CHAPTER 35 - ACCOUNTING AND COLLECTION

Title 31 > CHAPTER 35

Sections (44)

§ 3501 Definition

In this chapter, “executive agency” does not include (except in section 3513) a corporation, agency, or instrumentality subject to chapter 91 of this title. ( Pub. L. 97–258 , Sept. 13, 1982 , 96 Stat. 959 ; Pub. L. 107–107, div. A, title VIII, § 831(c) , Dec. 28, 2001 , 115 Stat. 1189 ; Pub. L. 111–204, § 2(h)(6)(B)(ii) , July 22, 2010 , 124 Stat. 2231 .)

§ 3511 Prescribing accounting requirements and developing accounting systems

(a) The Comptroller General shall prescribe the accounting principles, standards, and requirements that the head of each executive agency shall observe. Before prescribing the principles, standards, and requirements, the Comptroller General shall consult with the Secretary of the Treasury and the President on their accounting, financial reporting, and budgetary needs, and shall consider the needs of the heads of the other executive agencies.

(b) Requirements prescribed under subsection (a) of this section shall— provide for suitable integration between the accounting process of each executive agency and the accounting of the Department of the Treasury; allow the head of each agency to carry out section 3512 of this title ; and provide a method of— integrated accounting for the United States Government; complete disclosure of the results of the financial operations of each agency and the Government; and financial information and control the President and Congress require to carry out their responsibilities.

(c) Consistent with subsections (a) and (b) of this section— the authority of the Comptroller General continues under section 121(b) of title 40 ; and the Comptroller General may prescribe the forms, systems, and procedures that the judicial branch of the Government (except the Supreme Court) shall observe.

(d) The Comptroller General, the Secretary, and the President shall conduct a continuous program for improving accounting and financial reporting in the Government.

§ 3512 Executive agency accounting and other financial management reports and plans

(a) The Director of the Office of Management and Budget shall prepare and submit to the appropriate committees of the Congress and make available on a website described in section 1122 a financial management status report and a governmentwide 5-year financial management plan. A financial management status report under this subsection shall include— a description and analysis of the status of financial management in the executive branch; a summary of the most recently completed financial statements— of Federal agencies under section 3515 of this title ; and of Government corporations; a summary of the most recently completed financial statement audits and reports— of Federal agencies under section 3521(e) and (f) of this title; and of Government corporations; a summary of reports on internal accounting and administrative control systems submitted to the President and the Congress under the amendments made by the Federal Managers’ Financial Integrity Act of 1982 ( Public Law 97–255 ); a listing of agencies whose financial management systems do not comply substantially with the requirements of Section 1 3(a) 2 the Federal Financial Management Improvement Act of 1996, and a summary statement of the efforts underway to remedy the noncompliance; and any other information the Director considers appropriate to fully inform the Congress regarding the financial management of the Federal Government. A governmentwide 5-year financial management plan under this subsection shall describe the activities the Director, the Deputy Director for Management, the Controller of the Office of Federal Financial Management, and agency Chief Financial Officers shall conduct over the next 5 fiscal years to improve the financial management of the Federal Government. Each governmentwide 5-year financial management plan prepared under this subsection shall— describe the existing financial management structure and any changes needed to establish an integrated financial management system; be consistent with applicable accounting principles, standards, and requirements; provide a strategy for developing and integrating individual agency accounting, financial information, and other financial management systems to ensure adequacy, consistency, and timeliness of financial information; identify and make proposals to eliminate duplicative and unnecessary systems, including encouraging agencies to share systems which have sufficient capacity to perform the functions needed; identify projects to bring existing systems into compliance with the applicable standards and requirements; contain milestones for equipment acquisitions and other actions necessary to implement the 5-year plan consistent with the requirements of this section; identify financial management personnel needs and actions to ensure those needs are met; include a plan for ensuring the annual audit of financial statements of executive agencies pursuant to section 3521(h) of this title ; and estimate the costs of implementing the governmentwide 5-year plan. Not later than 15 months after the date of the enactment of this subsection, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget shall submit the first financial management status report and governmentwide 5-year financial management plan under this subsection to the appropriate committees of the Congress. Not later than January 31 of each year thereafter, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget shall submit to the appropriate committees of the Congress a financial management status report and a revised governmentwide 5-year financial management plan to cover the succeeding 5 fiscal years, including a report on the accomplishments of the executive branch in implementing the plan during the preceding fiscal year. The Director shall include with each revised governmentwide 5-year financial management plan a description of any substantive changes in the financial statement audit plan required by paragraph (3)(B)(viii), progress made by executive agencies in implementing the audit plan, and any improvements in Federal Government financial management related to preparation and audit of financial statements of executive agencies. Not later than 30 days after receiving each annual report under section 902(a)(6) of this title , the Director shall transmit to the Chairman of the Committee on Government Operations of the House of Representatives and the Chairman of the Committee on Governmental Affairs of the Senate a final copy of that report and any comments on the report by the Director.

(b) The head of each executive agency shall establish and maintain systems of accounting and internal controls that provide— complete disclosure of the financial results of the activities of the agency; adequate financial information the agency needs for management purposes; effective control over, and accountability for, assets for which the agency is responsible, including internal audit; reliable accounting results that will be the basis for— preparing and supporting the budget requests of the agency; controlling the carrying out of the agency budget; and providing financial information the President requires under section 1104(e) of this title ; and suitable integration of the accounting of the agency with the central accounting and reporting responsibilities of the Secretary of the Treasury under section 3513 of this title .

(c) To ensure compliance with subsection (b)(3) of this section and consistent with standards the Comptroller General prescribes, the head of each executive agency shall establish internal accounting and administrative controls that reasonably ensure that— obligations and costs comply with applicable law; all assets are safeguarded against waste, loss, unauthorized use, and misappropriation; and revenues and expenditures applicable to agency operations are recorded and accounted for properly so that accounts and reliable financial and statistical reports may be prepared and accountability of the assets may be maintained. Standards the Comptroller General prescribes under this subsection shall include standards to ensure the prompt resolution of all audit findings.

(d) In consultation with the Comptroller General, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget— shall establish by December 31, 1982 , guidelines that the head of each executive agency shall follow in evaluating the internal accounting and administrative control systems of the agency to decide whether the systems comply with subsection (c) of this section; and may change a guideline when considered necessary. By December 31 of each year (beginning in 1983), the head of each executive agency, based on an evaluation conducted according to guidelines prescribed under paragraph (1) of this subsection, shall prepare a statement on whether the systems of the agency comply with subsection (c) of this section, including— if the head of an executive agency decides the systems do not comply with subsection (c) of this section, a report identifying any material weakness in the systems and describing the plans and schedule for correcting the weakness; and a separate report on whether the accounting system of the agency conforms to the principles, standards, and requirements the Comptroller General prescribes under section 3511(a) of this title . The head of each executive agency shall sign the statement and reports required by this subsection and submit them to the President and Congress. The statement and reports are available to the public, except that information shall be deleted from a statement or report before it is made available if the information specifically is— prohibited from disclosure by law; or required by Executive order to be kept secret in the interest of national defense or the conduct of foreign affairs.

(e) To assist in preparing a cost-based budget under section 1108(b) of this title and consistent with principles and standards the Comptroller General prescribes, the head of each executive agency shall maintain the accounts of the agency on an accrual basis to show the resources, liabilities, and costs of operations of the agency. An accounting system under this subsection shall include monetary property accounting records.

(f) The Comptroller General shall— cooperate with the head of each executive agency in developing an accounting system for the agency; and approve the system when the Comptroller General considers it to be adequate and in conformity with the principles, standards, and requirements prescribed under section 3511 of this title .

(g) The Comptroller General shall review the accounting systems of each executive agency. The results of a review shall be available to the head of the executive agency, the Secretary, and the President. The Comptroller General shall report to Congress on a review when the Comptroller General considers it proper.

“SEC. 801 SHORT TITLE[.]

“This title may be cited as the ‘Federal Financial Management Improvement Act of 1996.’

“SEC. 802 FINDINGS AND PURPOSES.

