thereof, of the reimbursable direct costs incurred.

(l) Program oversight The Administrator of the agency primarily responsible for administering subchapter I of this chapter may use funds made available under that subchapter to provide program and management oversight for activities that are funded under that subchapter and that are conducted in countries in which the agency does not have a field mission or office.

(m) Working capital fund There is established a working capital fund (in this subsection referred to as the “fund”) for the United States Agency for International Development (in this subsection referred to as the “Agency”) which shall be available without fiscal year limitation for the expenses of personal and nonpersonal services, equipment, and supplies for— International Cooperative Administrative Support Services; and rebates from the use of United States Government credit cards. The capital of the fund shall consist of— the fair and reasonable value of such supplies, equipment, and other assets pertaining to the functions of the fund as the Administrator determines, rebates from the use of United States Government credit cards, and any appropriations made available for the purpose of providing capital, minus related liabilities. The fund shall be reimbursed or credited with advance payments for services, equipment, or supplies provided from the fund from applicable appropriations and funds of the Agency, other Federal agencies and other sources authorized by section 2357 of this title at rates that will recover total expenses of operation, including accrual of annual leave and depreciation. Receipts from the disposal of, or payments for the loss or damage to, property held in the fund, rebates, reimbursements, refunds and other credits applicable to the operation of the fund may be deposited in the fund. At the close of each fiscal year the Administrator of the Agency shall transfer out of the fund to the miscellaneous receipts account of the Treasury of the United States such amounts as the Administrator determines to be in excess of the needs of the fund. The fund may be charged with the current value of supplies and equipment returned to the working capital of the fund by a post, activity, or agency, and the proceeds shall he 1 credited to current applicable appropriations.

§ 2395a International agreements concerning debt relief; transmittal to congressional committees

Repealed. Pub. L. 97–113, title VII, § 734(a)(5) , Dec. 29, 1981 , 95 Stat. 1560 . The Secretary of State shall transmit to such committees a copy of the text of any agreement with any foreign government which would result in any such debt relief no less than thirty days prior to its entry into force, together with a detailed justification of the interest of the United States in the proposed debt relief. The requirements of this paragraph shall not apply with respect to an agreement if a statutory requirement exists that the amount of the debt relief provided by the agreement may not exceed the amount approved for such purposes in advance in an appropriation Act. ( Pub. L. 95–424, title VI, § 603(a) , Oct. 6, 1978 , 92 Stat. 960 ; H. Res. 89, Feb. 5, 1979 ; Pub. L. 97–113, title VII, § 734(a)(5) , Dec. 29, 1981 , 95 Stat. 1560 .)

§ 2396 Availability of funds

(a) General expenditures Appropriations for the purposes of or pursuant to this chapter (except for subchapter II of this chapter), allocations to any agency of the United States Government, from other appropriations, for functions directly related to the purposes of this chapter, and funds made available for other purposes to the agency primarily responsible for administrating subchapter I of this chapter, shall be available for: rent of buildings and space in buildings in the United States, and for repair, alteration, and improvement of such leased properties; expenses of attendance at meetings concerned with the purposes of such appropriations or of this chapter, including (notwithstanding the provisions of section 1346(a) and (c) of title 31) expenses in connection with meetings of persons whose employment is authorized by section 2386 of this title ; contracting with individuals for personal services abroad: Provided , That such individuals shall not be regarded as employees of the United States Government for the purpose of any law administered by the Civil Service Commission; purchase, maintenance, operation, and hire of aircraft: Provided , That aircraft for administrative purposes may be purchased only as specifically provided for in an appropriation or other Act; purchase and hire of passenger motor vehicles: Provided , That, except as may otherwise be provided in an appropriation or other Act, passenger motor vehicles for administrative purposes outside the United States may be purchased for replacement only, and such vehicles may be exchanged or sold and replaced by an equal number of such vehicles, and the cost, including exchange allowance, of each such replacement shall not exceed the current market price in the United States of a mid-sized sedan or station wagon meeting the requirements established by the General Services Administration for a Class III vehicle of United States manufacture (or, if the replacement vehicle is a right-hand drive vehicle, 120 percent of that price) in the case of an automobile for the chief of any special mission or staff outside the United States established under section 2391 of this title : Provided further , That passenger motor vehicles, other than one for the official use of the head of the agency primarily responsible for administering subchapter I of this chapter, may be purchased for use in the United States only as may be specifically provided in an appropriation or other Act; entertainment (not to exceed $25,000inanyfiscalyearexceptasmayotherwisebeprovidedinanappropriationorotherAct);exchangeoffundswithoutregardtosection36511oftheRevisedStatutes(31U.S.C.543)andlossbyexchange;expenditures(nottoexceed$50,000 in any fiscal year except as may otherwise be provided in an appropriation or other Act) of a confidential character other than entertainment: Provided , That a certificate of the amount of each such expenditure, the nature of which it is considered inadvisable to specify, shall be made by the head of the agency primarily responsible for administering subchapter I of this chapter or such person as he may designate, and every such certificate shall be deemed a sufficient voucher for the amount therein specified; insurance of official motor vehicles or aircraft acquired for use in foreign countries; rent or lease outside the United States for not to exceed ten years of offices, buildings, grounds, and quarters, including living quarters to house personnel, and payments therefor in advance; maintenance, furnishings, necessary repairs, improvements, and alterations to properties owned or rented by the United States Government or made available for use to the United States Government outside the United States; and costs of fuel, water, and utilities for such properties; expenses of preparing and transporting to their former homes, or, with respect to foreign participants engaged in any program under subchapter I of this chapter, to their former homes or places of burial, and of care and disposition of, the remains of persons or members of the families of persons who may die while such persons are away from their homes participating in activities carried out with funds covered by this subsection; purchase of uniforms; payment of per diem in lieu of subsistence to foreign participants engaged in any program under subchapter I of this chapter while such participants are away from their homes in countries other than the United States, at rates not in excess of those prescribed by the standardized Government travel regulations, notwithstanding any other provision of law; use in accordance with authorities of the Foreign Service Act of 1980, as amended ( 22 U.S.C. 3901 et seq.), not otherwise provided for; ice and drinking water for use outside the United States; services of commissioned officers of the Environmental Science Services Administration, and for the purposes of providing such services the Environmental Science Services Administration may appoint not to exceed twenty commissioned officers in addition to those otherwise authorized; employing individuals or organizations, by contract, for services abroad for purposes of this chapter and title II of the Food for Peace Act [ 7 U.S.C. 1721 et seq.], and individuals employed by contract to perform such services shall not by virtue of such employment be considered to be employees of the United States Government (except that the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development may determine the applicability to such individuals of section 2672 1 of this title regarding tort claims when such claims arise in foreign countries in connection with United States operations abroad, and of any other law administered by the Administrator concerning the employment of such individuals abroad), and such contracts are authorized to be negotiated, the terms of the contracts to be prescribed, and the work to be performed, where necessary, without regard to such statutory provisions as relate to the negotiation, making, and performance of contracts and performance of work in the United States.

(b) Compensation, allowances, and travel of personnel; printing and binding; expenditures outside United States Funds made available for the purposes of this chapter may be used for compensation, allowances, and travel of personnel including Foreign Service personnel whose services are utilized primarily for the purposes of this chapter, for printing and binding without regard to the provisions of any other law, and for expenditures outside the United States for the procurement of supplies and services and for other administrative and operating purposes (other than compensation of personnel) without regard to such laws and regulations governing the obligation and expenditure of funds of the United States Government as may be necessary to accomplish the purposes of this chapter.

(c) Construction of living quarters, office space, and supporting facilities Notwithstanding any other law, not to exceed $6,000,000 of the funds available for assistance under this chapter may be used in any fiscal year (in addition to funds available for such use under other authorities in this chapter) to construct or otherwise acquire outside the United States (1) essential living quarters, office space, and necessary supporting facilities for use of personnel carrying out activities authorized by this chapter, and (2) schools (including dormitories and boarding facilities) and hospitals for use of personnel carrying out activities authorized by this chapter, United States Government personnel, and their dependents. In addition, funds made available for assistance under this chapter may be used, notwithstanding any other law, to equip, staff, operate, and maintain such schools and hospitals.

(d) Education of dependents Not to exceed $2,500,000 of the funds available for assistance under this chapter may be used in any fiscal year to provide assistance, on such terms and conditions as are deemed appropriate, to schools established, or to be established, outside the United States whenever it is determined that such action would be more economical or would best serve the interests of the United States in providing for the education of dependents of personnel carrying out activities authorized by this chapter and dependents of United States Government personnel, in lieu of acquisition or construction pursuant to subsection (c) of this section.

(e) Training costs Funds available under this chapter may be used to pay costs of training United States citizen personnel employed or assigned pursuant to section 2385(d)(2) 1 of this title (through interchange or otherwise) at any State or local unit of government, public or private nonprofit institution, trade, labor, agricultural, or scientific association or organization, or commercial firm; and the provisions of sections 1881 to 1888 1 of title 7 may be used to carry out the foregoing authority notwithstanding that interchange of personnel may not be involved or that the training may not take place at the institutions specified in sections 1881 to 1888 1 of title 7. Such training shall not be considered employment or holding of office under section 5533 of title 5 , and any payments or contributions in connection therewith may, as deemed appropriate by the head of the agency of the United States Government authorizing such training, be made by private or public sources and be accepted by any trainee, or may be accepted by and credited to the current applicable appropriation of such agency: Provided, however , That any such payments to any employee in the nature of compensation shall be in lieu, or in reduction, of compensation received from the United States Government.

(f) Assistance in carrying out functions under certain laws Funds made available under part I of subchapter I of this chapter may be used for expenses (other than those provided for under section 2397(a) of this title ) to assist in carrying out functions under part I of subchapter I of this chapter, under the Food for Peace Act, as amended [ 7 U.S.C. 1691 et seq.], and under the Latin American Development Act, as amended, performed by the agency primarily responsible for administering subchapter I of this chapter or by the Corporation established under subpart IV of part II of subchapter I of this chapter with respect to loan activities which it carries out under the provisions of the Food for Peace Act, as amended.

(g) Administrative, extraordinary, and operating expenses; reimbursement of military officers; training of foreign military personnel Funds made available for the purposes of subchapter II of this chapter or the Arms Export Control Act [ 22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.] shall be available for— administrative, extraordinary (not to exceed $300,000 in any fiscal year), and operating expenses incurred in furnishing defense articles, military education and training and defense services on a grant or sales basis by the agency primarily responsible for administering subchapter II of this chapter; reimbursement of actual expenses of military officers detailed or assigned as tour directors in connection with orientation visits of foreign military and related civilian personnel, in accordance with provisions of section 5702 of title 5 , applicable to civilian officers and employees; and maintenance, repair, alteration and furnishing of United States-owned facilities in the District of Columbia or elsewhere for the training of foreign military and related civilian personnel, without regard to the provisions of section 6303 of title 41 or other provision of law requiring a specific authorization or specific appropriation for such public contracts.

(h) Recipient countries to contribute local currencies; utilization of foreign currencies owned by United States In carrying out programs under this chapter, the President shall take all appropriate steps to assure that, to the maximum extent possible, (1) countries receiving assistance under this chapter contribute local currencies to meet the cost of contractual and other services rendered in conjunction with such programs, and (2) foreign currencies owned by the United States are utilized to meet the costs of such contractual and other services.

(i) Financing motor vehicle transactions; waiver of domestic manufacturing restriction Notwithstanding section 2399a 1 of this title or any other provision of this chapter, none of the funds made available to carry out this chapter shall be used to finance the purchase, sale, long-term lease, exchange, or guaranty of a sale of motor vehicles unless such motor vehicles are manufactured in the United States: Provided , That where special circumstances exist the President is authorized to waive the provisions of this section in order to carry out the purposes of this chapter.