(“(a) Findings.— The Congress finds the following: Much effort has been devoted to strengthening Federal internal accounting controls in the past. Although progress has been made in recent years, Federal accounting standards have not been uniformly implemented in financial management systems for agencies. Federal financial management continues to be seriously deficient, and Federal financial management and fiscal practices have failed to— identify costs fully; reflect the total liabilities of congressional actions; and accurately report the financial condition of the Federal Government. Current Federal accounting practices do not accurately report financial results of the Federal Government or the full costs of programs and activities. The continued use of these practices undermines the Government’s ability to provide credible and reliable financial data and encourages already widespread Government waste, and will not assist in achieving a balanced budget. Waste and inefficiency in the Federal Government undermine the confidence of the American people in the government and reduce the federal Government’s ability to address vital public needs adequately. To rebuild the accountability and credibility of the Federal Government, and restore public confidence in the Federal Government, agencies must incorporate accounting standards and reporting objectives established for the Federal Government into their financial management systems so that all the assets and liabilities, revenues, and expenditures or expenses, and the full costs of programs and activities of the Federal Government can be consistently and accurately recorded, monitored, and uniformly reported throughout the Federal Government. Since its establishment in October 1990, the Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board (hereinafter referred to as the ‘FASAB’) has made substantial progress toward developing and recommending a comprehensive set of accounting concepts and standards for the Federal Government. When the accounting concepts and standards developed by FASAB are incorporated into Federal financial management systems, agencies will be able to provide cost and financial information that will assist the Congress and financial managers to evaluate the cost and performance of Federal programs and activities, and will therefore provide important information that has been lacking, but is needed for improved decision making by financial managers and the Congress. The development of financial management systems with the capacity to support these standards and concepts will, over the long term, improve Federal financial management.

(“(b) Purpose[.]—The purposes of this Act [title] are to— provide for consistency of accounting by an agency from one fiscal year to the next, and uniform accounting standards throughout the Federal Government; require Federal financial management systems to support full disclosure of Federal financial data, including the full costs of Federal programs and activities, to the citizens, the Congress, the President, and agency management, so that programs and activities can be considered based on their full costs and merits; increase the accountability and credibility of federal [sic] financial management; improve performance, productivity and efficiency of Federal Government financial management; establish financial management systems to support controlling the cost of Federal Government; build upon and complement the Chief Financial Officers Act of 1990 ( Public Law 101–576 ; 104 Stat 2838) [see Short Title of 1990 Amendment note set out under section 501 of this title ], the Government Performance and Results Act of 1993 ( Public Law 103–62 [;] 107 Stat. 285 ) [see Short Title of 1993 Amendment note set out under section 1101 of this title ] and the Government Management Reform Act of 1994 ( Public Law 103–356 ; 108 Stat. 3410 ) [see Short Title of 1994 Amendment note set out under section 3301 of this title ]; and increase the capability of agencies to monitor execution of the budget by more readily permitting reports that compare spending of resources to results of activities.

“SEC. 803 IMPLEMENTATION OF FEDERAL FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT IMPROVEMENTS.

(“(a) In General.— Each agency shall implement and maintain financial management systems that comply substantially with Federal financial management systems requirements, applicable Federal accounting standards, and the United States Government Standard General Ledger at the transaction level.

(“(b) Audit Compliance Finding.— Each audit required by section 3521(e) of title 31 , United States Code, shall report whether the agency financial management systems comply with the requirements of subsection (a). When the person performing the audit required by section 3521(e) of title 31 , United States Code, reports that the agency financial management systems do not comply with the requirements of subsection (a), the person performing the audit shall include in the report on the audit— the entity or organization responsible for the financial management systems that have been found not to comply with the requirements of subsection (a); all facts pertaining to the failure to comply with the requirements of subsection (a), including— the nature and extent of the noncompliance including areas in which there is substantial but not full compliance; the primary reason or cause of the noncompliance; the entity or organization responsible for the non-compliance [sic]; and any relevant comments from any responsible officer or employee; and a statement with respect to the recommended remedial actions and the time frames to implement such actions.

(“(c) Compliance Implementation.— No later than the date described under paragraph (2), the Head of an agency shall determine whether the financial management systems of the agency comply with the requirements of subsection (a). Such determination shall be based on— a review of the report on the applicable agency-wide audited financial statement; any other information the Head of the agency considers relevant and appropriate. The determination under paragraph (1) shall be made no later than 120 days after the earlier of— the date of the receipt of an agency-wide audited financial statement; or the last day of the fiscal year following the year covered by such statement. If the Head of an agency determines that the agency’s financial management systems do not comply with the requirements of subsection (a), the head of the agency, in consultation with the Director, shall establish a remediation plan that shall include resources, remedies, and intermediate target dates necessary to bring the agency’s financial management systems into substantial compliance. If the determination of the head of the agency differs from the audit compliance findings required in subsection (b), the Director shall review such determinations and provide a report on the findings to the appropriate committees of the Congress. A remediation plan shall bring the agency’s financial management systems into substantial compliance no later than 3 years after the date a determination is made under paragraph (1), unless the agency, with concurrence of the Director— determines that the agency’s financial management systems cannot comply with the requirements of subsection (a) within 3 years; specifies the most feasible date for bringing the agency’s financial management systems into compliance with the requirements of subsection (a); and designates an official of the agency who shall be responsible for bringing the agency’s financial management systems into compliance with the requirements of subsection (a) by the date specified under subparagraph (B).

“SEC. 804 REPORTING REQUIREMENTS.

(“(a) Reports by the Director.— No later than March 31 of each year, the Director shall submit a report to the Congress regarding implementation of this Act [title]. The Director may include the report in the financial management status report and the 5-year financial management plan submitted under section 3512(a)(1) of title 31 , United States Code.

(“(b) Reports by the Inspector General[.]—Each Inspector General who prepares a report under section 405(b) of title 5, United States Code, shall report to Congress instances and reasons when an agency has not met the intermediate target dates established in the remediation plan required under section 3(c) [803(c)]. Specifically the report shall include— the entity or organization responsible for the non-compliance [sic]; the facts pertaining to the failure to comply with the requirements of subsection (a), including the nature and extent of the non-compliance [sic], the primary reason or cause for the failure to comply, and any extenuating circumstances; and a statement of the remedial actions needed to comply.

(“(c) Reports by the Comptroller General.— No later than October 1, 1997 , and October 1, of each year thereafter, the Comptroller General of the United States shall report to the appropriate committees of the Congress concerning— compliance with the requirements of section 3(a) of this Act [803(a) of this title], including whether the financial statements of the Federal Government have been prepared in accordance with applicable accounting standards; and the adequacy of applicable accounting standards for the Federal Government.

“SEC. 805 CONFORMING AMENDMENTS.

(“(a) Audits by Agencies.—

(“(b) Financial Management Status Report.—

(“(c) Inspector General Act of 1978.—

“SEC. 806 DEFINITIONS.

“For purposes of this title: The term ‘agency’ means a department or agency of the United States Government as defined in section 901(b) of title 31 , United States Code. The term ‘Director’ means the Director of the Office of Management and Budget. The term ‘Federal accounting standards’ means applicable accounting principles, standards, and requirements consistent with section 902(a)(3)(A) of title 31 , United States Code. The term ‘financial management systems’ includes the financial systems and the financial portions of mixed systems necessary to support financial management, including automated and manual processes, procedures, controls, data, hardware, software, and support personnel dedicated to the operation and maintenance of system functions. The term ‘financial system’ includes an information system, comprised of one or more applications, that is used for— collecting, processing, maintaining, transmitting, or reporting data about financial events; supporting financial planning or budgeting activities; accumulating and reporting costs information; or supporting the preparation of financial statements. The term ‘mixed system’ means an information system that supports both financial and nonfinancial functions of the Federal Government or components thereof.

“SEC. 807 EFFECTIVE DATE.

“This title shall take effect for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1997 .

“SEC. 808 REVISION OF SHORT TITLES.

(“(a) [Amended section 4001 of Pub. L. 104–106, set out as a Short Title of 1996 Act note under section 101 of Title 41, Public Contracts.]

(“(b) [Amended section 5001 of Pub. L. 104–106, div. E, Feb. 10, 1996, 110 Stat. 679, subsequently repealed by Pub. L. 107–217, § 6(b), Aug. 21, 2002, 116 Stat. 1304.]

(“(c) Any reference in any law, regulation, document, record, or other paper of the United States to the Federal Acquisition Reform Act of 1996 or to the Information Technology Management Reform Act of 1996 shall be considered to be a reference to the Clinger-Cohen Act of 1996 [see Short Title of 1996 Act note set out under section 101 of Title 41 ].”

§ 3513 Financial reporting and accounting system

(a) The Secretary of the Treasury shall prepare reports that will inform the President, Congress, and the public on the financial operations of the United States Government. The reports shall include financial information the President requires. The head of each executive agency shall give the Secretary reports and information on the financial conditions and operations of the agency the Secretary requires to prepare the reports.

(b) The Secretary may— establish facilities necessary to prepare the reports; and reorganize the accounting functions and procedures and financial reports of the Department of the Treasury to develop an effective and coordinated system of accounting and financial reporting in the Department that will integrate the accounting results for the Department and be the operating center for consolidating accounting results of other executive agencies with accounting results of the Department.

(c) The Comptroller General shall— cooperate with the Secretary in developing and establishing the reporting and accounting system under this section; and approve the system when the Comptroller General considers it to be adequate and in conformity with the principles, standards, and requirements prescribed under section 3511 of this title .

§ 3514 Discontinuing certain accounts maintained by the Comptroller General

The Comptroller General may discontinue an agency appropriation, expenditure, limitation, receipt, or personal ledger account maintained by the Comptroller General when the Comptroller General believes that the accounting system and internal controls of the agency will allow the Comptroller General to carry out the functions related to the account. ( Pub. L. 97–258 , Sept. 13, 1982 , 96 Stat. 960 .)

§ 3515 Financial statements of agencies

(a) 1 Except as provided in subsection (e), not later than March 1 of 2003 and each year thereafter, the head of each covered executive agency shall prepare and submit to the Congress and the Director of the Office of Management and Budget an audited financial statement for the preceding fiscal year, covering all accounts and associated activities of each office, bureau, and activity of the agency.

(b) Each audited financial statement of a covered executive agency under this section shall reflect— the overall financial position of the offices, bureaus, and activities covered by the statement, including assets and liabilities thereof; and results of operations of those offices, bureaus, and activities.

(c) The Director of the Office of Management and Budget shall identify components of covered executive agencies that shall be required to have audited financial statements meeting the requirements of subsection (b).

(d) The Director of the Office of Management and Budget shall prescribe the form and content of the financial statements of covered executive agencies under this section, consistent with applicable accounting and financial reporting principles, standards, and requirements.

(e) The Director of the Office of Management and Budget may exempt a covered executive agency, except an agency described in section 901(b), from the requirements of this section with respect to a fiscal year if— the total amount of budget authority available to the agency for the fiscal year does not exceed $25,000,000; and the Director determines that requiring an annual audited financial statement for the agency with respect to the fiscal year is not warranted due to the absence of risks associated with the agency’s operations, the agency’s demonstrated performance, or other factors that the Director considers relevant. The Director shall annually notify the Committee on Government Reform of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Governmental Affairs of the Senate of each agency the Director has exempted under this subsection and the reasons for each exemption.

(f) The term “covered executive agency”— means an executive agency that is not required by another provision of Federal law to prepare and submit to the Congress and the Director of the Office of Management and Budget an audited financial statement for each fiscal year, covering all accounts and associated activities of each office, bureau, and activity of the agency; and does not include a corporation, agency, or instrumentality subject to chapter 91 of this title.

§ 3516 Reports consolidation

(a) With the concurrence of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, the head of an executive agency may adjust the frequency and due dates of, and consolidate into an annual report to the President, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, and Congress any statutorily required reports described in paragraph (2). Such a consolidated report shall be submitted to the President, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, and to appropriate committees and subcommittees of Congress not later than 150 days after the end of the agency’s fiscal year. The following reports may be consolidated into the report referred to in paragraph (1): Any report by an agency to Congress, the Office of Management and Budget, or the President under section 1116, this chapter, and chapters 9, 33, 37, 75, and 91. The following agency-specific reports: The biennial financial management improvement plan by the Secretary of Defense under section 2222 1 of title 10. The annual report of the Attorney General under section 522 of title 28 . Any other statutorily required report pertaining to an agency’s financial or performance management if the head of the agency— determines that inclusion of that report will enhance the usefulness of the reported information to decision makers; and consults in advance of inclusion of that report with the Committee on Governmental Affairs of the Senate, the Committee on Government Reform of the House of Representatives, and any other committee of Congress having jurisdiction with respect to the report proposed for inclusion.

(b) A report under subsection (a) that incorporates the agency’s program performance report under section 1116 shall be referred to as a performance and accountability report.

(c) A report under subsection (a) that does not incorporate the agency’s program performance report under section 1116 shall contain a summary of the most significant portions of the agency’s program performance report, including the agency’s success in achieving key performance goals for the applicable year.

(d) A report under subsection (a) shall include a statement prepared by the agency’s inspector general that summarizes what the inspector general considers to be the most serious management and performance challenges facing the agency and briefly assesses the agency’s progress in addressing those challenges. The inspector general shall provide such statement to the agency head at least 30 days before the due date of the report under subsection (a). The agency head may comment on the inspector general’s statement, but may not modify the statement.

(e) A report under subsection (a) shall include a transmittal letter from the agency head containing, in addition to any other content, an assessment by the agency head of the completeness and reliability of the performance and financial data used in the report. The assessment shall describe any material inadequacies in the completeness and reliability of the data, and the actions the agency can take and is taking to resolve such inadequacies.

(f) The Secretary of Homeland Security— shall for each fiscal year submit a performance and accountability report under subsection (a) that incorporates the program performance report under section 1116 of this title for the Department of Homeland Security; shall include in each performance and accountability report an audit opinion of the Department’s internal controls over its financial reporting; and shall design and implement Department-wide management controls that— reflect the most recent homeland security strategy developed pursuant to section 874(b)(2) of the Homeland Security Act of 2002; and permit assessment, by the Congress and by managers within the Department, of the Department’s performance in executing such strategy.

“SECTION 1 SHORT TITLE.

“This Act may be cited as the ‘DHS Audit Requirement Target Act of 2012’ or the ‘DART Act’.

“SEC. 2 IMPROVING FINANCIAL ACCOUNTABILITY AND MANAGEMENT.

(“(a) Definitions.— In this section— the term ‘Department’ means the Department of Homeland Security; the term ‘financial management systems’ has the meaning given that term under section 806 of the Federal Financial Management Improvement Act of 1996 ( 31 U.S.C. 3512 note); the term ‘Secretary’ means the Secretary of Homeland Security; and the term ‘unqualified opinion’ mean an unqualified opinion within the meaning given that term under generally accepted auditing standards.

(“(b) Reaching an Unqualified Audit Opinion.— In order to ensure compliance with the Department of Homeland Security Financial Accountability Act ( Public Law 108–330 ; 118 Stat. 1275 ) [see Short Title of 2004 Amendment note set out under section 101 of Title 6 , Domestic Security], and the amendments made by that Act, the Secretary shall take the necessary steps to ensure that the full set of consolidated financial statements of the Department for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2013 , and each fiscal year thereafter, are ready in a timely manner and in preparation for an audit as part of preparing the performance and accountability reports required under section 3516(f) of title 31 , United States Code, (including submitting the reports not later than November 15, 2013 , and each year thereafter) in order to obtain an unqualified opinion on the full set of financial statements for the fiscal year.