§ 2396a Property Management Fund

(a) The proceeds of overseas property acquired by the Agency for International Development under the authority of section 2396(c) of this title may be deposited in a separate fund, which shall be known as the Property Management Fund. Such proceeds shall be available for use only for the purposes of section 2396(c) of this title and for maintenance, and shall remain available until expended. The Administrator of the Agency for International Development shall report all uses of funds deposited into the Property Management Fund as part of the annual Congressional Presentation materials submitted by the Agency for International Development.

(b) The provisions of subsection (a) shall be applicable to property acquired prior to November 5, 1990 , and at any time thereafter.

§ 2396b USAID Buying Power Maintenance Account

Consistent with paragraph (2), there is hereby established in the Treasury of the United States the “USAID Buying Power Maintenance Account”. Up to $50,000,000 of expired or unexpired discretionary unobligated balances appropriated for this and for any succeeding fiscal year under the heading “Operating Expenses” may be transferred to, and merged with, the account established pursuant to paragraph (1) not later than the end of the fifth fiscal year after the last fiscal year for which such funds are available for the purposes for which appropriated: Provided , That amounts deposited in such account shall be available until expended for the purposes of offsetting adverse fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates or overseas wage and price changes to maintain overseas operations, in addition to such other funds as may be available for such purposes: Provided further , That amounts from such account may be transferred to, and merged with, funds appropriated under titles II and III of this Act or subsequent Acts making appropriations for the Department of State, foreign operations, and related programs for such purposes: Provided further , That any specific designation or restriction contained in this Act or any other provision of law limiting the amounts available that may be obligated or expended shall be deemed to be adjusted to the extent necessary to offset the net effect of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates or overseas wage and price changes in order to maintain approved levels: Provided further , That transfers pursuant to this section shall be subject to the regular notification procedures of the Committees on Appropriations. ( Pub. L. 118–47, div. F, title VII, § 7069(a) , Mar. 23, 2024 , 138 Stat. 849 .)

§ 2397 Administrative expenses

(a) Repealed. Pub. L. 95–424, title VI, § 604 , Oct. 6, 1978 , 92 Stat. 961 .

(b) There is authorized to be appropriated such amounts as may be necessary from time to time for administrative expenses which are incurred for functions of the Department of State under this chapter and unrepealed provisions of the Mutual Security Act of 1954, as amended, or for normal functions of the Department of State which relate to such functions.

§ 2398 Assistance to countries pursuant to other statutes

(a) No provision of this chapter shall be construed to prohibit assistance to any country pursuant to the Peace Corps Act, as amended [ 22 U.S.C. 2501 et seq.]; the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961, as amended [ 22 U.S.C. 2451 et seq.]; or the Export-Import Bank Act of 1945, as amended [ 12 U.S.C. 635 et seq.].

(b) No provision of this chapter or any other provision of law shall be construed to prohibit assistance for any training activity which is funded under this chapter for Brazil or Argentina as long as such country continues to have a democractically 1 elected government and the assistance is otherwise consistent with sections 2151n, 2304, 2370(f), 2371, and 2420 of this title.

§ 2399 Repealed. Pub. L. 94–161, title I, § 101(6), Dec. 20, 1975, 89 Stat. 850

§§ 2399–1a, 2399–1b Transferred

§ 2399a Repealed. Pub. L. 90–629, ch. 4, § 45(a), Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1327

§ 2399b False claims and ineligible commodities

(a) Penalties; costs Any person who makes or causes to be made or presents or causes to be presented to any bank or other financial institution or to any officer, agent, or employee of any agency of the United States Government a claim for payment from funds made available under this chapter for the purposes of furnishing assistance and who knows the claim to be false, fraudulent, or fictitious or to cover a commodity or commodity-related service determined by the President to be ineligible for payment from funds made available under this chapter, or who uses to support his claim any certification, statement, or entry on any contract, abstract, bill of lading, Government or commercial invoice, or Government form, which he knows, or in the exercise of prudent business management should know, to contain false, fraudulent, or fictitious information, or who uses or engages in any other fraudulent trick, scheme, or device for the purpose of securing or obtaining, or aiding to secure or obtain, for any person any benefit or payment from funds so made available under this chapter in connection with the negotiation, procurement, award, or performance of a contract financed with funds so made available under this chapter, and any person who enters into an agreement, combination, or conspiracy so to do, (1) shall pay to the United States an amount equal to 25 per centum of any amount thereby sought to be wrongfully secured or obtained but not actually received, and (2) shall forfeit and refund any payment, compensation, loan, commission, or advance received as a result thereof, and (3) shall, in addition, pay to the United States for each such act (A) the sum of $2,000 and double the amount of any damage which the United States may have sustained by reason thereof, or (B) an amount equal to 50 per centum of any such payment, compensation, loan, commission, or advance so received, whichever is the greater, together with the costs of suit.

(b) Recovery of penalties; procedure; finality of withholding of funds; recovery of withheld funds; limitation period In order to secure recovery under this section, the President may, as he deems appropriate, (1) institute suit in the United States district court for any judicial district in which the person alleged to have performed or participated in an act described by this section may reside or may be found, and (2) upon posting by registered mail to such person a notice of claim describing the basis therefor and identifying the funds to be withheld, withhold from funds owed by any agency of the United States Government to such person an amount equal to the refund, damages, liquidated damages, and exemplary damages claimed by the United States under this section. Any such withholding of funds from any person shall constitute a final determination of the rights and liabilities of such person under this section with respect to the amount so withheld, unless within one year of receiving the notice of claim such person brings suit for recovery, which is hereby authorized, against the United States in any United States district court.

(c) “Person” defined For purposes of this section, the term “person” includes any individual, corporation, partnership, association, or other legal entity.

§ 2399c Coordination of policies and programs

(a) Development Coordination Committee established The President shall establish a system for coordination of United States policies and programs which affect United States interests in the development of low-income countries. To that end, the President shall establish a Development Coordination Committee which shall advise him with respect to coordination of United States policies and programs affecting the development of the developing countries, including programs of bilateral and multilateral development assistance. The Committee shall include the head of the agency primarily responsible for administering subchapter I of this chapter, Chairman, and representatives of the Departments of State, Treasury, Commerce, Agriculture, Energy, and Labor, the Executive Office of the President, and other executive departments and agencies, as the President shall designate. The Committee shall advise the President concerning the degree to which bilateral and multilateral development assistance should focus on critical problems in those functional sectors which affect the lives of the majority of people in the developing countries: food production; rural development and nutrition; population planning and health; and education, public administration, and human resource development.

(b) Procedures to assure coordination The President shall prescribe appropriate procedures to assure coordination among— the various departments and agencies of the United States Government having representatives in diplomatic missions abroad; and representatives of the United States Government in each country, under the direction of the Chief of the United States Diplomatic Mission. The President shall keep the Congress advised of his actions under this subsection.

(c) Guidance of Secretary of State Programs authorized by this chapter shall be undertaken with the foreign policy guidance of the Secretary of State.

(d) Repealed. Pub. L. 95–424, title V, § 502(d)(1), Oct. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 959

(e) Temporary assignment of employees The head of any of the departments or agencies referred to in subsection (a) may temporarily assign, upon the request of the Chairman, any employee from such department or agency to the staff of the Committee.

(f) Studies To carry out the purposes of subsection (a), the Committee shall— prepare studies on various development problems; devise implementation strategies on developmental problems appropriate to each such department or agency; monitor and evaluate the results of the development activities of each such department or agency; and arrange for the exchange of information and studies between such agencies and departments.

§ 2399d Shipping differential

For the purpose of facilitating implementation of section 55305 of title 46 , funds made available for the purposes of part I of subchapter I of this chapter or for purposes of part IV of subchapter II of this chapter may be used to make grants to recipients to pay all or any portion of such differential as is determined by the Secretary of Commerce to exist between United States and foreign-flag vessel charter or freight rates. Grants made under this section shall be paid with United States-owned foreign currencies wherever feasible. ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. III, § 640C, as added Pub. L. 93–189, § 21 , Dec. 17, 1973 , 87 Stat. 726 ; amended Pub. L. 96–533, title VII, § 708 , Dec. 16, 1980 , 94 Stat. 3159 .)

§ 2401 Effective date; identification of programs

This chapter shall take effect on September 4, 1961 . Programs under this chapter shall be identified appropriately overseas as “American Aid”. ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. III, § 641, Sept. 4, 1961 , 75 Stat. 460 .)

“SECTION 1 SHORT TITLE.

“This Act may be cited as the ‘USAID Branding Modernization Act’.

“SEC. 2 AUTHORIZATION FOR BRANDING.

(“(a) In General.— The Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development (referred to in this section as ‘USAID’), in coordination with the Secretary of State, as appropriate, and with due consideration for the safety and security of implementing partners and beneficiaries, is authorized to prescribe, as appropriate, the use of logos or other insignia of the USAID Identity, or the use of additional or substitute markings, including the United States flag, to appropriately identify, including as required by section 641 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 ( 22 U.S.C. 2401 ), overseas programs administered by USAID.

(“(b) Audit.— Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act [ Jan. 13, 2021 ], the Inspector General of USAID shall submit to Congress an audit of compliance with relevant branding and marking requirements of USAID by implementing partners funded by USAID, including any requirements prescribed pursuant to the authorization under subsection (a).”

§ 2402 Saving provisions

(a) Determinations, authorizations, regulations, orders, contracts, agreements, etc., under prior law Except as may be expressly provided to the contrary in this chapter, all determinations, authorizations, regulations, orders, contracts, agreements, and other actions issued, undertaken, or entered into under authority of any provision of law repealed by section 642(a) and the Foreign Assistance Act of 1969 shall continue in full force and effect until modified by appropriate authority.

(b) Compliance with similar provisions of prior law as compliance with this chapter Wherever provisions of this chapter establish conditions which must be complied with before use may be made of authority contained in, or funds authorized by, this chapter, compliance with, or satisfaction of, substantially similar conditions under Acts listed in section 642(a) and the Foreign Assistance Act of 1969 or Acts repealed by those Acts shall be deemed to constitute compliance with the conditions established by this chapter.

(c) Continued availability of funds appropriated pursuant to prior law Funds made available pursuant to provisions of law repealed by section 642(a)(2) and the Foreign Assistance Act of 1969 shall, unless otherwise authorized or provided by law, remain available for their original purposes in accordance with the provisions of law originally applicable thereto, or in accordance with the provisions of law currently applicable to those purposes.

§ 2403 Definitions

(a) “Agency of the United States Government” includes any agency, department, board, wholly or partly owned corporation, instrumentality, commission, or establishment of the United States Government.

(b) “Armed Forces” of the United States means the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard.

(c) “Commodity” includes any material, article, supply, goods, or equipment used for the purposes of furnishing nonmilitary assistance.

(d) “Defense article” includes— any weapon, weapons system, munition, aircraft, vessel, boat or other implement of war; any property, installation, commodity, material, equipment, supply, or goods used for the purposes of furnishing military assistance; any machinery, facility, tool, material supply, or other item necessary for the manufacture, production, processing repair, servicing, storage, construction, transportation, operation, or use of any article listed in this subsection; or any component or part of any article listed in this subsection; but shall not include merchant vessels or, as defined by the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended ( 42 U.S.C. 2011 ), source material (except uranium depleted in the isotope 235 which is incorporated in defense articles solely to take advantage of high density or pyrophoric characteristics unrelated to radioactivity), by-product material, special nuclear material, production facilities, utilization facilities, or atomic weapons or articles involving Restricted Data.

(e) “Defense information” includes any document, writing, sketch, photograph, plan, model, specification, design, prototype, or other recorded or oral information relating to any defense article or defense service, but shall not include Restricted Data as defined by the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended [ 42 U.S.C. 2011 et seq.], and data removed from the Restricted Data category under section 142d of that Act [ 42 U.S.C. 2162(d) ].