(“(c) Report to Congress on Progress of Meeting Audit Requirements.— In order to ensure progress in implementing the Department of Homeland Security Financial Accountability Act ( Public Law 108–330 ; 118 Stat. 1275 ), and the amendments made by that Act, during the period beginning on the date of enactment of this Act [ Dec. 20, 2012 ] and ending on the date on which an unqualified opinion described in subsection (b) is submitted, each report submitted by the Chief Financial Officer of the Department under section 902(a)(6) of title 31 , United States Code, shall include a plan— to obtain an unqualified opinion on the full set of financial statements, which shall discuss plans and resources needed to meet the deadlines under subsection (b); that addresses how the Department will eliminate material weaknesses and significant deficiencies in internal controls over financial reporting and provides deadlines for the elimination of such weaknesses and deficiencies; and to modernize the financial management systems of the Department, including timelines, goals, alternatives, and costs of the plan, which shall include consideration of alternative approaches, including modernizing the existing financial management systems and associated financial controls of the Department and establishing new financial management systems and associated financial controls.”

§ 3521 Audits by agencies

(a) Each account of an agency shall be audited administratively before being submitted to the Comptroller General. The head of each agency shall prescribe regulations for conducting the audit and designate a place at which the audit is to be conducted. However, a disbursing official of an executive agency may not administratively audit vouchers for which the official is responsible. With the consent of the Comptroller General, the head of the agency may waive any part of an audit.

(b) The head of an agency may prescribe a statistical sampling procedure to audit vouchers of the agency when the head of the agency decides economies will result from using the procedure. The Comptroller General— may prescribe the maximum amount of a voucher that may be audited under this subsection; and in reviewing the accounting system of the agency, shall evaluate the adequacy and effectiveness of the procedure.

(c) A disbursing or certifying official acting in good faith under subsection (b) of this section is not liable for a payment or certification of a voucher not audited specifically because of the procedure prescribed under subsection (b) if the official and the head of the agency carry out diligently collection action the Comptroller General prescribes.

(d) Subsections (b) and (c) of this section do not— affect the liability, or authorize the relief, of a payee, beneficiary, or recipient of an illegal, improper, or incorrect payment; or relieve a disbursing or certifying official, the head of an agency, or the Comptroller General of responsibility in carrying out collection action against a payee, beneficiary, or recipient.

(e) Each financial statement prepared under section 3515 by an agency shall be audited in accordance with applicable generally accepted government auditing standards— in the case of an agency having an Inspector General appointed under chapter 4 of title 5, by the Inspector General or by an independent external auditor, as determined by the Inspector General of the agency; and in any other case, by an independent external auditor, as determined by the head of the agency.

(f) For each audited financial statement required under subsection (a) of section 3515 of this title , the person who audits the statement for purpose of subsection (e) of this section shall submit a report on the audit to the head of the agency and the Controller of the Office of Federal Financial Management. A report under this subsection shall be prepared in accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards.

(g) The Comptroller General of the United States— may review any audit of a financial statement conducted under this subsection by an Inspector General or an external auditor; shall report to the Congress, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, and the head of the agency which prepared the statement, regarding the results of the review and make any recommendation the Comptroller General considers appropriate; and may audit a financial statement prepared under section 3515 of this title at the discretion of the Comptroller General or at the request of a committee of the Congress. An audit the Comptroller General performs under this subsection shall be in lieu of the audit otherwise required by subsection (e) of this section. Prior to performing such audit, the Comptroller General shall consult with the Inspector General of the agency which prepared the statement.

(h) Each financial statement prepared by an executive agency for a fiscal year after fiscal year 1991 shall be audited in accordance with this section and the plan required by section 3512(a)(3)(B)(viii) of this title .

(i) If the Government Accountability Office audits any financial statement or related schedule which is prepared under section 3515 by an executive agency (or component thereof) for a fiscal year beginning on or after October 1, 2009 , such executive agency (or component) shall reimburse the Government Accountability Office for the cost of such audit, if the Government Accountability Office audited the statement or schedule of such executive agency (or component) for fiscal year 2007. Any executive agency (or component thereof) that prepares a financial statement under section 3515 for a fiscal year beginning on or after October 1, 2009 , and that requests, with the concurrence of the Inspector General of such agency, the Government Accountability Office to conduct the audit of such statement or any related schedule required by section 3521 may reimburse the Government Accountability Office for the cost of such audit. For the audits conducted under paragraphs (1) and (2), the Government Accountability Office shall consult prior to the initiation of the audit with the relevant executive agency (or component) and the Inspector General of such agency on the scope, terms, and cost of such audit. Any reimbursement under paragraph (1) or (2) shall be deposited to a special account in the Treasury and shall be available to the Government Accountability Office for such purposes and in such amounts as are specified in annual appropriations Acts.

§ 3522 Making and submitting accounts

(a) Unless the Comptroller General decides the public interest requires that an account be made more frequently, each disbursing official shall make a quarterly account. An official or agent of the United States Government receiving public money not authorized to be kept as pay of the official or agent shall make a monthly account of the money. An official or agent of the Government receiving public money shall make an account of public money received by the official or agent according to the appropriation from which the money was advanced.

(b) A monthly account shall be submitted to the appropriate official in the District of Columbia by the 10th day after the end of the month covered by the account. The official shall submit the account to the Comptroller General by the 20th day after receiving the account. An account (except a monthly account) shall be submitted to the appropriate official in the District of Columbia by the 20th day after the end of the period covered by the account. The official shall submit the account to the Comptroller General by the 60th day after receiving the account. Notwithstanding paragraphs (1) and (2) of this subsection, an account of the armed forces shall be submitted to the Comptroller General by the 60th day after the account is received. However, during a war or national emergency and for 18 months after the war or emergency ends, an account shall be submitted to the Comptroller General by the 90th day after the account is received. Notwithstanding paragraphs (1) and (2) of this subsection, an account of a disbursing official of the Department of Justice shall be submitted to the Comptroller General by the 80th day after the account is received.

(c) An official shall give evidence of compliance with subsection (b) of this section if an account is not received within a reasonable time after the time required by subsection (b).

(d) The head of an agency may require other returns or reports about the agency that the public interest requires.

(e) The Comptroller General shall disapprove a requisition for an advance of money if an account from which the advance is to be made is not submitted to the Comptroller General within the time required by subsection (b) of this section. The Comptroller General may disapprove the request for another reason related to the condition of an account of the official for whom the advance is requested. However, the Secretary of the Treasury may overrule the decision of the Comptroller General on the sufficiency of the other reasons. The Secretary may extend the time requirements of subsection (b)(1) and (2) of this section for submitting an account to the proper official in the District of Columbia or waive a condition of delinquency only when there is, or is likely to be, a manifest physical difficulty in complying with those requirements. If an account is not submitted to the Comptroller General on time under subsection (b), an order of the President or, if the President is ill or not in the District of Columbia, the Secretary is required to authorize an advance.

§ 3523 General audit authority of the Comptroller General

(a) Except as specifically provided by law, the Comptroller General shall audit the financial transactions of each agency. In deciding on auditing procedures and the extent to which records are to be inspected, the Comptroller General shall consider generally accepted auditing principles, including the effectiveness of accounting organizations and systems, internal audit and control, and related administrative practices of each agency.

(b) The Comptroller General shall audit the Architect of the Capitol at times the Comptroller General considers appropriate. Section 716 of this title applies to the Architect in conducting the audit. The Comptroller General shall report the results of the audit to Congress. Each report shall be printed as a Senate document.

(c) When the Comptroller General decides an audit shall be conducted at a place at which the records of an executive agency or the Architect of the Capitol are usually kept, the Comptroller General may require the head of the agency or the Architect to keep any part of an account of an accountable official or of a record required to be submitted to the Comptroller General. The Comptroller General may require records be kept under conditions and for a period of not more than 10 years specified by the Comptroller General. However, the Comptroller General and the head of the agency or the Architect may agree on a longer period. The Comptroller General and the head of an agency in the legislative or judicial branch of the United States Government (except the Architect) may agree to apply this subsection to the agency.