(f) “Defense service” includes any service, test, inspection, repair, publication, or technical or other assistance or defense information used for the purposes of furnishing military assistance, but does not include military educational and training activities under part V of subchapter II of this chapter.

(g) “Excess defense articles” means the quantity of defense articles (other than construction equipment, including tractors, scrapers, loaders, graders, bulldozers, dump trucks, generators, and compressors) owned by the United States Government, and not procured in anticipation of military assistance or sales requirements, or pursuant to a military assistance or sales order, which is in excess of the Approved Force Acquisition Objective and Approved Force Retention Stock of all Department of Defense Components at the time such articles are dropped from inventory by the supplying agency for delivery to countries or international organizations under this chapter.

(h) “Function” includes any duty, obligation, power, authority, responsibility, right, privilege, discretion, or activity.

(i) Repealed. Pub. L. 93–189, § 22(2) , Dec. 17, 1973 , 87 Stat. 726 .

(j) “Officer or employee” means civilian personnel and members of the Armed Forces of the United States Government.

(k) “Services” include any service, repair, training of personnel, or technical or other assistance or information used for the purposes of furnishing nonmilitary assistance.

(l) “Surplus agricultural commodity” means any agricultural commodity or product thereof, class, kind, type, or other specification thereof, produced in the United States, either publicly or privately owned, which is in excess of domestic requirements, adequate carryover, and anticipated exports for United States dollars, as determined by the Secretary of Agriculture.

(m) “Value” means— with respect to an excess defense article, the actual value of the article plus the gross cost incurred by the United States Government in repairing, rehabilitating, or modifying the article, except that for purposes of section 2392(d) of this title such actual value shall not be taken into account; with respect to a nonexcess defense article delivered from inventory to foreign countries or international organizations under this chapter, the acquisition cost to the United States Government, adjusted as appropriate for condition and market value; with respect to a nonexcess defense article delivered from new procurement to foreign countries or international organizations under this chapter, the contract or production costs of such article; with respect to a defense service, the cost to the United States Government of such service; and with respect to military education and training or services provided under part VIII of subchapter II of this chapter, the additional costs that are incurred by the United States Government in furnishing such assistance.

(n) “Military education and training” includes formal or informal instruction of foreign students in the United States or overseas by officers or employees of the United States, contract technicians, contractors (including instruction at civilian institutions), or by correspondence courses, technical, educational, or information publications and media of all kinds, training aids, orientation, and military advice to foreign military units and forces.

(o) “Agriculture” includes aquaculture and fisheries.

(p) “Farmers” includes fishermen and other persons employed in cultivating and harvesting food resources from salt and fresh waters.

(q) “Major non-NATO ally” means a country which is designated in accordance with section 2321k of this title as a major non-NATO ally for purposes of this chapter and the Arms Export Control Act ( 22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.).

§ 2404 Unexpended balances

Unexpended balances of funds made available pursuant to this chapter, the Mutual Security Act of 1954, as amended, or the Latin American Development Act, as amended, are hereby authorized to be continued available for the general purposes for which appropriated, and may at any time be consolidated, and, in addition, may be consolidated with appropriations made available for the same general purposes under the authority of this chapter. ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. III, § 645, Sept. 4, 1961 , 75 Stat. 462 ; Pub. L. 87–565 , pt. III, § 303(c), Aug. 1, 1962 , 76 Stat. 263 ; Pub. L. 88–205 , pt. III, § 304, Dec. 16, 1963 , 77 Stat. 390 ; Pub. L. 89–171 , pt. III, § 303(c), Sept. 6, 1965 , 79 Stat. 661 .)

§ 2405 Separability

If any provision of this chapter or the application of any provision to any circumstances or persons shall be held invalid, the validity of the remainder of this chapter, and of the applicability of such provision to other circumstances or persons shall not be affected thereby. ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. III, § 646, Sept. 4, 1961 , 75 Stat. 462 .)

§ 2406 Development programs for dependable fuel supplies

It is of paramount importance that long-range economic plans take cognizance of the need for a dependable supply of fuels, which is necessary to orderly and stable development and growth, and that dependence not be placed upon sources which are inherently hostile to free countries and the ultimate well-being of economically underdeveloped countries and which might exploit such dependence for ultimate political domination. The agencies of government in the United States are directed to work with other countries in developing plans for basing development programs on the use of the large and stable supply of relatively low cost fuels available in the free world. ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. III, § 647, Sept. 4, 1961 , 75 Stat. 462 .)

§ 2407 Special authorization for use of foreign currencies

Subject to the provisions of section 1306 of title 31 , the President is authorized, as a demonstration of good will on the part of the people of the United States for the Polish and Italian people, to use foreign currencies accruing to the United States Government under this chapter or any other Act, for assistance on such terms and conditions as he may specify, in the repair, rehabilitation, improvement, and maintenance of cemeteries in Italy serving as the burial place of members of the armed forces of Poland who died in combat in Italy during World War II. ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. III, § 648, as added Pub. L. 88–633 , pt. III, § 303, Oct. 7, 1964 , 78 Stat. 1014 .)

§ 2408 Repealed. Pub. L. 95–424, title VI, § 604, Oct. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 961

§ 2409 Use of United States Armed Forces

The furnishing of economic, military, or other assistance under this chapter shall not be construed as creating a new commitment or as affecting any existing commitment to use Armed Forces of the United States for the defense of any foreign country. ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. III, § 650, as added Pub. L. 90–137 , pt. III, § 303(b), Nov. 14, 1967 , 81 Stat. 462 .)

§ 2410 Repealed. Pub. L. 95–424, title VI, § 604, Oct. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 961

§ 2410a Repealed. Pub. L. 97–113, title VII, § 734(a)(15), Dec. 29, 1981, 95 Stat. 1560

§ 2411 Limitation upon exercise of special authorities

The President shall not exercise any special authority granted to him under section 2318(a), 2348a(c)(2), or 2360(a) of this title unless the President, before he intends to exercise any such authority, notifies the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate in writing of each such intended exercise, the section of this chapter under which such authority is to be exercised, and the justification for, and the extent of, the exercise of such authority. ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. III, § 652, as added Pub. L. 91–652, § 8 , Jan. 5, 1971 , 84 Stat. 1943 ; amended Pub. L. 92–226 , pt. III, § 304(a)(1), Feb. 7, 1972 , 86 Stat. 28 ; Pub. L. 96–533, title I, § 117(b) , Dec. 16, 1980 , 94 Stat. 3141 ; Pub. L. 99–83, title I, § 105(b)(2) , Aug. 8, 1985 , 99 Stat. 196 ; Pub. L. 104–164, title I, § 103(c) , July 21, 1996 , 110 Stat. 1424 .)

§ 2412 Limitation on foreign assistance appropriations

(a) Restrictions on appropriations in absence of or in excess of prior authorizations Notwithstanding any provision of law enacted before January 12, 1971 , no money appropriated for foreign assistance (including foreign military sales) shall be available for obligation or expenditure— unless the appropriation thereof has been previously authorized by law; or in excess of an amount previously prescribed by law.

(b) Exception To the extent that legislation enacted after the making of an appropriation for foreign assistance (including foreign military sales) authorizes the obligation or expenditure thereof, the limitation contained in subsection (a) shall have no effect.

(c) Specific repeal or modification of section The provisions of this section shall not be superseded except by a provision of law enacted after January 12, 1971 , which specifically repeals or modifies the provisions of this section.

§ 2413 Changes in allocation of foreign assistance

(a) Notification by President to foreign country Not later than thirty days after the enactment of any law appropriating funds to carry out any provision of this chapter (other than section 2261 or 2397 of this title) or the Arms Export Control Act [ 22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.], the President shall notify the Congress of each foreign country and international organization to which the United States Government intends to provide any portion of the funds under such law and of the amount of funds under that law, by category of assistance, that the United States Government intends to provide to each.

(b) Application of provisions to continuing appropriations; waiver of provisions The provisions of this section shall not apply in the case of any law making continuing appropriations and may not be waived under the provisions of section 2364(a) of this title .

§ 2414 Presidential findings and determinations

(a) Report to Congress In any case in which the President is required to make a report to the Congress, or to any committee or officer of either House of Congress, concerning any finding or determination under any provision of this chapter, the Foreign Military Sales Act [ 22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.], or the Foreign Assistance and Related Programs Appropriation Act for each fiscal year, that finding or determination shall be reduced to writing and signed by the President.

(b) Action prohibition prior to execution of report No action shall be taken pursuant to any such finding or determination prior to the date on which that finding or determination has been reduced to writing and signed by the President.

(c) Publication in Federal Register Each such finding or determination shall be published in the Federal Register as soon as practicable after it has been reduced to writing and signed by the President. In any case in which the President concludes that such publication would be harmful to the national security of the United States, only a statement that a determination or finding has been made by the President, including the name and section of the Act under which it was made, shall be published.

(d) Information accessible to Congress prior to transmission of report No committee or officer of either House of Congress shall be denied any requested information relating to any finding or determination which the President is required to report to the Congress, or to any committee or officer of either House of Congress, under any provision of this chapter, the Foreign Military Sales Act [ 22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.], or the Foreign Assistance and Related Programs Appropriation Act for each fiscal year, even though such report has not yet been transmitted to the appropriate committee or officer of either House of Congress.

§ 2414a Annual report to Congress on voting practices at United Nations

(a) In general Not later than March 31 of each year, the Secretary of State shall transmit to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate a full and complete annual report which assesses for the preceding calendar year, with respect to each foreign country member of the United Nations, the voting practices of the governments of such countries at the United Nations, and which evaluates General Assembly and Security Council actions and the responsiveness of those governments to United States policy on issues of special importance to the United States.

(b) Information on voting practices in United Nations Such report shall include, with respect to voting practices and plenary actions in the United Nations during the preceding calendar year, information to be compiled and supplied by the Permanent Representative of the United States to the United Nations, consisting of— an analysis and discussion, prepared in consultation with the Secretary of State, of the extent to which member countries supported United States policy objectives at the United Nations; an analysis and discussion, prepared in consultation with the Secretary of State, of actions taken by the United Nations by consensus; with respect to plenary votes of the United Nations General Assembly— a listing of all such votes on issues which directly affected important United States interests and on which the United States lobbied extensively and a brief description of the issues involved in each such vote; a listing of the votes described in subparagraph (A) which provides a comparison of the vote cast by each member country with the vote cast by the United States; a country-by-country listing of votes described in subparagraph (A); and a listing of votes described in subparagraph (A) displayed in terms of United Nations regional caucus groups; a listing of all plenary votes cast by member countries of the United Nations in the General Assembly which provides a comparison of the votes cast by each member country with the vote cast by the United States, including a separate listing of all plenary votes cast by member countries of the United Nations in the General Assembly on resolutions specifically related to Israel that are opposed by the United States; an analysis and discussion, prepared in consultation with the Secretary of State, of the extent to which other members supported United States policy objectives in the Security Council and a separate listing of all Security Council votes of each member country in comparison with the United States; and a side-by-side comparison of agreement on important and overall votes for each member country and the United States.

(c) Format Information required pursuant to subsection (b)(3) shall also be submitted, together with an explanation of the statistical methodology, in a format identical to that contained in chapter II of the Report to Congress on Voting Practices in the United Nations, dated March 14, 1988 .

(d) Statement by Secretary of State Each report under subsection (a) shall contain a statement by the Secretary of State discussing the measures which have been taken to inform United States diplomatic missions of United Nations General Assembly and Security Council activities.

§ 2415 Annual military assistance report

(a) Report required Not later than February 1 of each year, the President shall transmit to the Congress an annual report for the fiscal year ending the previous September 30.