§ 3524 Auditing expenditures approved without vouchers

(a) The Comptroller General may audit expenditures, accounted for only on the approval, authorization, or certificate of the President or an official of an executive agency, to decide if the expenditure was authorized by law and made. Records and related information shall be made available to the Comptroller General in conducting the audit. The Comptroller General may release the results of the audit or disclose related information only to the President or head of the agency, or, if there is an unresolved discrepancy, to the Committee on Governmental Affairs of the Senate, the Committee on Government Operations of the House of Representatives, and the committees of Congress having legislative or appropriation oversight of the expenditure.

(b) Before December 1 of each year, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget shall submit a report listing each account that may be subject to this section to the Committees on the Budget and Appropriations of both Houses of Congress, the Committee on Governmental Affairs, and to the Committee on Government Operations, and to the Comptroller General.

(c) The President may exempt from this section a financial transaction about sensitive foreign intelligence or foreign counter-intelligence activities or sensitive law enforcement investigations if an audit would expose the identifying details of an active investigation or endanger investigative or domestic intelligence sources involved in the investigation. The exemption may apply to a class or category of financial transactions.

(d) This section does not— apply to expenditures under section 102, 103, 105(d)(1), (3), or (5), or 106(b)(2) or (3) of title 3; or affect authority under section 8(b) of the Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1949 ( 50 U.S.C. 403j(b) ). 1

(e) Information about a financial transaction exempt under subsection (c) of this section or a financial transaction under section 8(b) of the Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1949 ( 50 U.S.C. 403j(b) ) 1 may be reviewed by the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence of the House and the Select Committee on Intelligence of the Senate.

(f) Subsections (a)(1) and (d)(1) of this section may be superseded only by a law enacted after April 3, 1980 , specifically repealing or amending this section.

§ 3525 Auditing nonappropriated fund activities

(a) The Comptroller General may audit— the operations and accounts of each nonappropriated fund and related activities authorized or operated by the head of an executive agency to sell goods or services to United States Government personnel and their dependents; accounting systems and internal controls of the fund and related activities; and internal or independent audits or reviews of the fund and related activities.

(b) The head of each executive agency promptly shall provide the Comptroller General with— a copy of the annual report of a nonappropriated fund and related activities subject to this section when the Comptroller General— requires a report for a designated class of each fund and related activities having gross sales receipts of more than $100,000 a year; or specifically requests a report for another fund and related activities; and a statement on the yearly financial operations, financial condition, and cash flow and other yearly information about the fund and related activities that the head of the agency and the Comptroller General agree on if the information is not included in the annual report.

(c) Records and property of a fund and related activities subject to this section shall be made available to the Comptroller General to the extent the Comptroller General considers necessary.

§ 3526 Settlement of accounts

(a) The Comptroller General shall settle all accounts of the United States Government and supervise the recovery of all debts finally certified by the Comptroller General as due the Government.

(b) A decision of the Comptroller General under section 3529 of this title is conclusive on the Comptroller General when settling the account containing the payment.

(c) The Comptroller General shall settle an account of an accountable official within 3 years after the date the Comptroller General receives the account. A copy of the certificate of settlement shall be provided the official. The settlement of an account is conclusive on the Comptroller General after 3 years after the account is received by the Comptroller General. However, an amount may be charged against the account after the 3-year period when the Government has or may have lost money because the official acted fraudulently or criminally. A 3-year period under this subsection is suspended during a war. This subsection does not prohibit— recovery of public money illegally or erroneously paid; recovery from an official of a balance due the Government under a settlement within the 3-year period; or an official from clearing an account of questioned items as prescribed by law.

(d) On settling an account of the Government, the balance certified by the Comptroller General is conclusive on the executive branch of the Government. On the initiative of the Comptroller General or on request of an individual whose accounts are settled or the head of the agency to which the account relates, the Comptroller General may change the account within a year after settlement. The decision of the Comptroller General to change the account is conclusive on the executive branch.

(e) When an amount of money is expended under law for a treaty or relations with a foreign country, the President may— authorize the amount to be accounted for each year specifically by settlement of the Comptroller General when the President decides the amount expended may be made public; or make, or have the Secretary of State make, a certificate of the amount expended if the President decides the amount is not to be accounted for specifically. The certificate is a sufficient voucher for the amount stated in the certificate.

(f) The Comptroller General shall keep all settled accounts, vouchers, certificates, and related papers until they are disposed of as prescribed by law.

(g) This subchapter does not prohibit the Comptroller General from suspending an item in an account to get additional evidence or explanations needed to settle an account.

§ 3527 General authority to relieve accountable officials and agents from liability

(a) Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section, the Comptroller General may relieve a present or former accountable official or agent of an agency responsible for the physical loss or deficiency of public money, vouchers, checks, securities, or records, or may authorize reimbursement from an appropriation or fund available for the activity in which the loss or deficiency occurred for the amount of the loss or deficiency paid by the official or agent as restitution, when— the head of the agency decides that— the official or agent was carrying out official duties when the loss or deficiency occurred, or the loss or deficiency occurred because of an act or failure to act by a subordinate of the official or agent; and the loss or deficiency was not the result of fault or negligence by the official or agent; the loss or deficiency was not the result of an illegal or incorrect payment; and the Comptroller General agrees with the decision of the head of the agency.

(b) The Comptroller General shall relieve an official of the armed forces referred to in subsection (a) responsible for the physical loss or deficiency of public money, vouchers, or records, or a payment described in section 3528(a)(4)(A) of this title , or shall authorize reimbursement, from an appropriation or fund available for reimbursement, of the amount of the loss or deficiency paid by or for the official as restitution, when— in the case of a physical loss or deficiency— the Secretary of Defense or the appropriate Secretary of the military department of the Department of Defense (or the Secretary of Homeland Security, in the case of a disbursing official of the Coast Guard when the Coast Guard is not operating as a service in the Navy) decides that the official was carrying out official duties when the loss or deficiency occurred; the loss or deficiency was not the result of an illegal or incorrect payment; and the loss or deficiency was not the result of fault or negligence by the official; or in the case of a payment described in section 3528(a)(4)(A) of this title , the Secretary of Defense or the Secretary of the appropriate military department (or the Secretary of Homeland Security, in the case of a disbursing official of the Coast Guard when the Coast Guard is not operating as a service in the Navy), after taking a diligent collection action, finds that the criteria of section 3528(b)(1) of this title are satisfied. The finding of the Secretary involved is conclusive on the Comptroller General.

(c) On the initiative of the Comptroller General or written recommendation of the head of an agency, the Comptroller General may relieve a present or former disbursing official of the agency responsible for a deficiency in an account because of an illegal, improper, or incorrect payment, and credit the account for the deficiency, when the Comptroller General decides that the payment was not the result of bad faith or lack of reasonable care by the official. However, the Comptroller General may deny relief when the Comptroller General decides the head of the agency did not carry out diligently collection action under procedures prescribed by the Comptroller General.

(d) When the Comptroller General decides it is necessary to adjust the account of an official or agent granted relief under subsection (a) or (c) of this section, the amount of the relief shall be charged— to an appropriation specifically provided to be charged; or if no specific appropriation, to the appropriation or fund available for the expense of the accountable function when the adjustment is carried out. Subsection (c) of this section does not— affect the liability, or authorize the relief, of a payee, beneficiary, or recipient of an illegal, improper, or incorrect payment; or relieve an accountable official, the head of an agency, or the Comptroller General of responsibility in carrying out collection action against a payee, beneficiary, or recipient.

(e) Relief provided under this section is in addition to relief provided under another law.

§ 3528 Responsibilities and relief from liability of certifying officials

(a) A certifying official certifying a voucher is responsible for— information stated in the certificate, voucher, and supporting records; the computation of a certified voucher under this section and section 3325 of this title ; the legality of a proposed payment under the appropriation or fund involved; repaying a payment— illegal, improper, or incorrect because of an inaccurate or misleading certificate; prohibited by law; or that does not represent a legal obligation under the appropriation or fund involved; and verifying transportation rates, freight classifications, and other information provided on a Government bill of lading or transportation request, unless the Administrator of General Services has determined that verification by a prepayment audit conducted pursuant to section 3726(a) of this title for a particular mode or modes of transportation, or for an agency or subagency, will not adequately protect the interests of the Government.