(b) Information relating to military assistance and military exports Each such report shall show the aggregate dollar value and quantity of defense articles (including excess defense articles), defense services, and international military education and training activities authorized by the United States and of such articles, services, and activities provided by the United States, excluding any activity that is reportable under title V of the National Security Act of 1947 [ 50 U.S.C. 3091 et seq.], to each foreign country and international organization. The report shall specify, by category, whether such defense articles— were furnished by grant under part II or part V of subchapter II of this chapter or under any other authority of law or by sale under chapter 2 of the Arms Export Control Act [ 22 U.S.C. 2761 et seq.]; were furnished with the financial assistance of the United States Government, including through loans and guarantees; or were licensed for export under section 38 of the Arms Export Control Act [ 22 U.S.C. 2778 ] and, if so, a specification of those defense articles that were exported during the fiscal year covered by the report, including, in the case of defense articles that are firearms controlled under category I of the United States Munitions List, a statement of the aggregate dollar value and quantity of semiautomatic assault weapons, or spare parts for such weapons, the manufacture, transfer, or possession of which is unlawful under section 922 of title 18 , that were licensed for export during the period covered by the report.

(c) Availability on Internet All unclassified portions of such report shall be made available to the public on the Internet through the Department of State.

§ 2416 Annual foreign military training report

(a) Annual report Not later than January 31 of each year, the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of State shall jointly prepare and submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report on all military training provided to foreign military personnel by the Department of Defense and the Department of State during the previous fiscal year and all such training proposed for the current fiscal year. Paragraph (1) does not apply to any NATO member, Australia, Japan, or New Zealand, unless one of the appropriate congressional committees has specifically requested, in writing, inclusion of such country in the report. Such request shall be made not later than 90 calendar days prior to the date on which the report is required to be transmitted.

(b) Contents The report described in subsection (a) shall include the following: For each military training activity, the foreign policy justification and purpose for the activity, the number of foreign military personnel provided training and their units of operation, and the location of the training. For each country, the aggregate number of students trained and the aggregate cost of the military training activities. With respect to United States personnel, the operational benefits to United States forces derived from each military training activity and the United States military units involved in each activity.

(c) Form The report described in subsection (a) shall be in unclassified form but may include a classified annex.

(d) Availability on Internet All unclassified portions of the report described in subsection (a) shall be made available to the public on the Internet through the Department of State.

(e) Definition In this section, the term “appropriate congressional committees” means— the Committee on Appropriations and the Committee on International Relations of the House of Representatives; and the Committee on Appropriations and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate.

§ 2417 Repealed. Pub. L. 97–113, title VII, § 734(a)(1), Dec. 29, 1981, 95 Stat. 1560

§ 2418 Repealed. Pub. L. 95–424, title VI, § 604, Oct. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 961

§ 2419 Repealed. Pub. L. 97–113, title VII, § 734(a)(1), Dec. 29, 1981, 95 Stat. 1560

§ 2420 Police training prohibition

(a) Effective date of prohibition On and after July 1, 1975 , none of the funds made available to carry out this chapter, and none of the local currencies generated under this chapter, shall be used to provide training or advice, or provide any financial support, for police, prisons, or other law enforcement forces for any foreign government or any program of internal intelligence or surveillance on behalf of any foreign government within the United States or abroad.

(b) Exception; qualification Subsection (a) of this section shall not apply— with respect to assistance rendered under section 515(c) of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, 1 with respect to any authority of the Drug Enforcement Administration or the Federal Bureau of Investigation which relates to crimes of the nature which are unlawful under the laws of the United States, or with respect to assistance authorized under section 2291a of this title ; to any contract entered into prior to December 30, 1974 , with any person, organization, or agency of the United States Government to provide personnel to conduct, or assist in conducting, any such program; with respect to assistance, including training, in maritime law enforcement and other maritime skills; with respect to assistance provided to police forces in connection with their participation in the regional security system of the Eastern Caribbean states; or 2 with respect to assistance, including training, relating to sanctions monitoring and enforcement; with respect to assistance provided to reconstitute civilian police authority and capability in the post-conflict restoration of host nation infrastructure for the purposes of supporting a nation emerging from instability, and the provision of professional public safety training, to include training in internationally recognized standards of human rights, the rule of law, anti-corruption, and the promotion of civilian police roles that support democracy; with respect to assistance provided to customs authorities and personnel, including training, technical assistance and equipment, for customs law enforcement and the improvement of customs laws, systems and procedures. Notwithstanding clause (2), subsection (a) shall apply to any renewal or extension of any contract referred to in such paragraph entered into on or after December 30, 1974 .

(c) Country with longstanding democratic tradition, etc. Subsection (a) shall not apply with respect to a country which has a longstanding democratic tradition, does not have standing armed forces, and does not engage in a consistent pattern of gross violations of internationally recognized human rights.

(d) Assistance to Honduras or El Salvador Notwithstanding the prohibition contained in subsection (a) assistance may be provided to Honduras or El Salvador for fiscal years 1986 and 1987 if, at least 30 days before providing assistance, the President notifies the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate, in accordance with the procedures applicable to reprogramming notifications pursuant to section 2394–1 of this title , that he has determined that the government of the recipient country has made significant progress, during the preceding six months, in eliminating any human rights violations including torture, incommunicado detention, detention of persons solely for the nonviolent expression of their political views, or prolonged detention without trial. Any such notification shall include a full description of the assistance which is proposed to be provided and of the purposes to which it is to be directed.

§ 2421 Trade and Development Agency

(a) Purpose The Trade and Development Agency shall be an agency of the United States under the foreign policy guidance of the Secretary of State. The purpose of the Trade and Development Agency is to promote United States private sector participation in development projects in developing and middle-income countries, with special emphasis on economic sectors with significant United States export potential, such as energy, transportation, telecommunications, and environment.

(b) Authority to provide assistance The Director of the Trade and Development Agency is authorized to work with foreign countries, including those in which the United States development programs have been concluded or those not receiving assistance under subchapter I of this chapter, to carry out the purpose of this section by providing funds for feasibility studies, architectural and engineering design, and other activities related to development projects which provide opportunities for the use of United States exports. Funds under this section may be used to provide support for feasibility studies for the planning, development, and management of, and procurement for, bilateral and multilateral development projects, including training activities undertaken in connection with a project, for the purpose of promoting the use of United States goods and services in such projects. Funds under this section may also be used for architectural and engineering design, including— concept design, which establishes the basic technical and operational criteria for a project, such as architectural drawings for a proposed facility, evaluation of site constraints, procurement requirements, and equipment specifications; and detail design, which sets forth specific dimensions and criteria for structural, mechanical, electrical, and architectural operations, and identifies other resources required for project operations. The Trade and Development Agency shall disseminate information about its project activities to the private sector. Other agencies of the United States Government shall cooperate with the Trade and Development Agency in order for the Agency to provide more effectively informational services to persons in the private sector concerning trade development and export promotion related to development projects. Any funds used for purposes of this section may be used notwithstanding any other provision of law. The Trade and Development Agency shall, to the maximum extent practicable, require corporations and other entities to— share the costs of feasibility studies and other project planning services funded under this section; and reimburse the Trade and Development Agency those funds provided under this section, if the corporation or entity concerned succeeds in project implementation.

(c) Director and personnel There shall be at the head of the Trade and Development Agency a Director who shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. The Director may appoint such officers and employees of the Trade and Development Agency as the Director considers appropriate. The officers and employees appointed under this paragraph shall have such functions as the Director may determine. Of the officers and employees appointed under this paragraph, 2 may be appointed without regard to the provisions of title 5, governing appointments in the competitive service, and may be compensated without regard to the provisions of chapter 51 or subchapter III of chapter 53 of such title. Under such regulations as the President may prescribe, any individual appointed under subparagraph (C) may be entitled, upon removal (except for cause) from the position to which the appointment was made, to reinstatement to the position occupied by that individual at the time of appointment or to a position of comparable grade and pay.

(d) Annual report The President shall, not later than December 31 of each year, submit to the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate a report on the activities of the Trade and Development Agency in the preceding fiscal year.

(e) Audits The Trade and Development Agency shall be subject to the provisions of chapter 35 of title 31, except as otherwise provided in this section. An independent certified public accountant shall perform a financial and compliance audit of the financial statements of the Trade and Development Agency each year, in accordance with generally accepted Government auditing standards for a financial and compliance audit, taking into consideration any standards recommended by the Comptroller General. The independent certified public accountant shall report the results of such audit to the Director of the Trade and Development Agency. The financial statements of the Trade and Development Agency shall be presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. These financial statements and the report of the accountant shall be included in a report which contains, to the extent applicable, the information identified in section 3512 of title 31 , and which the Trade and Development Agency shall submit to the Congress not later than 6½ months after the end of the last fiscal year covered by the audit. The Comptroller General may review the audit conducted by the accountant and the report to the Congress in the manner and at such times as the Comptroller General considers necessary. In lieu of the financial and compliance audit required by paragraph (2), the Comptroller General shall, if the Comptroller General considers it necessary or upon the request of the Congress, audit the financial statements of the Trade and Development Agency in the manner provided in paragraph (2). All books, accounts, financial records, reports, files, workpapers, and property belonging to or in use by the Trade and Development Agency and the accountant who conducts the audit under paragraph (2), which are necessary for purposes of this subsection, shall be made available to the representatives of the Government Accountability Office designated by the Comptroller General.

(f) Funding There are authorized to be appropriated for purposes of this section, in addition to funds otherwise available for such purposes, $79,500,000 for fiscal year 2020 and such sums as may be necessary for each fiscal year thereafter. Amounts appropriated pursuant to the authorization of appropriations under subparagraph (A) are authorized to remain available until expended. The Trade and Development Agency should, in carrying out its program, provide, as appropriate, funds to multilateral development banks for technical assistance grants. As used in subparagraph (A)— the term “technical assistance grants” means funding by multilateral development banks of services from the United States in connection with projects and programs supported by such banks, including, but not limited to, engineering, design, and consulting services; and the term “multilateral development bank” has the meaning given that term in section 262r(c) of this title .

§ 2421a Capital projects office within Agency for International Development

(a) Establishment of office The Administrator of AID shall establish a capital projects office to carry out the purposes described in subsection (b).

(b) Purposes of office The purposes referred to in subsection (a) are— to develop an AID program that would focus solely on developmentally sound capital projects, taking into consideration development needs of the host country and the export opportunities for the United States; and to consider specifically opportunities for United States high-technology firms, including small- and medium-sized firms, in supporting capital projects for developing countries and for countries making the transition from nonmarket to market economies.

(c) Activities of AID The Administrator of AID (acting through the capital projects office), in coordination with the appropriate members of the Trade Promotion Coordination Committee— shall support capital projects in developing countries and in countries making the transition from nonmarket to market economies; shall periodically review infrastructure needs in developing countries and countries making the transition from nonmarket to market economies and shall explore opportunities for United States firms in the development of new capital projects in these countries, keeping both United States firms and the Congress informed of these reviews; shall ensure that each capital project for which AID provides funding is developmentally sound, as determined under the criteria developed by the Development Assistance Committee of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development; shall coordinate its activities with other AID offices, and work with AID country missions, in developing capital projects that provide opportunities for United States firms consistent with AID’s primary mission to help developing countries with traditional development projects; shall coordinate, where appropriate, funds available to AID for tied-aid purposes; and shall play a special role in helping to meet the infrastructure needs of countries making the transition from nonmarket to market economies by meeting the challenge of infrastructure assistance provided by foreign governments to those countries, including by undertaking a comprehensive study of the infrastructure needs of the various countries making the transition from nonmarket to market economies— to identify those sectors in the economies of these countries that are most in need of rebuilding, and to identify the state of technology in these countries and the opportunity for United States high technology firms to help develop a technological infrastructure in these countries, including an assessment of export opportunities for United States high technology companies. The results of the study conducted pursuant to paragraph (6) shall be reported to the appropriate congressional committees within 12 months after October 28, 1992 .

§ 2421b Capital projects for poverty alleviation and environmental safety and sustainability

(a) Purposes The Administrator of AID shall develop a program, in accordance with subsection (b), that focuses on developmentally sound capital projects for basic infrastructure that will measurably alleviate the worst manifestations of poverty or directly promote environmental safety and sustainability at the community level, taking into consideration development needs of the host country and export opportunities for services and goods from the United States.