(b) The Comptroller General may relieve a certifying official from liability when the Comptroller General decides that— the certification was based on official records and the official did not know, and by reasonable diligence and inquiry could not have discovered, the correct information; or the obligation was incurred in good faith; no law specifically prohibited the payment; and the United States Government received value for payment. The Comptroller General may deny relief when the Comptroller General decides the head of the agency did not carry out diligently collection action under procedures prescribed by the Comptroller General.

(c) The Comptroller General shall relieve a certifying official from liability for an overpayment— to a common carrier under section 3726 of this title when the Comptroller General decides the overpayment occurred only because the administrative audit before payment did not verify transportation rates, freight classifications, or land-grant deductions and the Administrator of General Services has determined that verification by a prepayment audit conducted pursuant to section 3726(a) of this title for a particular mode or modes of transportation, or for an agency or subagency, will not adequately protect the interests of the Government; or provided under a Government bill of lading or transportation request when the overpayment was the result of using improper transportation rates or classifications or the failure to deduct the proper amount under a land-grant law or agreement and the Administrator of General Services has determined that verification by a prepayment audit conducted pursuant to section 3726(a) of this title for a particular mode or modes of transportation, or for an agency or subagency, will not adequately protect the interests of the Government.

§ 3529 Requests for decisions of the Comptroller General

(a) A disbursing or certifying official or the head of an agency may request a decision from the Comptroller General on a question involving— a payment the disbursing official or head of the agency will make; or a voucher presented to a certifying official for certification.

(b) Except as provided in paragraph (2), the Comptroller General shall issue a decision requested under this section. A decision requested under this section concerning a function transferred to or vested in the Director of the Office of Management and Budget under section 211(a) of the Legislative Branch Appropriations Act, 1996 ( 109 Stat. 535 ), as in effect immediately before the effective date of title II of the General Accounting Office Act of 1996, or under this Act, shall be issued— by the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, except as provided in subparagraph (B); or in the case of a function delegated by the Director to another agency, by the head of the agency to which the function was delegated.

§ 3530 Adjusting accounts

(a) An appropriation or fund currently available for the expense of an accountable function shall be charged with an amount necessary to adjust an account of an accountable official or agent when— necessary to adjust the account for a loss to the United States Government resulting from the fault or negligence of the official or agent; and the head of the agency decides the loss is uncollectable.

(b) An adjustment does not affect the personal financial liability of an official or agent for the loss.

(c) The Comptroller General shall prescribe regulations to carry out subsection (a) of this section.

(d) Under procedures prescribed by the Comptroller General, the head of an agency may charge the net amount of unpaid and overpaid balances in individual pay accounts against the appropriation for the fiscal year in which the balances occurred and from which the accounts were payable. The net amount shall be credited to and paid from the corresponding appropriation for the next fiscal year.

[§ 3531 Repealed. Pub. L. 104–316, title I, § 115(f)(1), Oct. 19, 1996, 110 Stat. 3834]

§ 3532 Notification of account deficiencies

An accounting official discovering a deficiency in an account of an official of the United States Government having custody of public money shall notify the head of the agency having jurisdiction of the official of the kind and amount of the deficiency. ( Pub. L. 97–258 , Sept. 13, 1982 , 96 Stat. 968 .)

§ 3541 Distress warrants

(a) When an official receiving public money before it is paid to the Treasury or a disbursing or certifying official of the United States Government does not submit an account or pay the money as prescribed by law, the Comptroller General shall make the account for the official and certify to the Secretary of the Treasury the amount due the Government.

(b) The Secretary shall issue a distress warrant against the official stating the amount due from the official and any amount paid. The warrant shall be directed to the marshal of the district in which the official resides. If the Secretary intends to take and sell the property of an official that is located in a district other than where the official resides, the warrant shall be directed to the marshal of the district in which the official resides and the marshal of the district in which the property is located.

§ 3542 Carrying out distress warrants

(a) A marshal carrying out a distress warrant issued under section 3541 of this title shall seize the personal property of the official and sell the property after giving 10 days notice of the sale. Notice shall be given by posting an advertisement of the property to be sold in at least 2 public places in the town and county in which the property was taken or the town and county in which the owner of the property resides. If the property does not satisfy the amount due under the warrant, the official may be sent to prison until discharged by law.

(b) The amount due under a warrant is a lien on the real property of the official from the date the distress warrant is issued. The lien shall be recorded in the office of the clerk of the appropriate district court until discharged under law. If the personal property of the official is not enough to satisfy a distress warrant, the marshal shall sell real property of the official after advertising the property for at least 3 weeks in at least 3 public places in the county or district where the property is located. A buyer of the real property has valid title against all persons claiming under the official.

(c) The official shall receive that part of the proceeds of a sale remaining after the distress warrant is satisfied and the reasonable costs and charges of the sale are paid.

§ 3543 Postponing a distress warrant proceeding

(a) A distress warrant proceeding may be postponed for a reasonable time if the Secretary of the Treasury believes the public interest will not be harmed by the postponement.

(b) A person adversely affected by a distress warrant issued under section 3541 of this title may bring a civil action in a district court of the United States. The complaint shall state the kind and extent of the harm. The court may grant an injunction to stay any part of a distress warrant proceeding required by the action after the person applying for the injunction gives a bond in an amount the court prescribes for carrying out a judgment. An injunction under this subsection does not affect a lien under section 3542(b)(1) of this title . The United States Government is not required to answer in a civil action brought under this subsection. If the court dissolves the injunction on a finding that the civil action for the injunction was brought only for delay, the court may increase the interest rate imposed on amounts found due against the complainant to not more than 10 percent a year. The judge may grant or dissolve an injunction under this subsection either in or out of court.

(c) A person adversely affected by a refusal to grant an injunction or by dissolving an injunction under subsection (b) of this section may petition a judge of a circuit court of appeals in which the district is located or the Supreme Court justice allotted to that circuit by giving the judge or justice a copy of the proceeding held before the district judge. The judge or justice may grant an injunction or allow an appeal if the judge or justice finds the case requires it.

§ 3544 Rights and remedies of the United States Government reserved

This subchapter does not affect a right or remedy the United States Government has by law to recover a tax, debt, or demand. ( Pub. L. 97–258 , Sept. 13, 1982 , 96 Stat. 969 .)

§ 3545 Civil action to recover money

The Attorney General shall bring a civil action to recover an amount due to the United States Government on settlement of the account of a person accountable for public money when the person neglects or refuses to pay the amount to the Treasury. Any commission of that person and interest of 6 percent a year from the time the money is received by the person until repaid to the Treasury shall be added to the amount due on the account. The commission is forfeited when judgment is obtained. ( Pub. L. 97–258 , Sept. 13, 1982 , 96 Stat. 969 .)

§ 3551 Definitions

In this subchapter: The term “protest” means a written objection by an interested party to any of the following: A solicitation or other request by a Federal agency for offers for a contract for the procurement of property or services. The cancellation of such a solicitation or other request. An award or proposed award of such a contract. A termination or cancellation of an award of such a contract, if the written objection contains an allegation that the termination or cancellation is based in whole or in part on improprieties concerning the award of the contract. Conversion of a function that is being performed by Federal employees to private sector performance. The term “interested party”— with respect to a contract or a solicitation or other request for offers described in paragraph (1), means an actual or prospective bidder or offeror whose direct economic interest would be affected by the award of the contract or by failure to award the contract; and with respect to a public-private competition conducted under Office of Management and Budget Circular A–76 with respect to the performance of an activity or function of a Federal agency, or a decision to convert a function performed by Federal employees to private sector performance without a competition under Office of Management and Budget Circular A–76, includes— any official who is responsible for submitting the agency tender in such competition; and any one individual who, for the purpose of representing the Federal employees engaged in the performance of the activity or function for which the public-private competition is conducted in a protest under this subchapter that relates to such public-private competition, has been designated as the agent of the Federal employees by a majority of such employees. The term “Federal agency” has the meaning given such term by section 102 of title 40 . (Added Pub. L. 98–369, div. B, title VII, § 2741(a) , July 18, 1984 , 98 Stat. 1199 ; amended Pub. L. 99–145, title XIII, § 1304(d) , Nov. 8, 1985 , 99 Stat. 742 ; Pub. L. 103–272, § 4(f)(1)(K) , July 5, 1994 , 108 Stat. 1362 ; Pub. L. 103–355, title I, § 1401 , Oct. 13, 1994 , 108 Stat. 3287 ; Pub. L. 104–106, div. D, title XLIII, § 4321(d)(1) , Feb. 10, 1996 , 110 Stat. 674 ; Pub. L. 107–217, § 3(h)(6) , Aug. 21, 2002 , 116 Stat. 1300 ; Pub. L. 108–375, div. A, title III, § 326(a) , Oct. 28, 2004 , 118 Stat. 1848 ; Pub. L. 110–161, div. D, title VII, § 739(c)(1)(A) , Dec. 26, 2007 , 121 Stat. 2030 ; Pub. L. 110–181, div. A, title III, § 326(a) , Jan. 28, 2008 , 122 Stat. 62 ; Pub. L. 111–84, div. A, title III, § 327(a) , (b), Oct. 28, 2009 , 123 Stat. 2255 .)

§ 3552 Protests by interested parties concerning procurement actions

(a) A protest concerning an alleged violation of a procurement statute or regulation shall be decided by the Comptroller General if filed in accordance with this subchapter.

(b) In the case of an agency tender official who is an interested party under section 3551(2)(B) of this title , the official may file a protest in connection with the public-private competition for which the official is an interested party. At the request of a majority of the employees of the Federal agency who are engaged in the performance of the activity or function subject to such public-private competition, the official shall file a protest in connection with such public-private competition unless the official determines that there is no reasonable basis for the protest. The determination of an agency tender official under paragraph (1) whether or not to file a protest is not subject to administrative or judicial review. An agency tender official shall provide written notification to Congress whenever the official makes a determination under paragraph (1) that there is no reasonable basis for a protest.

§ 3553 Review of protests; effect on contracts pending decision

(a) Under procedures prescribed under section 3555 of this title , the Comptroller General shall decide a protest submitted to the Comptroller General by an interested party.

(b) Within one day after the receipt of a protest, the Comptroller General shall notify the Federal agency involved of the protest. Except as provided in paragraph (3) of this subsection, a Federal agency receiving a notice of a protested procurement under paragraph (1) of this subsection shall submit to the Comptroller General a complete report (including all relevant documents) on the protested procurement— within 30 days after the date of the agency’s receipt of that notice; if the Comptroller General, upon a showing by the Federal agency, determines (and states the reasons in writing) that the specific circumstances of the protest require a longer period, within the longer period determined by the Comptroller General; or in a case determined by the Comptroller General to be suitable for the express option under section 3554(a)(2) of this title , within 20 days after the date of the Federal agency’s receipt of that determination. A Federal agency need not submit a report to the Comptroller General pursuant to paragraph (2) of this subsection if the agency is sooner notified by the Comptroller General that the protest concerned has been dismissed under section 3554(a)(4) of this title .

(c) Except as provided in paragraph (2) of this subsection, a contract may not be awarded in any procurement after the Federal agency has received notice of a protest with respect to such procurement from the Comptroller General and while the protest is pending. The head of the procuring activity responsible for award of a contract may authorize the award of the contract (notwithstanding a protest of which the Federal agency has notice under this section)— upon a written finding that urgent and compelling circumstances which significantly affect interests of the United States will not permit waiting for the decision of the Comptroller General under this subchapter; and after the Comptroller General is advised of that finding. A finding may not be made under paragraph (2)(A) of this subsection unless the award of the contract is otherwise likely to occur within 30 days after the making of such finding.

(d) A contractor awarded a Federal agency contract may, during the period described in paragraph (4), begin performance of the contract and engage in any related activities that result in obligations being incurred by the United States under the contract unless the contracting officer responsible for the award of the contract withholds authorization to proceed with performance of the contract. The contracting officer may withhold an authorization to proceed with performance of the contract during the period described in paragraph (4) if the contracting officer determines in writing that— a protest is likely to be filed; and the immediate performance of the contract is not in the best interests of the United States. If the Federal agency awarding the contract receives notice of a protest in accordance with this section during the period described in paragraph (4)— the contracting officer may not authorize performance of the contract to begin while the protest is pending; or if authorization for contract performance to proceed was not withheld in accordance with paragraph (2) before receipt of the notice, the contracting officer shall immediately direct the contractor to cease performance under the contract and to suspend any related activities that may result in additional obligations being incurred by the United States under that contract. Performance and related activities suspended pursuant to subparagraph (A)(ii) by reason of a protest may not be resumed while the protest is pending. The head of the procuring activity may authorize the performance of the contract (notwithstanding a protest of which the Federal agency has notice under this section)— upon a written finding that— performance of the contract is in the best interests of the United States; or urgent and compelling circumstances that significantly affect interests of the United States will not permit waiting for the decision of the Comptroller General concerning the protest; and after the Comptroller General is notified of that finding. The period referred to in paragraphs (2) and (3)(A), with respect to a contract, is the period beginning on the date of the contract award and ending on the later of— the date that is 10 days after the date of the contract award; or the date that is 5 days after the debriefing date offered to an unsuccessful offeror for any debriefing that is requested and, when requested, is required. For procurements conducted by any component of the Department of Defense, the 5-day period described in subparagraph (A)(ii) does not commence until the day the Government delivers to a disappointed offeror the written responses to any questions submitted pursuant to section 3304(c)(1)(G) of title 10 .

(e) The authority of the head of the procuring activity to make findings and to authorize the award and performance of contracts under subsections (c) and (d) of this section may not be delegated.

(f) Within such deadlines as the Comptroller General prescribes, upon request each Federal agency shall provide to an interested party any document relevant to a protested procurement action (including the report required by subsection (b)(2) of this section) that would not give that party a competitive advantage and that the party is otherwise authorized by law to receive. The Comptroller General may issue protective orders which establish terms, conditions, and restrictions for the provision of any document to a party under paragraph (1), that prohibit or restrict the disclosure by the party of information described in subparagraph (B) that is contained in such a document. Information referred to in subparagraph (A) is procurement sensitive information, trade secrets, or other proprietary or confidential research, development, or commercial information. A protective order under this paragraph shall not be considered to authorize the withholding of any document or information from Congress or an executive agency.

(g) If an interested party files a protest in connection with a public-private competition described in section 3551(2)(B) of this title , a person representing a majority of the employees of the Federal agency who are engaged in the performance of the activity or function subject to the public-private competition may intervene in protest.

§ 3554 Decisions on protests

(a) To the maximum extent practicable, the Comptroller General shall provide for the inexpensive and expeditious resolution of protests under this subchapter. Except as provided under paragraph (2) of this subsection, the Comptroller General shall issue a final decision concerning a protest within 100 days after the date the protest is submitted to the Comptroller General. The Comptroller General shall, by regulation prescribed pursuant to section 3555 of this title , establish an express option for deciding those protests which the Comptroller General determines suitable for resolution within 65 days after the date the protest is submitted. An amendment to a protest that adds a new ground of protest, if timely made, should be resolved, to the maximum extent practicable, within the time limit established under paragraph (1) of this subsection for final decision of the initial protest. If an amended protest cannot be resolved within such time limit, the Comptroller General may resolve the amended protest through the express option under paragraph (2) of this subsection. The Comptroller General may dismiss a protest that the Comptroller General determines is frivolous or which, on its face, does not state a valid basis for protest.