(b) Activities of AID In order to carry out subsection (a), the Administrator of AID shall, working with AID technical support staff, regional bureau staff, and country missions, identify and provide funding for capital projects to alleviate the worst manifestations of poverty or to promote environmental safety and sustainability at the community level in countries receiving assistance under part I of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [ 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.]. Such projects may include basic sanitation systems, basic water supply and treatment, pollution control, and rural infrastructure benefiting poor communities or establishing environmentally sustainable patterns of rural development. Such projects should have measurable positive effects on indicators of human and environmental health.

§ 2421c Coordination

The President shall use the Trade Promotion Coordination Committee to coordinate activities under sections 2421a to 2421e of this title with other relevant activities of the United States Government. ( Pub. L. 102–549, title III, § 304 , Oct. 28, 1992 , 106 Stat. 3659 .)

§ 2421d Funding for capital projects

(a) Funding level The Congress strongly urges the President to use at least $650,000,000forfiscalyear1993andatleast$700,000,000 for fiscal year 1994 of the total amounts made available for assistance under chapter 4 of part II of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [ 22 U.S.C. 2346 et seq.] (relating to the economic support fund), assistance under the Support for East European Democracy (SEED) Act of 1989 [ 22 U.S.C. 5401 et seq.], assistance under the Freedom for Russia and Emerging Eurasian Democracies and Open Markets Support Act of 1992, and assistance under the Multilateral Assistance Initiative for the Philippines, for grants for developmentally sound capital projects. Such grants may be combined with financing offered by private financial entities or other entities.

(b) Development assistance capital projects Funds appropriated to carry out chapter 1 or chapter 10 of part I of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [ 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq., 2293 et seq.] (relating to development assistance and the Development Fund for Africa) may not be used for capital projects that do not meet the criteria contained in section 2421b of this title . This subsection does not apply with respect to capital projects for which funds have been obligated or expended before October 28, 1992 .

§ 2421e Definitions

For purposes of sections 2421a to 2421e of this title— the term “AID” means the Agency for International Development; and the term “capital project” means a project involving the construction, expansion, alteration of, or the acquisition of equipment for, a physical facility or physical infrastructure, including related engineering design (concept and detail) and other services, the procurement of equipment (including any related services), and feasibility studies or similar engineering and economic services. ( Pub. L. 102–549, title III, § 308 , Oct. 28, 1992 , 106 Stat. 3660 .)

§ 2421f Sustainability requirements for certain capital projects in connection with overseas contingency operations

(a) Limitation Commencing 60 days after January 2, 2013 — amounts authorized to be appropriated for the Department of Defense may not be obligated or expended for a capital project described in subsection (b) unless the Secretary of Defense, in consultation with the United States commander of military operations in the country in which the project will be carried out, completes an assessment on the necessity and sustainability of the project; amounts authorized to be appropriated for the Department of State may not be obligated or expended for a capital project described in subsection (b) unless the Secretary of State, in consultation with the Chief of Mission in the country in which the project will be carried out, completes an assessment on the necessity and sustainability of the project; and amounts authorized to be appropriated for the United States Agency for International Development may not be obligated or expended for a capital project described in subsection (b) unless the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, in consultation with the Mission Director and the Chief of Mission in the country in which the project will be carried out, completes an assessment on the necessity and sustainability of the project. Each assessment on a capital project under this subsection shall include, but not be limited to, the following: An estimate of the total cost of the completed project to the United States. An estimate of the financial and other requirements necessary for the host government to sustain the project on an annual basis after completion of the project. An assessment whether the host government has the capacity (in both financial and human resources) to maintain and use the project after completion. A description of any arrangements for the sustainment of the project following its completion if the host government lacks the capacity (in financial or human resources) to maintain the project. An assessment whether the host government has requested or expressed its need for the project, and an explanation of the decision to proceed with the project absent such request or need. An assessment by the Secretary of Defense, where applicable, of the effect of the project on the military mission of the United States in the country concerned.

(b) Covered capital projects Except as provided in paragraph (2), a capital project described in this subsection is any capital project overseas for an overseas contingency operation for the benefit of a host country and funded by the Department of Defense, the Department of State, or the United States Agency for International Development, as applicable, if the capital project— in the case of a project that directly supports building the capacity of indigenous security forces in the host country, has an estimated value in excess of $10,000,000;inthecaseofanyprojectnotcoveredbysubparagraph(A)thatistobefundedbytheDepartmentofStateortheUnitedStatesAgencyforInternationalDevelopment,hasanestimatedvalueinexcessof$5,000,000; or in the case of any other project, has an estimated value in excess of $2,000,000. A capital project described in this subsection does not include any project for military construction (as that term is defined in section 114(b) of title 10 ) or a military family housing project under section 2821 of such title.

(c) Waiver The Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of State, or the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, as applicable, may waive the limitation in subsection (a) in order to initiate a capital project if such Secretary or the Administrator, as the case may be, determines that the project is in the national security, diplomatic, or humanitarian interests of the United States. In the first report submitted under subsection (d) after any waiver under this subsection, such Secretary or the Administrator shall include a detailed justification of such waiver. Not later than 90 days after issuing a waiver under this subsection, such Secretary or the Administrator shall submit to the appropriate committees of Congress the assessment described in subsection (a) with respect to the capital project concerned.

(d) Semi-annual reports Not later than 30 days after the end of any fiscal-year half-year in which the Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of State, or the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development conducts an assessment under subsection (a), such Secretary or the Administrator, as the case may be, shall submit to the appropriate committees of Congress a report setting forth each assessment so conducted during such fiscal-year half-year, including the elements of each capital project so assessed specified in subsection (a)(2). In addition to the matters provided for in paragraph (1), each report under that paragraph shall include the following: For each capital project covered by such report, an evaluation (other than by amount of funds expended) of the effectiveness of such project, including, at a minimum, the following: The stated goals of the project. The actions taken to assess and verify whether the project has met the stated goals of the project or is on track to meet such goals when completed. The current and anticipated levels of involvement of local governments, communities, and individuals in the project. For each country or region in which a capital project covered by such report is being carried out, an assessment of the current and anticipated risks of corruption or fraud in connection with such project. Each report shall be submitted in unclassified form, but may include a classified annex.

(e) Definitions In this section: The term “appropriate committees of Congress” means— the Committee on Armed Services, the Committee on Foreign Relations, the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate; and the Committee on Armed Services, the Committee on Foreign Affairs, the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives. The term “capital project” has the meaning given that term in section 2421e of this title . The term “overseas contingency operation” means a military operation outside the United States and its territories and possessions that is a contingency operation (as that term is defined in section 101(a)(13) of title 10 ).

§ 2422 Repealed. Pub. L. 102–88, title VI, § 601, Aug. 14, 1991, 105 Stat. 441

§ 2423 Exchanges of certain materials

(a) Agreement for necessary or strategic raw material; definition Notwithstanding any other provision of law, whenever the President determines it is in the United States national interest, he shall furnish assistance under this chapter or shall furnish defense articles or services under the Foreign Military Sales Act [ 22 U.S.C. 2751 et. seq.], pursuant to an agreement with the recipient of such assistance, articles, or services which provides that such recipient may only obtain such assistance, articles, or services in exchange for any necessary or strategic raw material controlled by such recipient. For the purposes of this section, the term “necessary or strategic raw material” includes petroleum, other fossil fuels, metals, minerals, or any other natural substance which the President determines is in short supply in the United States.

(b) Allocation of raw materials to Federal agencies The President shall allocate any necessary or strategic raw material transferred to the United States under this section to any appropriate agency of the United States Government for stockpiling, sale, transfer, disposal, or any other purpose authorized by law.

(c) Deposits in United States Treasury of funds from disposal of materials Funds received from any disposal of materials under subsection (b) shall be deposited as miscellaneous receipts in the United States Treasury.

§ 2424 Repealed. Pub. L. 95–88, title I, § 123(c), Aug. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 541

§ 2425 Repealed. Pub. L. 95–424, title VI, § 604, Oct. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 961

§ 2426 Discrimination against United States personnel

(a) Assignment of personnel on basis of ability and experience The President shall not take into account, in assigning officers and employees of the United States to carry out any economic development assistance programs funded under this chapter in any foreign country, the race, religion, national origin, or sex of any such officer or employee. Such assignments shall be made solely on the basis of ability and relevant experience.

(b) Prohibition on use of funds in country practicing discrimination Effective six months after December 20, 1975 , or on such earlier date as the President may determine, none of the funds made available under this chapter may be used to provide economic development assistance to any country which objects to the presence of any officer or employee of the United States who is present in such country for the purpose of carrying out any program of economic development assistance authorized by the provisions of this chapter on the basis of the race, religion, national origin, or sex of such officer or employee.

(c) Rules and regulations The Secretary of State shall promulgate such rules and regulations as he may deem necessary to carry out the provisions of this section.

§ 2427 Operating expenses

(a) Authorization of appropriations There are authorized to be appropriated to the President, in addition to funds otherwise available for such purposes— $387,000,000forfiscalyear1986and$387,000,000 for fiscal year 1987 for necessary operating expenses of the agency primarily responsible for administering subchapter I of this chapter, of which $21,750,000 for the fiscal year 1987 is authorized for the necessary operating expenses of the Office of the Inspector General of the Agency for International Development and the remaining amount for the fiscal year is authorized for other necessary operating expenses of that agency; and such amounts as may be necessary for increases in salary, pay, retirement, and other employee benefits authorized by law, and for other nondiscretionary costs of such agency.

(b) Continuing availability of funds Amounts appropriated under this section are authorized to remain available until expended.

§ 2428 Repealed. Pub. L. 97–113, title VII, § 734(a)(1), Dec. 29, 1981, 95 Stat. 1560

§ 2428a Congressional declaration of policy toward Korea; transmittal of report to Speaker of the House and Congressional committees

(a) The Congress declares that— United States policy toward Korea should continue to be arrived at by joint decision of the President and the Congress; in any implementation of the President’s policy of gradual and phased reduction of United States ground forces from the Republic of Korea, the United States should seek to accomplish such reduction in stages consistent with United States interests in Asia, notably Japan, and with the security interests of the Republic of Korea; any implementation of this policy should be carried out with a careful regard to the interest of the United States in continuing its close relationship with the people and government of Japan, in fostering democratic practices in the Republic of Korea, and in maintaining stable relations among the countries of East Asia; and these interests can be served most effectively by a policy which involves consultations by the United States Government, as appropriate, with the governments of the region, particularly those directly involved.

(b) Any implementation of the foregoing policy shall be carried out in regular consultation with the Congress. Repealed. Pub. L. 103–236, title I, § 139(5) , Apr. 30, 1994 , 108 Stat. 398 .

§ 2428b Special security assistance for modernization of Armed Forces of Korea

(a) Transfer authority of President of defense articles and services located in Korea; applicable terms and conditions; reimbursement The President is authorized until December 31, 1982 — to transfer, without reimbursement, to the Republic of Korea, only in conjunction with the withdrawal of the 2d Infantry Division and support forces from Korea, such United States Government-owned defense articles as he may determine which are located in Korea in the custody of units of the United States Army scheduled to depart from Korea; and to furnish to the Republic of Korea, without reimbursement, defense services (including technical and operational training) in Korea directly related to the United States Government-owned defense articles transferred to the Republic of Korea under this subsection. Any transfer under the authority of this section shall be made in accordance with all the terms and conditions of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [ 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.] applicable to the furnishing of defense articles and defense services under chapter 2 of part II of that Act [ 22 U.S.C. 2311 et seq.], except that no funds heretofore or hereafter appropriated under that Act shall be available to reimburse any agency of the United States Government for any such transfer or related services.

(b) Additional transfer authority of President of defense articles located outside of Korea; prerequisites for determinations respecting transfers; report by President to Congress of determinations In order that transfers of defense articles under subsection (a) will not cause significant adverse impact on the readiness of the Armed Forces of the United States, the President is authorized, in lieu of such transfers, to transfer additional defense articles from the stocks of the Department of Defense, wherever located, to the Republic of Korea to compensate for the military capability of defense articles withdrawn from Korea in any case where he determines that— the transfer of specific defense articles located in Korea would have a significant adverse impact on the readiness of the United States Armed Forces; the defense capability provided by those defense articles is needed by the Armed Forces of the Republic of Korea in order to maintain the military balance on the Korean peninsula; and a comparable defense capability could be provided by less advanced defense articles in the stocks of the Department of Defense which could be transferred without significant adverse impact on the readiness of the United States Armed Forces. The President shall report to the Congress each determination made under this subsection prior to the transfer of the defense articles described in such determination.

(c) Report by President to Congress of types, etc., of transferred defense articles The President shall transmit to the Congress, together with the presentation materials for security assistance programs proposed for each fiscal year through and including the fiscal year 1983, a report describing the types, quantities, and value of defense articles furnished or intended to be furnished to the Republic of Korea under this section.

(d) Repealed. Pub. L. 97–113, title VII, § 734(a)(12), Dec. 29, 1981, 95 Stat. 1560

(e) Congressional policy respecting further troop withdrawals It is the sense of the Congress that further withdrawal of ground forces of the United States from the Republic of Korea may seriously risk upsetting the military balance in that region and requires full advance consultation with the Congress. Repealed. Pub. L. 97–113, title VII, § 734(a)(12) , Dec. 29, 1981 , 95 Stat. 1560 .

§§ 2429, 2429a Repealed. Pub. L. 103–236, title VIII, § 826(b), Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 519

§ 2429a–1 Annual report on nuclear transfer activities

Beginning with the fiscal year 1983 and for each fiscal year thereafter, the President shall prepare and transmit to the Congress, as part of the presentation materials for foreign assistance programs proposed for that fiscal year, a classified report describing the nuclear programs and related activities of any country for which a waiver of section 2799aa or 2799aa–1 of this title is in effect, including an assessment of— the extent and effectiveness of International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards at that country’s nuclear facilities; and the capability, actions, and intentions of the government of that country with respect to the manufacture or acquisition of a nuclear explosive device. ( Pub. L. 97–113, title VII, § 735 , Dec. 29, 1981 , 95 Stat. 1561 ; Pub. L. 103–236, title VIII, § 826(c) , Apr. 30, 1994 , 108 Stat. 519 .)

§ 2429a–2 Enforcement of nonproliferation treaties

(a) Policy It is the sense of the Congress that the President should instruct the United States Permanent Representative to the United Nations to enhance the role of that institution in the enforcement of nonproliferation treaties through the passage of a United Nations Security Council resolution which would state that, any non-nuclear weapon state that is found by the United Nations Security Council, in consultation with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), to have terminated, abrogated, or materially violated an IAEA full-scope safeguards agreement would be subjected to international economic sanctions, the scope of which to be determined by the United Nations Security Council.

(b) Prohibition Notwithstanding any other provision of law, no United States assistance under the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [ 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.] shall be provided to any non-nuclear weapon state that is found by the President to have terminated, abrogated, or materially violated an IAEA full-scope safeguard agreement or materially violated a bilateral United States nuclear cooperation agreement entered into after March 10, 1978 .

(c) Waiver The President may waive the application of subsection (b) if— the President determines that the termination of such assistance would be seriously prejudicial to the achievement of United States nonproliferation objectives or otherwise jeopardize the common defense and security; and the President reports such determination to the Congress at least 15 days in advance of any resumption of assistance to that state.

§ 2429b Transferred

§ 2430 Purpose

The purpose of this subchapter is to encourage and support improvement in the lives of the people of Latin America and the Caribbean through market-oriented reforms and economic growth with interrelated actions to promote debt reduction, investment reforms, community based conservation, and sustainable use of the environment, and child survival and child development. The Facility will support these objectives through administration of debt reduction operations under this subchapter for those countries with democratically elected governments that meet investment reforms and other policy conditions. ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. IV, § 701, as added Pub. L. 102–549, title VI, § 602(a) , Oct. 28, 1992 , 106 Stat. 3664 .)

§ 2430a Definitions

For purposes of this subchapter— the term “administering body” means the entity provided for in section 2430g(c) of this title ; the term “Americas Framework Agreement” means an Americas Framework Agreement provided for in section 2430g of this title ; the term “Americas Fund” means an Enterprise for the Americas Fund provided for in section 2430f(a) of this title ; the term “appropriate congressional committees” means the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate; the term “beneficiary country” means an eligible country with respect to which the authority of section 2430c(a)(1) of this title is exercised; the term “eligible country” means a country designated by the President in accordance with section 2430b of this title ; the term “Enterprise for the Americas Board” or “Board” means the board established by section 1738i of title 7 ; and the term “Facility” means the Enterprise for the Americas Facility established in the Department of the Treasury by section 1738 of title 7 . ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. IV, § 702, as added Pub. L. 102–549, title VI, § 602(a) , Oct. 28, 1992 , 106 Stat. 3664 ; amended Pub. L. 110–246, title III, § 3001(b)(1)(A) , (2)(Q), June 18, 2008 , 122 Stat. 1820 .)

§ 2430b Eligibility for benefits

(a) Requirements To be eligible for benefits from the Facility under this subchapter, a country must be a Latin American or Caribbean country— whose government is democratically elected; whose government has not repeatedly provided support for acts of international terrorism; whose government is not failing to cooperate on international narcotics control matters; whose government (including its military or other security forces) does not engage in a consistent pattern of gross violations of internationally recognized human rights; that has in effect, has received approval for, or, as appropriate in exceptional circumstances, is making significant progress toward— an International Monetary Fund standby arrangement, extended Fund arrangement, or an arrangement under the structural adjustment facility or enhanced structural adjustment facility, or in exceptional circumstances, a Fund monitored program or its equivalent, unless the President determines (after consultation with the Enterprise for the Americas Board) that such an arrangement or program (or its equivalent) could reasonably be expected to have significant adverse social or environmental effects; and as appropriate, structural or sectoral adjustment loans from the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development or the International Development Association, unless the President determines (after consultation with the Enterprise for the Americas Board) that the resulting adjustment requirements could reasonably be expected to have significant adverse social or environmental effects; has put in place major investment reforms in conjunction with an Inter-American Development Bank loan or otherwise is implementing, or is making significant progress toward, an open investment regime; and if appropriate, has agreed with its commercial bank lenders on a satisfactory financing program, including, as appropriate, debt or debt service reduction.

(b) Eligibility determinations Consistent with subsection (a), the President shall determine whether a country is eligible to receive benefits under this subchapter. The President shall notify the appropriate congressional committees of his intention to designate a country as an eligible country at least 15 days in advance of any formal determination.

§ 2430c Reduction of certain debt

(a) Authority to reduce debt The President may reduce the amount owed to the United States (or any agency of the United States) that is outstanding as of January 1, 1992 , as a result of concessional loans made to an eligible country by the United States under subchapter I of this chapter, part IV of subchapter II of this chapter, or predecessor foreign economic assistance legislation. The authority provided by this section may be exercised only in such amounts or to such extent as is provided in advance by appropriations Acts. A reduction of debt pursuant to this section shall not be considered assistance for purposes of any provision of law limiting assistance to a country. The authority of this section may be exercised notwithstanding section 2370(r) of this title or section 321 of the International Development and Food Assistance Act of 1975.

(b) Implementation of debt reduction Any debt reduction pursuant to subsection (a) shall be accomplished at the direction of the Facility by the exchange of a new obligation for obligations outstanding as of the date specified in subsection (a)(1). The Facility shall notify the agency primarily responsible for administering subchapter I of this chapter of the agreement with an eligible country to exchange a new obligation for outstanding obligations pursuant to this subsection. At the direction of the Facility, the old obligations shall be canceled and a new debt obligation for the country shall be established, and the agency primarily responsible for administering subchapter I of this chapter shall make an adjustment in its accounts to reflect the debt reduction.

§ 2430d Repayment of principal

(a) Currency of payment The principal amount of each new obligation issued pursuant to section 2430c(b) of this title shall be repaid in United States dollars.

(b) Deposit of payments Principal repayments of new obligations shall be deposited in the United States Government account established for principal repayments of the obligations for which those obligations were exchanged.

§ 2430e Interest on new obligations

(a) Rate of interest New obligations issued by a beneficiary country pursuant to section 2430c(b) of this title shall bear interest at a concessional rate.

(b) Currency of payment; deposits If the beneficiary country has entered into an Americas Framework Agreement, interest shall be paid in the local currency of the beneficiary country and deposited in an Americas Fund. Such interest shall be the property of the beneficiary country, until such time as it is disbursed pursuant to section 2430f(d) of this title . Such local currencies shall be used for the purposes specified in the Americas Framework Agreement. If the beneficiary country has not entered into an Americas Framework Agreement, interest shall be paid in United States dollars and deposited in the United States Government account established for interest payments of the obligations for which the new obligations were exchanged.

(c) Interest already paid If a beneficiary country enters into an Americas Framework Agreement subsequent to the date on which interest first became due on the newly issued obligation, any interest already paid on such new obligation shall not be redeposited into the Americas Fund established for that country.

§ 2430f Enterprise for the Americas Funds

(a) Establishment Each beneficiary country that enters into an Americas Framework Agreement shall be required to establish an Enterprise for the Americas Fund to receive payments in local currency pursuant to section 2430e(b)(1) of this title .

(b) Deposits Local currencies deposited in an Americas Fund shall not be considered assistance for purposes of any provision of law limiting assistance to a country.

(c) Investment Deposits made in an Americas Fund shall be invested until disbursed. Any return on such investment may be retained by the Americas Fund, without deposit in the Treasury of the United States and without further appropriation by the Congress.

(d) Disbursements Funds in an Americas Fund shall be disbursed only pursuant to an Americas Framework Agreement.

§ 2430g Americas Framework Agreements

(a) Authority The Secretary of State is authorized, in consultation with other appropriate Government officials, to enter into an Americas Framework Agreement with any eligible country concerning the operation and use of the Americas Fund for that country. In the negotiation of such Agreements, the Secretary shall consult with the Enterprise for the Americas Board in accordance with section 2430h of this title .

(b) Contents of Agreements An Americas Framework Agreement with an eligible country shall— require that country to establish an Americas Fund; require that country to make interest payments under section 2430e(b)(1) of this title into an Americas Fund; require that country to make prompt disbursements from the Americas Fund to the administering body described in subsection (c); when appropriate, seek to maintain the value of the local currency resources of the Americas Fund in terms of United States dollars; specify, in accordance with subsection (d), the purposes for which amounts in an Americas Fund may be used; and contain reasonable provisions for the enforcement of the terms of the agreement.

(c) Administering body Funds disbursed from the Americas Fund in each beneficiary country shall be administered by a body constituted under the laws of that country. The administering body shall consist of— one or more individuals appointed by the United States Government, one or more individuals appointed by the government of the beneficiary country, and individuals who represent a broad range of— environmental nongovernmental organizations of the beneficiary country, child survival and child development nongovernmental organizations of the beneficiary country, local community development nongovernmental organizations of the beneficiary country, and scientific or academic organizations or institutions of the beneficiary country. A majority of the members of the administering body shall be individuals described in subparagraph (C). The administering body— shall receive proposals for grant assistance from eligible grant recipients (as determined under subsection (e)) and make grants to eligible grant recipients in accordance with the priorities agreed upon in the Americas Framework Agreement, consistent with subsection (d); shall be responsible for the management of the program and oversight of grant activities funded from resources of the Americas Fund; shall be subject, on an annual basis, to an audit of financial statements conducted in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards by an independent auditor; shall be required to grant to representatives of the United States Government Accountability Office such access to books and records associated with operations of the Americas Fund as the Comptroller General of the United States may request; shall present an annual program for review each year by the Enterprise for the Americas Board; and shall submit a report each year on the activities that it undertook during the previous year to the Chair of the Enterprise for the Americas Board and to the government of the beneficiary country.