(b) With respect to a solicitation for a contract, or a proposed award or the award of a contract, protested under this subchapter, the Comptroller General may determine whether the solicitation, proposed award, or award complies with statute and regulation. If the Comptroller General determines that the solicitation, proposed award, or award does not comply with a statute or regulation, the Comptroller General shall recommend that the Federal agency— refrain from exercising any of its options under the contract; recompete the contract immediately; cancel the solicitation issued pursuant to the public-private competition conducted under Office of Management and Budget Circular A–76 or any successor circular; issue a new solicitation; terminate the contract; award a contract consistent with the requirements of such statute and regulation; implement any combination of recommendations under clauses (A), (B), (C), (D), (E), and (F); or implement such other recommendations as the Comptroller General determines to be necessary in order to promote compliance with procurement statutes and regulations. If the head of the procuring activity responsible for a contract makes a finding under section 3553(d)(3)(C)(i)(I) of this title , the Comptroller General shall make recommendations under this subsection without regard to any cost or disruption from terminating, recompeting, or reawarding the contract. If the Federal agency fails to implement fully the recommendations of the Comptroller General under this subsection with respect to a solicitation for a contract or an award or proposed award of a contract within 60 days after receiving the recommendations, the head of the procuring activity responsible for that contract shall report such failure to the Comptroller General not later than 5 days after the end of such 60-day period.

(c) If the Comptroller General determines that a solicitation for a contract or a proposed award or the award of a contract does not comply with a statute or regulation, the Comptroller General may recommend that the Federal agency conducting the procurement pay to an appropriate interested party the costs of— filing and pursuing the protest, including reasonable attorneys’ fees and consultant and expert witness fees; and bid and proposal preparation. No party (other than a small business concern (within the meaning of section 3(a) of the Small Business Act)) may be paid, pursuant to a recommendation made under the authority of paragraph (1)— costs for consultant and expert witness fees that exceed the highest rate of compensation for expert witnesses paid by the Federal Government; or costs for attorneys’ fees that exceed $150 per hour unless the agency determines, based on the recommendation of the Comptroller General on a case by case basis, that an increase in the cost of living or a special factor, such as the limited availability of qualified attorneys for the proceedings involved, justifies a higher fee. If the Comptroller General recommends under paragraph (1) that a Federal agency pay costs to an interested party, the Federal agency shall— pay the costs promptly; or if the Federal agency does not make such payment, promptly report to the Comptroller General the reasons for the failure to follow the Comptroller General’s recommendation. If the Comptroller General recommends under paragraph (1) that a Federal agency pay costs to an interested party, the Federal agency and the interested party shall attempt to reach an agreement on the amount of the costs to be paid. If the Federal agency and the interested party are unable to agree on the amount to be paid, the Comptroller General may, upon the request of the interested party, recommend to the Federal agency the amount of the costs that the Federal agency should pay.

(d) Each decision of the Comptroller General under this subchapter shall be signed by the Comptroller General or a designee for that purpose. A copy of the decision shall be made available to the interested parties, the head of the procuring activity responsible for the solicitation, proposed award, or award of the contract, and the senior procurement executive of the Federal agency involved.

(e) The Comptroller General shall report promptly to the Committee on Governmental Affairs and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate and to the Committee on Government Reform and Oversight and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives any case in which a Federal agency fails to implement fully a recommendation of the Comptroller General under subsection (b) or (c). The report shall include— a comprehensive review of the pertinent procurement, including the circumstances of the failure of the Federal agency to implement a recommendation of the Comptroller General; and a recommendation regarding whether, in order to correct an inequity or to preserve the integrity of the procurement process, the Congress should consider— private relief legislation; legislative rescission or cancellation of funds; further investigation by Congress; or other action. Not later than January 31 of each year, the Comptroller General shall transmit to the Congress a report containing a summary of each instance in which a Federal agency did not fully implement a recommendation of the Comptroller General under subsection (b) or (c) during the preceding year. The report shall also describe each instance in which a final decision in a protest was not rendered within 100 days after the date the protest is submitted to the Comptroller General. The report shall also include a summary of the most prevalent grounds for sustaining protests during such preceding year.

§ 3555 Regulations; authority of Comptroller General to verify assertions

(a) The Comptroller General shall prescribe such procedures as may be necessary to the expeditious decision of protests under this subchapter, including procedures for accelerated resolution of protests under the express option authorized by section 3554(a)(2) of this title . Such procedures shall provide that the protest process may not be delayed by the failure of a party to make a filing within the time provided for the filing.

(b) The procedures shall provide that, in the computation of any period described in this subchapter— the day of the act, event, or default from which the designated period of time begins to run not be included; and the last day after such act, event, or default be included, unless— such last day is a Saturday, a Sunday, or a legal holiday; or in the case of a filing of a paper at the Government Accountability Office or a Federal agency, such last day is a day on which weather or other conditions cause the closing of the Government Accountability Office or Federal agency, in which event the next day that is not a Saturday, Sunday, or legal holiday shall be included.

(c) Electronic Filing and Document Dissemination System.— The Comptroller General shall establish and operate an electronic filing and document dissemination system under which, in accordance with procedures prescribed by the Comptroller General— a person filing a protest under this subchapter may file the protest through electronic means; and all documents and information required with respect to the protest may be disseminated and made available to the parties to the protest through electronic means. The Comptroller General may require each person who files a protest under this subchapter to pay a fee to support the establishment and operation of the electronic system under this subsection, without regard to whether or not the person uses the system with respect to the protest. The Comptroller General shall establish (and from time to time shall update) a schedule setting forth the amount of the fee to be paid under subparagraph (A). The Comptroller General shall maintain a separate account among the accounts of the Government Accountability Office for the electronic system under this subsection, and shall deposit all amounts received as fees under paragraph (2) into the account. Amounts in the account maintained under this paragraph shall be available to the Comptroller General, without fiscal year limitation, solely to establish and operate the electronic system under this subsection.

(d) The Comptroller General may use any authority available under chapter 7 of this title and this chapter to verify assertions made by parties in protests under this subchapter.

§ 3556 Nonexclusivity of remedies; matters included in agency record

This subchapter does not give the Comptroller General exclusive jurisdiction over protests, and nothing contained in this subchapter shall affect the right of any interested party to file a protest with the contracting agency or to file an action in the United States Court of Federal Claims. In any such action based on a procurement or proposed procurement with respect to which a protest has been filed under this subchapter, the reports required by sections 3553(b)(2) and 3554(e)(1) of this title with respect to such procurement or proposed procurement and any decision or recommendation of the Comptroller General under this subchapter with respect to such procurement or proposed procurement shall be considered to be part of the agency record subject to review. (Added Pub. L. 98–369, div. B, title VII, § 2741(a) , July 18, 1984 , 98 Stat. 1202 ; amended Pub. L. 102–572, title IX, § 902(b)(1) , Oct. 29, 1992 , 106 Stat. 4516 ; Pub. L. 104–320, § 12(f) , Oct. 19, 1996 , 110 Stat. 3876 .)

§ 3557 Expedited action in protests of public-private competitions

For any protest of a public-private competition conducted under Office of Management and Budget Circular A–76 with respect to the performance of an activity or function of a Federal agency, the Comptroller General shall administer the provisions of this subchapter in the manner best suited for expediting the final resolution of the protest and the final action in the public-private competition. (Added Pub. L. 110–181, div. A, title III, § 326(b)(1) , Jan. 28, 2008 , 122 Stat. 63 ; amended Pub. L. 110–417 , [div. A], title X, § 1061(c)(2), Oct. 14, 2008 , 122 Stat. 4613 .)

[§ 3561 Repealed. Pub. L. 111–204, § 2(h)(6)(A)(i), July 22, 2010, 124 Stat. 2231]

§ 3562 Disposition of recovered funds

(a) Availability of Funds for Recovery Audits and Activities Program.— Funds collected under a program carried out by an executive agency under section 3352(i) of this title shall be available to the executive agency to reimburse the actual expenses incurred by the executive agency in the administration of the program.

([(b) , (c). Repealed. Pub. L. 111–204, § 2(h)(6)(A)(i) , July 22, 2010 , 124 Stat. 2231 .]

[§§ 3563 to 3567 Repealed. Pub. L. 111–204, § 2(h)(6)(A)(i), July 22, 2010, 124 Stat. 2231]