(d) Eligible activities Grants from an Americas Fund shall be used for— activities that link the conservation and sustainable use of natural resources with local community development; and child survival and other child development activities.

(e) Grant recipients Grants made from an Americas Fund shall be made to— nongovernmental environmental, conservation, child survival and child development, development, and indigenous peoples organizations of the beneficiary country; other appropriate local or regional entities; and in exceptional circumstances, the government of the beneficiary country.

(f) Review of larger grants Any grant of more than $100,000 from an Americas Fund shall be subject to veto by the Government of the United States or the government of the beneficiary country.

(g) Eligibility criteria In the event that a country ceases to meet the eligibility requirements set forth in section 2430b(a) of this title , as determined by the President pursuant to section 2430b(b) of this title , then grants from the Americas Fund for that country may only be made to nongovernmental organizations until such time as the President determines that such country meets the eligibility requirements set forth in section 2430b(a) of this title .

§ 2430h Enterprise for the Americas Board

For purposes of this subchapter, the Enterprise for the Americas Board shall— advise the Secretary of State on the negotiations of Americas Framework Agreements; ensure, in consultation with— the government of the beneficiary country, nongovernmental organizations of the beneficiary country, nongovernmental organizations of the region (if appropriate), environmental, scientific, child survival and child development, and academic leaders of the beneficiary country, and environmental, scientific, child survival and child development, and academic leaders of the region (as appropriate), that a suitable administering body is identified for each Americas Fund; and review the programs, operations, and fiscal audits of each administering body. ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. IV, § 709, as added Pub. L. 102–549, title VI, § 602(a) , Oct. 28, 1992 , 106 Stat. 3668 .)

§ 2430i Annual reports to Congress

The annual reports submitted pursuant to section 1738m of title 7 shall include a description of each Americas Framework Agreement and a description of any grants that have been extended by administering bodies pursuant to an Americas Framework Agreement. ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. IV, § 710, as added Pub. L. 102–549, title VI, § 602(a) , Oct. 28, 1992 , 106 Stat. 3669 ; amended Pub. L. 110–246, title III, § 3001(b)(1)(A) , (2)(Q), June 18, 2008 , 122 Stat. 1820 .)

§ 2431 Findings and purposes

(a) Findings The Congress finds the following: It is the established policy of the United States to support and seek protection of tropical forests and coral reef ecosystems around the world. Tropical forests provide a wide range of benefits to humankind by— harboring a major share of the Earth’s biological and terrestrial resources, which are the basis for developing pharmaceutical products and revitalizing agricultural crops; playing a critical role as carbon sinks in reducing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, thus moderating potential global climate change; and regulating hydrological cycles on which agricultural and coastal resources depend. International negotiations and assistance programs to conserve forest resources have proliferated over the past decade, but the rapid rate of tropical deforestation continues unabated. Developing countries with urgent needs for investment and capital for development have allocated a significant amount of their forests to logging concessions. Poverty and economic pressures on the populations of developing countries have, over time, resulted in clearing of vast areas of forest for conversion to agriculture, which is often unsustainable in the poor soils underlying tropical forests. Debt reduction can reduce economic pressures on developing countries and result in increased protection for tropical forests and coral reef ecosystems. Finding economic benefits to local communities from sustainable uses of tropical forests and coral reef ecosystems is critical to the protection of such areas.

(b) Purposes The purposes of this subchapter are— to recognize the values received by United States citizens from protection of tropical forests and coral reef ecosystems; to facilitate greater protection of tropical forests and coral ecosystems (and to give priority to protecting areas with the highest levels of biodiversity and under the most severe threat) by providing for the alleviation of debt in countries where tropical forests and coral reef ecosystems are located, thus allowing the use of additional resources to protect these critical resources and reduce economic pressures that have led to deforestation; to ensure that resources freed from debt in such countries are targeted to protection of tropical forests and coral reef ecosystems and their associated values; and to rechannel existing resources to facilitate the protection of tropical forests and coral reef ecosystems.

§ 2431a Definitions

As used in this subchapter: The term “administering body” means the entity provided for in section 2431g(c) of this title . The term “appropriate congressional committees” means— the Committee on International Relations and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives; and the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate. The term “beneficiary country” means an eligible country with respect to which the authority of section 2431d(a)(1) of this title , section 2431e(a)(1) of this title , or paragraph (1) or (2) of section 2431f(a) of this title is exercised. The term “Board” means the board referred to in section 2431i of this title . The term “developing country with a tropical forest or coral reef” means— a country that has a per capita income of $725orlessin1994UnitedStatesdollars(commonlyreferredtoas“low-incomecountry”),asdeterminedandadjustedonanannualbasisbytheInternationalBankforReconstructionandDevelopmentinitsWorldDevelopmentReport;oracountrythathasapercapitaincomeofmorethan$725 but less than $8,956 in 1994 United States dollars (commonly referred to as “middle-income country”), as determined and adjusted on an annual basis by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development in its World Development Report; and a country that contains at least one tropical forest or coral reef that is globally outstanding in terms of its biological diversity or represents one of the larger intact blocks of tropical forests or coral reefs left, on a regional, continental, or global scale. The term “eligible country” means a country designated by the President in accordance with section 2431c of this title . The term “Conservation Agreement” or “Agreement” means a Conservation Agreement provided for in section 2431g of this title . The term “Conservation Facility” or “Facility” means the Conservation Facility established in the Department of the Treasury by section 2431b of this title . The term “Conservation Fund” or “Fund” means a Conservation Fund provided for in section 2431h of this title . The term “coral” means species of the phylum Cnidaria, including— all species of the orders Antipatharia (black corals), Scleractinia (stony corals), Alcyonacea (soft corals), Gorgonacea (horny corals), Stolonifera (organpipe corals and others), and Coenothecalia (blue coral), of the class Anthoza; 1 and all species of the order Hydrocorallina (fire corals and hydrocorals) of the class Hydrozoa. The term “coral reef” means any reef or shoal composed primarily of coral. The term “coral reef ecosystem” means any coral reef and any coastal marine ecosystem surrounding, or directly related to, a coral reef and important to maintaining the ecological integrity of that coral reef, such as seagrasses, mangroves, sandy seabed communities, and immediately adjacent coastal areas. ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. V, § 803, as added Pub. L. 105–214, § 1 , July 29, 1998 , 112 Stat. 886 ; amended Pub. L. 115–440 , §§ 3(b), 4(b), 8(e), 9(b)(1), Jan. 14, 2019 , 132 Stat. 5581 , 5583, 5584.)

§ 2431b Establishment of Facility

There is established in the Department of the Treasury an entity to be known as the “Conservation Facility” for the purpose of providing for the administration of debt reduction in accordance with this subchapter. ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. V, § 804, as added Pub. L. 105–214, § 1 , July 29, 1998 , 112 Stat. 887 ; amended Pub. L. 115–440, § 4(a) , Jan. 14, 2019 , 132 Stat. 5581 .)

§ 2431c Eligibility for benefits

(a) In general To be eligible for benefits from the Facility under this subchapter, a country shall be a developing country with a tropical forest or coral reef— whose government is democratically elected; whose government has not repeatedly provided support for acts of international terrorism; whose government is not failing to cooperate on international narcotics control matters; whose government (including its military or other security forces) does not engage in a consistent pattern of gross violations of internationally recognized human rights; that has in effect, has received approval for, or is making significant progress toward— an International Monetary Fund standby arrangement, extended Fund arrangement, or an arrangement under the structural adjustment facility or enhanced structural adjustment facility, or a Fund monitored program, or is implementing sound macroeconomic policies, unless the President determines that such an arrangement or program could reasonably be expected to have significant adverse social or environmental effect; and as appropriate, structural or sectoral adjustment loans from the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development or the International Development Association, unless the President determines that the resulting adjustment requirements could reasonably be expected to have significant adverse social or environmental effects; if appropriate, has 1 agreed with its commercial bank lenders on a satisfactory financing program, including, as appropriate, debt or debt service reduction; and that has put in place investment reforms, as evidenced by the conclusion of a bilateral investment treaty with the United States, implementation of an investment sector loan with the Inter-American Development Bank, World Bank-supported investment reforms, or other measures, as appropriate.

(b) Eligibility determinations Consistent with subsection (a), the President shall determine whether a country is eligible to receive benefits under this subchapter. The President shall notify the appropriate congressional committees of his intention to designate a country as an eligible country at least 15 days in advance of any formal determination.

§ 2431d Reduction of debt owed to United States as result of concessional loans under this chapter

(a) Authority to reduce debt The President may reduce the amount owed to the United States (or any agency of the United States) that is outstanding as of January 1, 1998 , as a result of concessional loans made to an eligible country by the United States under subchapter I of this chapter, part IV of subchapter II of this chapter, or predecessor foreign economic assistance legislation. For the cost (as defined in section 661a(5) of title 2 ) for the reduction of any debt pursuant to this section, there are authorized to be appropriated to the President— $25,000,000forfiscalyear1999;$75,000,000 for fiscal year 2000; and $100,000,000 for fiscal year 2001. A reduction of debt pursuant to this section shall not be considered assistance for purposes of any provision of law limiting assistance to a country. The authority of this section may be exercised notwithstanding section 2370(r) of this title or section 321 of the International Development and Food Assistance Act of 1975.

(b) Implementation of debt reduction Any debt reduction pursuant to subsection (a) shall be accomplished at the direction of the Facility by the exchange of a new obligation for obligations of the type referred to in subsection (a) outstanding as of the date specified in subsection (a)(1). The Facility shall notify the agency primarily responsible for administering subchapter I of this chapter of an agreement entered into under paragraph (1) with an eligible country to exchange a new obligation for outstanding obligations. At the direction of the Facility, the old obligations that are the subject of the agreement shall be canceled and a new debt obligation for the country shall be established relating to the agreement, and the agency primarily responsible for administering subchapter I of this chapter shall make an adjustment in its accounts to reflect the debt reduction.

(c) Additional terms and conditions The following additional terms and conditions shall apply to the reduction of debt under subsection (a)(1) in the same manner as such terms and conditions apply to the reduction of debt under section 2430c(a)(1) of this title : The provisions relating to repayment of principal under section 2430d of this title . The provisions relating to interest on new obligations under section 2430e of this title . In addition to the application of the provisions relating to repayment of principal under section 2430d of this title to the reduction of debt under subsection (a)(1) (in accordance with paragraph (1)(A) of this subsection), repayment of principal on a new obligation established under subsection (b) may be made in the local currency of the beneficiary country and deposited in the Conservation Fund of the country in the same manner as the provisions relating to payment of interest on new obligations under section 2430e of this title .

(d) Authorization of appropriations for fiscal years after fiscal year 2001 For the cost (as defined in section 661a(5) of title 2 ) for the reduction of any debt pursuant to this section or section 2431e of this title , there are authorized to be appropriated to the President the following: $50,000,000forfiscalyear2002.$75,000,000 for fiscal year 2003. $100,000,000forfiscalyear2004.$20,000,000 for fiscal year 2005. $25,000,000forfiscalyear2006.$30,000,000 for fiscal year 2007. $20,000,000forfiscalyear2019.$20,000,000 for fiscal year 2020. $20,000,000forfiscalyear2023.$20,000,000 for fiscal year 2024. $20,000,000forfiscalyear2025.$20,000,000 for fiscal year 2026. $20,000,000 for fiscal year 2027.

(e) Use of funds to conduct program audits, evaluations, monitoring, and administration Of the amounts made available to carry out this subchapter for a fiscal year, $300,000 is authorized to be made available to carry out audits, evaluations, monitoring, and administration of programs under this subchapter, including personnel costs associated with such audits, evaluations, monitoring and administration.

§ 2431e Reduction of debt owed to United States as result of credits extended under title I of Food for Peace Act

(a) Authority to reduce debt Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the President may reduce the amount owed to the United States (or any agency of the United States) that is outstanding as of January 14, 2019 , as a result of any credits extended under title I of the Food for Peace Act ( 7 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.) to a country eligible for benefits from the Facility. For the cost (as defined in section 661a(5) of title 2 ) for the reduction of any debt pursuant to this section, there are authorized to be appropriated to the President— $25,000,000forfiscalyear1999;$50,000,000 for fiscal year 2000; and $50,000,000 for fiscal year 2001. The authority provided by this section shall be available only to the extent that appropriations for the cost (as defined in section 661a(5) of title 2 ) of the modification of any debt pursuant to this section are made in advance.

(b) Implementation of debt reduction Any debt reduction pursuant to subsection (a) shall be accomplished at the direction of the Facility by the exchange of a new obligation for obligations of the type referred to in subsection (a) outstanding as of the date specified in subsection (a)(1). The Facility shall notify the Commodity Credit Corporation of an agreement entered into under paragraph (1) with an eligible country to exchange a new obligation for outstanding obligations. At the direction of the Facility, the old obligations that are the subject of the agreement shall be canceled and a new debt obligation shall be established for the country relating to the agreement, and the Commodity Credit Corporation shall make an adjustment in its accounts to reflect the debt reduction.

(c) Additional terms and conditions The following additional terms and conditions shall apply to the reduction of debt under subsection (a)(1) in the same manner as such terms and conditions apply to the reduction of debt under section 604(a)(1) of the Food for Peace Act [ 7 U.S.C. 1738c(a)(1) ]: The provisions relating to repayment of principal under section 605 of such Act [ 7 U.S.C. 1738d ]. The provisions relating to interest on new obligations under section 606 of such Act [ 7 U.S.C. 1738e ]. In addition to the application of the provisions relating to repayment of principal under section 605 of the Food for Peace Act [ 7 U.S.C. 1738d ] to the reduction of debt under subsection (a)(1) (in accordance with paragraph (1)(A) of this subsection), repayment of principal on a new obligation established under subsection (b) may be made in the local currency of the beneficiary country and deposited in the Conservation Fund of the country in the same manner as the provisions relating to payment of interest on new obligations under section 606 of such Act [ 7 U.S.C. 1738e ].

§ 2431f Authority to engage in debt-for-nature swaps and debt buybacks

(a) Loans and credits eligible for sale, reduction, or cancellation Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the President may, in accordance with this section, sell to any eligible purchaser described in subparagraph (B) any concessional loans described in section 2431d(a)(1) of this title or any credits described in section 2431e(a)(1) of this title , or on receipt of payment from an eligible purchaser described in subparagraph (B), reduce or cancel such loans (or credits) or portion thereof, only for the purpose of facilitating a debt-for-nature swap to support eligible activities described in section 2431g(d) of this title . A loan or credit may be sold, reduced, or canceled under subparagraph (A) only to a purchaser who presents plans satisfactory to the President for using the loan or credit for the purpose of engaging in debt-for-nature swaps to support eligible activities described in section 2431g(d) of this title . Before the sale under subparagraph (A) to any eligible purchaser described in subparagraph (B), or any reduction or cancellation under such subparagraph (A), of any loan or credit made to an eligible country, the President shall consult with the country concerning the amount of loans or credits to be sold, reduced, or canceled and their uses for debt-for-nature swaps to support eligible activities described in section 2431g(d) of this title . For the cost (as defined in section 661a(5) of title 2 ) for the reduction of any debt pursuant to subparagraph (A), amounts authorized to be appropriated under sections 2431d(a)(2), 2431e(a)(2), and 2431d(d) of this title shall be made available for such reduction of debt pursuant to subparagraph (A). Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the President may, in accordance with this section, sell to any eligible country any concessional loans described in section 2431d(a)(1) of this title or any credits described in section 2431e(a)(1) of this title , or on receipt of payment from an eligible country, reduce or cancel such loans (or credits) or portion thereof, only for the purpose of facilitating a debt buyback by an eligible country of its own qualified debt, only if the eligible country uses an additional amount of the local currency of the eligible country, equal to not less than the lessor of 40 percent of the price paid for such debt by such eligible country, or the difference between the price paid for such debt and the face value of such debt, to support eligible activities described in section 2431g(d) of this title . The authority provided by paragraphs (1) and (2) shall be available only to the extent that appropriations for the cost (as defined in section 661a(5) of title 2 ) of the modification of any debt pursuant to such paragraphs are made in advance. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the President shall, in accordance with this section, establish the terms and conditions under which loans and credits may be sold, reduced, or canceled pursuant to this section. The Facility shall notify the administrator of the agency primarily responsible for administering subchapter I of this chapter or the Commodity Credit Corporation, as the case may be, of eligible purchasers described in paragraph (1)(B) that the President has determined to be eligible under paragraph (1), and shall direct such agency or Corporation, as the case may be, to carry out the sale, reduction, or cancellation of a loan pursuant to such paragraph. Such agency or Corporation, as the case may be, shall make an adjustment in its accounts to reflect the sale, reduction, or cancellation. One or more individuals appointed by the United States Government shall serve in an official capacity on the administering body that oversees the implementation of grants arising from a debt-for-nature swap or debt buyback regardless of whether the United States is a party to any agreement between the eligible purchaser and the government of the beneficiary country.

(b) Deposit of proceeds The proceeds from the sale, reduction, or cancellation of any loan sold, reduced, or canceled pursuant to this section shall be deposited in the United States Government account or accounts established for the repayment of such loan.

§ 2431g Conservation Agreement

(a) Authority The Secretary of State is authorized, in consultation with other appropriate officials of the Federal Government, to enter into a Conservation Agreement with any eligible country concerning the operation and use of the Fund for that country.

(b) Contents of Agreement The requirements contained in section 2430g(b) of this title (relating to contents of an agreement) shall apply to an Agreement in the same manner as such requirements apply to an Americas Framework Agreement.

(c) Administering body Amounts disbursed from the Fund in each beneficiary country shall be administered by a body constituted under the laws of that country. The administering body shall consist of— one or more individuals appointed by the United States Government to serve in an official capacity; one or more individuals appointed by the government of the beneficiary country; and individuals who represent a broad range of— environmental nongovernmental organizations of, or active in, the beneficiary country; local community development nongovernmental organizations of the beneficiary country; and scientific, academic, or forestry organizations of the beneficiary country. A majority of the members of the administering body shall be individuals described in subparagraph (A)(iii). The requirements contained in section 2430g(c)(3) of this title (relating to responsibilities of the administering body) shall apply to an administering body described in paragraph (1) in the same manner as such requirements apply to an administering body described in section 2430g(c)(1) of this title .

(d) Eligible activities Amounts deposited in a Fund shall be used only to provide grants to conserve, maintain, and restore the tropical forests and coral reef ecosystems in the beneficiary country, through one or more of the following activities: Establishment, restoration, protection, and maintenance of parks, protected areas, and reserves. Development and implementation of scientifically sound systems of natural resource management, including land and ecosystem management practices. Training programs to increase the scientific, technical, and managerial capacities of individuals and organizations involved in conservation efforts. Restoration, protection, or sustainable use of diverse animal and plant species. Research and identification of medicinal uses of plant life to treat human diseases, illnesses, and health related concerns. Development and support of the livelihoods of individuals dependent on a tropical forest or coral reef ecosystem and related resources in a manner consistent with conserving such resources.

(e) Grant recipients Grants made from a Fund shall be made to— nongovernmental environmental, forestry, conservation, and indigenous peoples organizations of, or active in, the beneficiary country; other appropriate local or regional entities of, or active in, the beneficiary country; or in limited circumstances, the government of the beneficiary country when needed to improve governance and enhance management of tropical forests or coral reef ecosystems, without replacing existing levels of financial efforts by the government of the beneficiary country and with priority given to projects that complement grants made under subparagraphs (A) and (B). In providing grants under paragraph (1), priority shall be given to projects that are run by nongovernmental organizations and other private entities and that involve local communities in their planning and execution.

(f) Review of larger grants Any grant of more than $250,000 from a Fund must be approved by the Government of the United States and the government of the beneficiary country.

(g) Eligibility criteria In the event that a country ceases to meet the eligibility requirements set forth in section 2431c(a) of this title , as determined by the President pursuant to section 2431c(b) of this title , then grants from the Fund for that country may only be made to nongovernmental organizations until such time as the President determines that such country meets the eligibility requirements set forth in section 2431c(a) of this title .

§ 2431h Conservation Fund

(a) Establishment Each beneficiary country that enters into a Conservation Agreement under section 2431g of this title shall be required to establish a Conservation Fund to receive payments of interest and principal on new obligations undertaken by the beneficiary country under this subchapter.

(b) Requirements relating to operation of Fund The following terms and conditions shall apply to the Fund in the same manner as such terms as 1 conditions apply to an Enterprise for the Americas Fund under section 2430f of this title : The provision relating to deposits under subsection (b) of such section. The provision relating to investments under subsection (c) of such section. The provision relating to disbursements under subsection (d) of such section.

§ 2431i Board

(a) Enterprise for the Americas Board The Enterprise for the Americas Board established under section 1738i(a) of title 7 shall, in addition to carrying out the responsibilities of the Board under section 1738i(c) of title 7 , carry out the duties described in subsection (c) of this section for the purposes of this subchapter.

(b) Additional membership The Enterprise for the Americas Board shall be composed of an additional four members appointed by the President as follows: Two representatives from the United States Government, including a representative of the International Forestry Division of the United States Forest Service. Two representatives from private nongovernmental environmental, scientific, forestry, or academic organizations with experience and expertise in preservation, maintenance, sustainable uses, and restoration of tropical forests. Notwithstanding section 1738i(b)(2) of title 7 , the Enterprise for the Americas Board shall be headed by a chairperson who shall be appointed by the President and shall be the representative from the Department of State appointed under section 1738i(b)(1)(A) of title 7 .

(c) Duties The duties described in this subsection are as follows: Advise the Secretary of State on the negotiations of Tropical Forest Agreements. Ensure, in consultation with— the government of the beneficiary country; nongovernmental organizations of the beneficiary country; nongovernmental organizations of the region (if appropriate); environmental, scientific, forestry, and academic leaders of the beneficiary country; and environmental, scientific, forestry, and academic leaders of the region (as appropriate), that a suitable administering body is identified for each Fund. Review the programs, operations, and fiscal audits of each administering body.

§ 2431j Consultations with Congress

The President shall consult with the appropriate congressional committees on a periodic basis to review the operation of the Facility under this subchapter and the eligibility of countries for benefits from the Facility under this subchapter. ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. V, § 812, as added Pub. L. 105–214, § 1 , July 29, 1998 , 112 Stat. 893 .)

§ 2431k Annual reports to Congress

Not later than April 15 of each year, the President shall prepare and transmit to the Congress an annual report concerning the operation of the Facility for the prior calendar year. Such report shall include— a description of the activities undertaken by the Facility during the previous calendar year; a description of any Agreement entered into under this subchapter; a report on any Funds that have been established under this subchapter and on the operations of such Funds; and a description of any grants that have been provided by administering bodies pursuant to Agreements under this subchapter. ( Pub. L. 87–195 , pt. V, § 813, as added Pub. L. 105–214, § 1 , July 29, 1998 , 112 Stat. 893 ; amended Pub. L. 115–440, § 10 , Jan. 14, 2019 , 132 Stat. 5584 .)

§§ 2441 to 2443 Repealed. Pub. L. 95–384, § 12(c)(4), Sept. 26, 1978, 92 Stat. 737